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FIRST   LATIN   READINGS 


BY 

ROBERT  ARROWSMITH,  Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN,   TEACHERS'   COLLEGE,   NEW  YORK   CITY 

AND 

GEORGE   M.  WHIGHER,  M.A. 

INSTRUCTOR  IN  CLASSICS,    PACKER  COLLEGIATE   INSTITUTE,  BROOKLYN,  N.Y. 


o>4Ko 


NEW   YORK  :.  CINCINNATI  :.  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN   BOOK    COMPANY 


Copyright,  1894,  by 
AMERICAN   BOOK  COMPANY. 


A.    X:    W.    FIRST   LAT.    READ. 

7  3  6/^ 


f>rinte&  b^ 

XQliUiam  tiviBon 

tKcw  ^ox\i»  Xi,  S.  B. 


»  -.>K 


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INTRODUCTORY   NOTE.y^yp/ >{/ 


The  present  volume  is  put  forth  as  an  attempt  at  the  partial  solution  of 
the  vexed  question  of  early  reading  material  in  Latin.  The  call  for  variety 
in  the  Latin  authors  read  in  American  Preparatory  Schools  has  recently 
been  accentuated  by  the  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Secondary  School 
Studies,  presented  to  the  National  Educational  Association  in  1893.  The 
objections  to  the  exclusive  use  of  Caesar's  Commentaries  as  an  introduction 
to  the  Latin  language  are  set  forth  at  length  in  that  Report,  and  are  so 
well  known  that  a  repetition  of  them  here  is  not  necessary. 

The  opinion  held  by  many  teachers  that,  as  now  used,  Caesar's  great 
work  is  out  of  its  proper  relation  to  the  scheme  of  secondary  education  does 
not  conflict  with  the  recognition  of  the  important  place  occupied  by  the 
Commentaries  in  the  study  of  the  language,  history,  and  litei^ture  of 
Rome.  It  cannot  be  maintained  that  there  is  general  agreement  among 
teachers  in  this  matter.  But  whether  the  object  is  to  enrich  or  to  rear- 
range the  present  scheme  of  Latin  readings,  or  merely  to  provide  a  more 
gradual  introduction  to  the  Commentaries,  there  is  a  wide  demand  for  some 
change  from  the  inherited  limitations  in  our  schools,  and  the  greatest  obsta- 
cles in  the  way  of  any  changes  for  the  better  are  gradually  giving  way. 
Of  these,  the  most  formidable  to  the  minds  of  some  is  the  possible  substi- 
tution of  authors  outside  the  confines  of  the  classical  period.  It  is  held 
that  a  departure,  in  however  small  degree,  from  classical  usage  is  most 
detrimental  to  the  acquisition  of  that  "classical  style,"  which  is  considered 
the  swiimiijii  honuni  in  the  teaching  of  Latin. 


4  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 

If,  however,  the  student's  introduction  to  the  literature  of  the  Romans 
is  to  arouse  a  desire  for  further  acquaintance  with  that  literature,  the 
material  offered  him  should  be  attractive  in  itself,  and  of  enough  variety 
to  sustain  his  interest.  If  he  is  to  appreciate  the  beauties  of  language 
and  construction,  he  should  be  equipped  with  the  widest  range  of  thought, 
vocabulary,  and  construction  possible.  He  should  be  made  to  feel  that 
his  highest  end  is  to  gain,  not  alone  a  mastery  of  the  mechanism  of  the 
language,  but  an  insight  into  the  thought  and  life  of  a  people  which 
contributed  so  largely  to  our  present  civilization  —  to  study  what  is  said 
not  solely  how  it  is  said. 

It  is  on  these  lines  that  the  editors  have  attempted  to  construct  this 
book.  The  selections  have  been  carefully  made  with  reference  to  their 
difficulty,  their  interest  as  literature,  and,  in  great  part,  their  relation  to 
Roman  life  and  customs.  They  are  in  all  cases  episodes  of  sufficient 
length  to  acquaint  the  student  with  the  author's  vocabulary  and  con- 
struction. In  the  use  of  this  volume,  the  student  should  be  urged  to 
consult  the  works  of  reference  indicated  in  the  notes,  and  encouraged  to 
observe  from  his  own  reading  all  matters  which  throw  light  on  the  stories 
of  Rome  and  illustrate  the  similarities  or  contrasts  in  constructions  and 
expressions  in  English  and  Latin.  The  aid  thus  given  to  an  appreciation 
of  English  usage  is  evident,  and  is  largely  increased  if  the  modern  lan- 
guages, and  particularly  German,  can  be  drawn  upon  for  purposes  of 
comparison. 

The  grammatical  references  which  accompany  the  text  are  not  intended 
as  a  final  arbitrary  settlement  of  grammatical  constructions.  The  fact 
that,  in  many  instances,  neither  the  makers  of  grammars  nor  the  editors 
of  texts  agree  among  themselves  in  grammatical  divisions  and  in  the 
explanation  of  certain  usages  (e.g.  the  uses  of  the  ablative  and  certain 
subjunctives)  emphasizes  the  danger  of  insisting  too  strongly  on  one  inter- 
pretation to  the  exclusion  of  all  others.  Experience  shows  that  the  wisest 
method  is  to  insure  a  comprehension  of  the  essential  use  and  general  scope 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE.  5 

of  the  case  or  mode,  and  then  in  specific  instances  to  encourage  the  great- 
est, instead  of  the  least,  variety  of  interpretation.  When  teachers  and 
grammarians  and  editors  are  frequently  unable  to  reach  a  common  ground 
of  agreement,  over-refining  and  arbitrary  classification  can  be  but  barren 
in  results  to  the  pupil. 

The  vocabulary,  as  far  as  possible,  has  been  prepared  with  the  aim  of 
leading  the  student  to  appreciate  first  the  primary  meaning  of  the  word 
and  to  trace  its  development  through  its  secondary  and  derived  significa- 
tions. In  the  case  of  compound  verbs,  this  has  been  done  by  placing  all 
compounded  forms  under  the  simple  verb,  where  the  original  verb  value 
may  be  more  readily  traced. 

In  the  case  of  variations  in  the  text,  those  readings  have  been  selected 
which  seemed  most  helpful  to  the  student.  No  changes  whatever  have 
been  made  in  the  language  of  the  author,  but  in  some  cases,  especially  in 
the  selections  from  Cicero  and  Livy,  omissions  have  been  made  to  avoid 
the  introduction  of  undesirable  matter  or  quotations  from  the  Greek. 

In  a  book  intended  for  beginners,  it  has  seemed  best  to  have  the  spelling 
and  assimilation  of  all  the  texts  conform  to  one  standard.  With  the 
exception  of  a  very  few  words,  the  excellent  Elementary  Latin  Dictionary  of 
Dr.  Charlton  T.  Lewis  has  been  followed,  as  being  accessible  to  most 
teachers  and  students.  For  the  same  reasons  all  quantities,  especially 
*  hidden  quantities,'  have,  except  in  the  case  of  obvious  errors,  been  marked 
by  the  same  guide.  At  the  present  stage  of  the  study,  the  quantities 
assigned  must  necessarily,  in  many  cases,  be  tentative  and  subject  to  cor- 
rection. Even  in  such  quantities  as  are  definitely  settled,  the  great  diffi- 
culty of  securing  absolute  accuracy  is  evident,  and  corrections  in  this  as 
well  as  in  all  other  points  will  be  gratefully  received. 

The  editors  wish  to  acknowledge  their  indebtedness  to  Professors  Peck 
and  Egbert,  of  Columbia  College,  to  Dr.  Knapp,  of  Barnard  College,  and 
to  Professor  Lodge,  of  Bryn  Mawr,  for  many  suggestions  and  for  their  ser- 
vices  in   the   ungrateful  task   of  proof  reading;   to   Professor  Lodge   for 


6  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 

early  proof  sheets  of  his  revision  of  Gildersleeve's  Latin  Grammar ;  and  to 
Dr.  Knapp,  who  has  placed  the  results  of  his  long  study  of  Gellius  at 
their  disposal.  These  gentlemen,  however,  are  not  responsible  for  any 
misstatements  or  errors. 

While  conscious  of  the  defects  which  will  be  found  in  this  volume,  the 
editors  trust  that  it  may  nevertheless  have  some  small  part  in  bringing  about 
that  broader  view  of  the  province  of  Latin  teaching,  which  regards  the  lan- 
guage not  as  material  for  mental  training  alone,  but  as  an  essential  part  of 
the  world's  literature,  and  as  a  most  important  agent  in  securing  the  broadest 
culture  and  widest  human  sympathy. 

ROBERT  ARROWSMITH. 

GEORGE   M.    WHICHER. 
August,  1894. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


EuTROPius.     Breviarium.  p^gb 

Book  I.    Founding  of  Rome 13 

Expulsion  of  the  Kings 15 

War  with  Tarquin 16 

Coriolanus.    Cincinnatus 19 

The  Gauls  at  Rome 20 

Book  II.    Corvinus 21 

Wars  with  the  Samnites 22 

War  with  Pyrrhus 23 

First  Punic  War 25 

The  Heroism  of  Regulus 26 

Book  III.    Second  Punic  War.     Battle  of  Cannae        .        .        .         .28 

Scipio 30 

Book  IV.    Third  Punic  War.     Destruction  of  Carthage        ...  31 

Book  V.    Mithridates 32 

Book  VI.    Catiline's  Conspiracy 33 

Caesar  conquers  Gaul.     Civil  War 35 

Conquest  and  Death  of  Pompey 36 

Death  of  Caesar 37 

Book  VII.    Rise  of  Octavianus 39 

Philippi 40 

Antony  and  Cleopatra.     Reign  of  Augustus         .         .        .41 
7       • 


8  CONTENTS. 

Cornelius  Nepos.    De  Viris  Inlustribus,  page 

Miltiades        .....»•••.  43 

Themistocles 45 

Aristides 55 

Hamilcar 66 

Hannibal 58 

Cato 67 

Atticus 69 

Caesar.    De  Bello  Gallico. 

Book  II.    Campaign  against  the  Nervii 76 

Book  III.    War  with  the  Veneti      .        . 84 

Book  IV.    i'irst  Invasion  of  Britain 91 

Book  V.    Second  Invasion  of  Britain 101 

Two  Brave  Rivals 110 

Book  VI.    Customs  of  the  Gauls Ill 

Customs  of  the  Germans        .         .        .<        .        .        .         .116 

The  Hercynian  Forest .118 

Book  I.    The  German  Manner  of  Fighting 120 

Book  IV.    Description  of  the  Suebi 120 

The  Gauls'  Love  of  Gossip 121 

AuLus  Gellius.    Nodes  Atticae, 

Book.  I.    Fabricius  and  the  Samnite  Gold    .        .        ,      '  ,        .        .123 

Socrates  and  Xanthippe 123 

The  Sibylline  Books 123 

Papirius  Praetextatus             124 

Book  II.    The  Difference 125 

Book  III.    The  Meaning  of  the  Palm 125 

Pyrrhus  and  the  Poisoner 126 

Book  IV.    Scipio's  Haughty  Spirit 127 

Book  V.    Bucephalus 128 

Hannibal's  Witty  Answer 129 

The  Roman  Crowns 129 


CONTENTS.  9 

AuLUS  Gellius  —  continued.  page 

Book  VI.    The  Sacredness  of  Roman  Oaths 132 

Book  VII.    A  Snake  Story 134 

Some  Early  Libraries 134 

Book  IX.    Some  Barbarous  Superstitions 135 

How  Corvinus  got  his  Name 136 

Book  X.    Claudia's  Impudence .  137 

The  Ring  Finger 138 

War  or  Peace? 139 

The  Ages  of  Man 139 

Book  XV.    A  Strange  Death 140 

Second  Sight 140 

The  White  Deer 141 

Cicero.     De  Natura  Deorum. 

Book  II.    The  Gods  appear  to  Men 143 

Other  Proofs  of  Divine  Existence 144 

The  Deities 145 

The  Wonders  of  the  Universe 147 

Book  III.    The  Gods  do  not  always  Punish 148 

De  Divinatione. 

Book  I.    Divination    ....                 149 

Augury.    Portents.    Dreams 150 

LivY.    Historiae. 

Book  I.    Kings  of  Alba  Longa 1^2 

Romulus  and  Remus 1^3 

Hercules  and  Cacus 1^^ 

Reign  of  Numa •        •        •  1^^ 

Book  II.    Horatius  at  the  Bridge 160 

The  Gauls  at  Rome 1^1 

Notes  .......•••••••  1"' 

Vocabulary ,        .        .        .        .  211 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  THE  STUDENT. 


In  beginning  the  reading  of  Latin  the  student  meets  certain  difficul- 
ties which  do  not  present  themselves  so  prominently  in  his  own  language, 
and  which  he  must  master  in  order  to  gain  the  power  of  reading  intel- 
ligently and  readily.  The  chief  of  these  difficulties  are  (1)  the  variety  of 
meanings  which  may  be  expressed  by  the  same  case  forms,  instead  of  by 
prepositions,  as  in  English;  (2)  the  similarity  of  certain  case  endings;  and 
(3)  the  order  of  words  in  the  Latin  sentences. 

The  same  features  may  be  seen  to  some  extent  in  English.  The  word 
him  has  two  distinct  uses,  as  may  be  seen  by  completing  the  sentence  "  Bring 
him  —  "  in  two  different  ways ;  and,  until  the  idea  is  completed,  the  mind, 
consciously  or  unconsciously,  must  hold  the  interpretation  in  suspense. 
If  this  principle,  which  is  still  more  prominent  in  the  Latin  sentence,  is 
thoroughly  grasped  and  applied,  the  first  difficulty  will  be  much  decreased. 
The  first  step,  then,  should  be  to  understand  the  chief  meanings  of  the  dif- 
ferent cases  and  modes,  and  the  second  to  keep  these  meanings  in  mind  in 
reading  until  some  other  word  helps  to  decide  which  one  of  them  to  select. 

The  second  difficulty  is  rare  in  English,  owing  to  the  almost  complete 
absence  of  case  endings,  except  in  pronouns,  where  the  same  form  serves 
for  the  direct  and  for  the  indirect  object.  A  glance  at  the  Latin  declen- 
sions shows  that  similarity  in  forms  occurs  chiefly  between  the  nominative 
and  accusative,  and  between  the  dative  and  ablative.  The  case  is  to  be 
decided  as  before,  by  the  sense  w^hen  completed. 

The  difficulties  arising  from  the  order  of  words  are  greater  in  appear- 
ance than  in  reality.  The  usual  order  of  subject,  verb,  and  object  is  often 
overthrown  even  in  English,  in  poetry  and  in  ordinary  conversation,  where 
there  is  a  tendency  to  obtain  emphasis  by  placing  parts  of  the  sentence  in 
unusual  positions ;  e.g.  "  That  I  like,"  instead  of  "  I  like  that,''  "  a  sailor 
bold,"  etc.  In  Latin,  the  greater  flexibility  of  the  language  allows  a  much 
wider  application  of  this  principle,  which  is  of  great  assistance  in  deter- 
mining the  full  meaning  of  the  sentence.     Examining  the  opening  sentence 

10 


SUGGESTIONS   TO   THE   STUDENT.  H 

on  page  13,  "  Romanum  imperium  ...  a  Roraulo  exordium  habet,"  we  can 
trace  clearly  the  reasons  for  the  order  of  words.  The  author,  beginning  his 
work  on  the  history  of  Rome,  naturally  places  the  leading  idea  of  the  book 
in  the  most  prominent  position  :  "  the  Roman  Empire  " ;  —  "  Imperium 
Romanum"  would  lay  most  stress  on  imperium:  "the  Roman  Empire."  So 
also  the  important  fact  is  not  that  the  empire  had  an  origin,  but  that  it  had 
its  origin  in  Romulus,  which  is  indicated  by  the  position  of  a  Romulo, 
Attention  to  these  details  of  order  is  of  the  greatest  value  in  understanding 
the  author's  point  of  view,  and  therefore  the  spirit  of  his  writings.  Diffi- 
culties in  the  order  of  words  may  best  be  overcome  by  a  literal  translation, 
which  will  often  develop  the  meaning,  even  though  in  awkward  English. 
But  throughout  all  the  operations  by  which  we  try  to  arrive  at  the  meaning, 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  chief  aim  is  not  to  translate  the  words 
into  English,  but  to  understand  the  thought  in  Latin;  and  this  'po'wer  oi  feeling 
the  Latin  thought  will  come  surely,  even  if  slowly  at  first,  by  close  attention 
to  the  structure  of  the  sentence. 

In  studying  the  grammatical  references  which  accompany  the  text  the 
student  will  sometimes  find  that  the  form  or  construction  treated  may  be 
explained  according  to  other  principles  than  those  referred  to.  In  some  cases 
the  Notes  call  his  attention  to  this  possibility,  and  he  will  find  it  of  great 
profit  and  interest  to  discover  the  changes  in  sense  which  are  thus  developed. 

The  Vocabulary  is  so  arranged  that  compound  verbs  are  found  once  in 
their  proper  alphabetical  position,  but  without  translation,  and  again  under 
the  simple  verb.  So,  for  instance,  the  meanings  of  conficio  will  be  found 
only  under /a ao.  This  is  done  in  order  that  the  student  may  see  how  the 
derived,  and  sometimes  apparently  unconnected,  uses  of  a  verb  are  really 
connected  with  its  original  meaning. 

The  Notes  are  intended  not  to  explain  all  constructions  and  allusions 
found  in  the  text,  but  principally  to  call  attention  to  important  points  which 
the  student  may  follow  out  independently,  in  the  works  recommended  and 
in  his  own  observation  of  similarities  in  thought  and  usage  in  English.  Par- 
ticularly, in  reading  the  selections  contained  in  this  book,  he  should  draw 
as  widely  as  possible  on  his  outside  reading,  on  pictures  and  descriptions, 
and  on  his  own  observation,  in  order  to  gain  a  real  appreciation  of  the 
interest  which  Rome  and  Roman  things  have  always  had  for  educated  men. 

The  grammatical  references  in  the  footnotes  are  to  the  Latin  Grammars 
in  most  common  use ;  those  to  Harkness  being  in  full-face  type,  (300) ; 
tliose  to  Allen  &  Greenough  in  plain  type,  (300)  ;  and  those  to  Gildersleeve, 
last  edition,  1894,  in  italics,  (300).  ,-- — -— -^^ 

/  OP  THE 

f  TCJNIVERSIT 7 


THE  HtLLS  OF  ROME 


'ervLan  Wall 
Aurdian  Wall 


A£pia 


The  ori^nal  Latin  city  comprised  only  the  Palatine  and  a  small  portion  of  the  surrounding  terri- 
tory. The  Etruscans  inhabited  the  Caelian  Hill,  and  extended  toward  the  Esquiline.  The  Sabine 
town  occupied  the  Quirinal,  which  was  originally  connected  with  the  Capitoline,  on  which  was  the 
Sabine  citadel,  by  a  ridge  sloping  toward  the  Forum  and  the  Campus  Martius.  Ancus  Marcius  added 
to  the  city  the  Aventlne,  and  built  a  fortress  on  the  Janiculum.  Servius  TuUius  added  the  Viminal 
and  Esquiline,  and  inclosed  the  seven  hills  with  a  line  of  fortifications,  of  which  one  portion  is  still 
traceable.  The  ridge  connecting  the  Capitoline  and  Quirinal  was  a  barrier  which  cut  the  town  in 
two.  The  only  means  of  communication  between  the  two  halves  of  the  city,  when  its  population 
had  reached  nearly  two  million  inhabitants,  were  the  narrow  strip  of  land  between  the  Capitoline 
and  the  river  and  a  lane  ten  feet  \vlde  crossing  the  ridge.  To  relieve  the  pressure,  this  ridge  was  cut 
away  by  the  Emperor  Trajan,  in  whose  Forum  on  the  site  of  the  excavations  stands  the  well-known 
'Trajan's  Column,'  140  feet  high,  'erected  to  show  to  posterity  how  high  was  the  mountain  leveled 
by  the  Emperor.'  The  business  portion  of  the  modern  city  occupies  the  Campus  Martius,  Its  main 
artery,  the  famous  '  Corso,'  following  the  line  of  the  ancient  street  shown  on  the  plan.  See  Lan- 
ciani,  Ancient  Home,  p.  86. 

12 


OF  THB 

aNIVERSlTY 


EUTROPIUS. 


BREVIARIUM. 

Book  I. 

Founding  of  Rome.      Rape  of  the  Sabines. 

Eomanum  imperium,  quo-  neque  ab  ^ 


^rrk^ 


exordio  I  ullum   fere 


^v^  ^c  *  ^  y 


minus, 


neque    mcre- 


HUT-URN. 

{Vase  in  British  Museum.) 


mentis^  toto  orbe^  amplius  htimana  potest 
memoria  recordarl,  a  Romulo  exordium 
habet,  qui  Eheae  Silviae,  Vestalis  virginis, 
fllius  et  (quantum  putatus  est)  Martis, 
c;Lim  Remo  fratre  uno  partu  editus  est. 
^s  cum  inter  pastores  latrocinaretur,*  octo- 
decim  annos  ^  natus,  urbem  exiguam  in  Palatino  monte  constituit,  ^'^ 
XI.  Kal.  Maias,^  Olympiadis  sextae  anno  tertio. 

2.  Condita  civitate/  quam  ex  nomine  suo  Rom  am  vocavit, 
haec  fere  egit.  Multitudinem  fmitimorum  in  civitatem  recepit, 
centum  ex  senioribus  legit,  quorum  consilio  ^  omnia  ageret,^  quos 
senatores  nominavit  propter  senectutem.  Tum,  cum  uxores  ipse 
et  populus  suus  non  haberent,^^  invltavit  ad  spectaculum  ludorum 

Special  Study.  —  Note  uses  of  the  ablative:  Roman  dates. 


1  417  :  247  :  398. 

2  424:  253:  397. 

3  425,  II,  2:  258,/,  2:  387. 
*  521,  2  :  325  :  585. 

6  379:  256:  336. 


6  642-4 :  376  :  Appendix. 
M31:  255:  409. 

8  420 :  248,  8  :  401. 

9  497,  1 :  317,  2  :   630. 

10  517  :  326  :  586. 


13 


14 


EUTROPIUS. 


vTcInas  urbl  Romae  nation^s,  atque  erirum  virginSs  rapuit.  Com- 
motls  bellis  propter  raptarum  iniuriam,  Caeninenses  vicit,  Antem- 
nates,  Crustuminos,  Sablnos,  Fldenates,  Veientes.  Haec  omnia 
oppida  urbem  cingiint.  Et  cum  orta  subito  tempestate  non  com- 
!:?  plruisset,  anno  r^gnl  tricesimo  septimo  ad  deos  transTsse  creditus^ 
est  et  conseeratiis.  Deinde  Romae-  per  quinos  dies  senatores 
imperav6rnnt  et  his  regnantibus  annus  I'mus  eompletus  est. 


673. 


B.C. 

640. 


Oroivth  of  the  city. 

3.  Postea  Numa  Pompilius  rex  creatus  est,  qui  bellum  quidem 
nullum  gessit,  sed  non  minus  clvitati,^  quam  Eomulus,  profuit. 
Nam  et  leges  Romanis'^  moresque  constituit,  qui  eonsuetudine 
proeliorum  iam  latrones  ac  semibarbarl  putabantur,  et  annum 
descripsit  in  decem  menses,  prius  sine  aliqua  supputatione 
confusum,  et  InflnTta  Romae  sacra  ac  templa  con- 
stituit.  Morbo  decessit  quadragesimo  tertio  im- 
peril anno. 

4.  Huic  successit  Tullus  Hostilius.  Hic  bella 
reparavit,  Albanos  vTcit,  qui  ab  urbe  Roma  duo- 
decimo mlliario^  sunt,  Veientes  et  Fldenates,  quo- 
rum alii  sexto  miliario  absunt  ab  urbe  Roma,  alii 
octavo  decimo,  bello  superavit,  urbem  ampliavit 
adiecto  Caelio  monte.  Cum  triginta  et  duos 
annos  regnasset,^  fulmine  ictus  cum  domo  sua 
arsit. 
5.  Post  hunc  Ancus  Marcius,  Numae  ex  filia  nepos,  suscepit 
imperium.     Contra  Latinos  dimicavit,  Aventinum  montem  clvi- 


MILIARIUM. 


Special  Study .  — Ablative :  locative. 


1  634,  1 :  330,  b :  528. 

2  426,  II:  258,  c,  2:  411. 
8  886  :  228  :  346. 


*  384,  4,  N.  2  :  235 :  345. 

fi  425,  II,  2,  N.  2 :  258,  4,  /:  385,  n. 

6  235:  128,  a:  131,  1. 


Longitude 


MAP  OF 

ROME 

AND  VICINITY 


)>Clypea 


18        Bradley  j-  Poates,  Engr's,  N.  V. 


BREVIARIUM,  I. 


15 


616. 


tati  adiecit  et  lanicvilum,  apud  ostium  Tiberis  civitatem  supra 
mare  sexto  decimo  mlliario  ab  urbe  Roma  condidit.     Vicesimo 

quarto   anno   imperil  morbo 
periit. 

6.  Deinde  rSgnum  Priscus  bo. 
Tarquinius  accepit.  Hic 
numerum  senatorum  dupli- 
cavit,  cireum  Eomae  aedi- 
ficavit,  ludos  Romanos 
Instituit,  qui  ad  nostram 
memoriam  permanent.  Vicit 
Id^m  etiam  Sabinos  et  non 
parum  agrorum/  sublatum 
ilsdem,^  urbis  Romae  terri- 
torio  adiunxit,  primusque 
triumphans  urbem  intravit. 
Muros  fecit  et  cloacas,  Capi- 
tolium  incohavit.  Tricesimo 
octavo  imperil  anno  per^ 
Anci.  fllios  occlsus  est,  regis  eius  cui  ipse  successerat. 

Census.      Expulsion  of  the  kings. 
7.    Post  hunc  Servius  Tullius  suscepit  imperium,  genitus  ex  b.c. 

578 

nobili  femina,  captlva  tamen  et  ancilla.  Hic  quoque  Sabinos 
subegit,  montes  tres,  Quirinalem,  Viminalem,  Esquilinum,  urbl 
adiunxit,  fossas  circa  murum  duxit.  Primus  omnium  censum 
ordinavit,  qui  adhuc  per  orbem  terrarum  incognitus  erat.  Sub 
eo  lloma,  omnibus  in  censum  d^latls,  habuit  capitum  lxxxiii. 
milia  civiuin  Romanori]m  cum  iis,  qui  in  agris  erant.     Occlsus 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  of  separation. 

1  397,  4  :  216,  4  :  369.  2  335,  H,  2  :  229 :  345,  r. 

3  415,  I,  1,  N. :  246,  h :  401,  end. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R. 2 


CLOACA   MAXIMA,    SUPPOSED    TEMPLE    OF 
VESTA,  AND   RUINS   OF  THE    PALATINE. 


i 


510. 


16  EUTROPTUS. 

est  scelere  generi  sul  TarquiniT  Superb!,  filii  eius  regis,  cul  ipse 
successerat,  et  filiae,  quam  Tarquinius  habebat  iixorem. 
B-<^-  8.  Lucius  Tarquinius  Superbus,  septimus  atque  iiltimus  regum, 
Volscos,  quae  gens  ad  Campaniam  euntibus^  non  longe  ab  urbe 
est,  vicit,  Gabios  clvitatem^  et  Suessam  Pometiam  subegit,  cum 
Tuscis  pacem  fecit,  et  templum  lovi  in  Capitolio  aedificavit. 
Postea  Ardeam  oppugnans,  in  octavo  decimo  railiario  ab  urbe 
positam  civitatem,  imperium  perdidit.  Nam  cum  filius  eius, 
et  ipse  Tarquinius  iunior,  nobilissimam  feminam  Lucretiam,  ean- 
demque^  pudicissimam,  Collatini  uxorem,  stuprasset,  eaque  de 
initiria  marito  et  patri  et  amlcls  questa  fuisset,  in  omnium  con- 
c.  spectu  se  occldit.  Propteu  quam  causam  Brutus,  parens  et  ipse 
TarquiniT,  populum  concitavit  et  Tarquinio^  ademit  imperium. 
Mox  exercitus  quoque  eum,  qui  civitatem  Ardeam  cum  ipso  rege 
oppugnabat,  reliquit;  veniensque  ad  urbem  rex  portis  clausls 
exclusus  est,  cumque  imperasset  annos  quattuor  et  viginti  cum 
uxore  et  llberls  suis  fugit.  Ita  Romae  regnatum  est^  per  septem 
reges  annis^  ducentis  quadraginta  tribus,  cum  adhuc  Eoma,  uln 
plurimum,  vix  usque  ad  quintum  decimum  miliarium  possideret. 


Consuls.      War  with  Tarqidn. 
R-^.      9.    Hinc  consul es  coepere  pro  uno  rege  duo  hac  causa  creari, 

509. 

'  ut.  Si  unus  malus  esse  voluisset,^  alter  eum  habens  potestatem 
similem  coerceret.^  Et  placuit  ne  imperium  longius  quam  annuum 
liaberent,^  ne  per  diuturnitatem  potestatis  Insolentiores  redde- 
rentur,^  sed  cTvIles   semper  essent,  qui  se  post  annum  sclrent^^ 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  of  purpose  :  accusative  and  ablative  of  time. 

1  384,  4,  N.  3  :  235,  h :  353.  «  379,  1  :  256,  2,  b  :  393,  R.  2. 

2  363  :  184 :  321,  r.  -  509,  x.  3  :  307,  /:   596,  2. 

3  451,  3  :  195,  e  :  310.  »  497  :  317  :   545,  1. 

4  385,  II,  2  :  229  :  345,  R.  »  498,  1 :  331  :   546. 

5  301 :  146,  d  :  208,  2.  lo  517  :  320,  e  :   633. 


BREYIARIUM,  I. 


17 


futures  esse  privates.     Fuerunt  igitur  anno  primo  ab  expulsls^ 
regibus  consules  L.  lunius  Brutus,  qui  maxime  egerat,  ut  Tar- 

quinius  pelleretur,^  et  Tar- 
quinius  CollatinuSj  marltus 
Lucretiae.  Sed  Tarquinio 
Collatino  ^  statim  sublata 
est  dignitas.  Placuerat  enim, 
ne  quisquam  in  urbe  mane- 
ret,^  qui  Tarquinius  vocare- 
tur.^  Ergo  accepto  omnI 
patrimonio  suo  ex  urbe  mi- 
gravit  et  loco  ipsius  fac- 
tus  est  L.  Valerius  Publicola 
consul. 

10.  Commovit  tamen  bel- 
lum  urbi^  Komae  rex  Tar- 
quinius, qui  fuerat  expulsus, 
et  collectTs  multis  gentibus, 
ut  in  regnum  posset  restituT, 
dimicavit.  In  prima  pugna 
Brutus  consul  et  Ariins,  Tarquinil  fllius,  in  vicem  se  occlderunt, 
Romanl  tamen  ex  ea  pugna  victores  recesserunt.  Brutum  Eo- 
manae  matronae,  defensorem  pudlcitiae  suae,  quasi  communem 
patrem,  per  annum  luxerunt.  Valerius  Publicola  Sp.  Lucretium 
Tricipitlnum  conlegam  sibi  fecit,  Lucretiae  patrem,  quo  morbo 
mortuo,  iteruni  Horatium  Pulvillum  conlegam  sibi  sumpsit.  Ita 
primus  annus  quinque  consules  babuit,  cum  Tarquinius  Collati- 
nns  urbe  cessisset  propter  nomen,  Brutus  in  proelio  perlsset,  Sp. 
Lucretius  morbo  mortuus  esset. 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  by  attraction. 


ROMAN   WALL. 


1  649,  5,  N.  2  :  292,  a  :  325,  r.  3. 

2  501,  II:  332:   553. 

3  385,  TI,  2  :  229  :  345,  r. 


4  498,  1 :  331 :  546. 

5  529,  II :  342  :   663,  1. 

6  386  :  228  :  347. 


18  EUTROPIUS. 

Further  attempts  of  Tarqidn. 

Bc-  11.  Secundo  quoque  anno  iterum  Tarquinius,  ut  reciperetur 
*  in  regnum,  belluui  Komanls  intulit,  auxilium  el  ferente  Porsena, 
Tusciae  rege,  et  Romam  paene  eepit.  Verum  turn  quoque  victus 
est.  Tertio  anno  post  reges  exactos  ^  Tarquinius,  cum  suscipT  non 
posset  in  regnum,  neque  el  Porsena,  qui  pacem  cum  Romanis 
fecerat,  auxilium  praestaret,  Tusculum^  se  contulit,  quae  civitas 
non  longe  ab  urbe  est,  atque  ibi  per  quattuordecim  annos  privatus 
cum  uxore  consenuit.  Quarto  anno  post  reges  exactos,  cum 
Sabinl  Eomanis  bellum  intulissent,  victi  sunt,  et  de  his  triumpha- 
tum  est.  Quinto  anno  L.  Valerius  ille,  BrutI  conlega  et  quater 
consul,  fataliter  mortuus  est,  adeo  pauper,  ut  conlatis  a  populo 
nummis  stimptum  habuerit^  sepulturae.  Quern  matronae,  sicut 
Brutum,  annum  luxerunt. 

12.  Nono  anno  post  reges  exactos,  cum  gener  Tarquinil  ad 
iniuriam  soceri  vindicandam^  ingentem  conlegisset  exercitum, 
nova  Romae  dignitas  est  creata,  quae  dictatura  appellatur,  maior 
quam  consulatus.  Eodem  anno  etiam  magister  equitum  factus 
est,  qui  dictator!  obsequeretur.^  Neque  quicquam  similius  potest 
dici  quam  dictatura  antlqua  huic  imperii  potestati,  quam  nunc 
Tranquillitas  Vestra  liabet,  maxime  cum  Augustas  quoque  Octa- 
vianus,  de  quo  postea  dicemus,  et  ante  eum  C.  Caesar  sub  dicta- 
ttirae  nomine  atque  honore  regnaverint.^  Dictator  autem  Romae 
primus  fuit  T.  Larcius,  magister  equitum  primus  Sp.  Cassius. 

13.  Sexto  decimo  anno  post  reges  exactos  seditionem  populus 
Romae  fecit,  tamquam  a  senatu  atque  consulibus  premeretur.^ 
Tum  et  ipse  sibi  tribunos  plebis  quasi  proprios  indices  et  defen- 

Special  Study.  —  Participle  for  abstract  noun. 

1  649,  5,  N.  2  :  292,  a  :  325,  r.  3.  *  542,  m,  n.  2  ;  644, 1 :  300  :  427. 

2  380,  II:  258,  h  :  337,  6  497,  1  ..317^  2  :   630. 
«  495,  VI :  287,  c,  n.:  513.  6  517  .  326  :  586. 

■^  613,  II :  312  :   602.  4. 


B.C. 

501. 


VERSIT-^    ; 
BREVIARIUM,  I.  X^A^irlftv^ -^^^" 

sores   creavit,   per   quos   contra  senatum  et  consules  tutus  esse 
posset. 

14.  Sequent!  anno  Volsci  contra  Romanos  bellum  reparaverunt, 
et  victl  acie  etiam  Coriolos  civitatem,  quam  habebant  optimam, 
perdiderunt. 

Corioldnus.     Cincinnatus. 

15.  Octavo  decimo  anno  post  reges  eiectos,  expulsus  ex  urbe  b.c. 
Q.  Marcius,  dux  Romanorum,  qui  Coriolos  ceperat,  Volscorum  ^^^' 
civitatem,  ad  ipsos  Volscos  contendit  Iratus,  et  auxilia  contra 
Romanos  accepit,  Romanosque  saepe  vicit.  Usque  ad  quintum 
miliarium  urbis  accessit,  oppugnaturus  ^  etiam  patriam,  legatis, 
qui  pacem  petebant,  repudiatis,  nisi  ad  eum  mater  Veturia  et 
uxor  Volumnia  ex  urbe  venissent,^  quarum  fletu  et  deprecatione 
superatus  removit  exercitum.  Atque  hic  secundus  post  Tar- 
quiniiim  fuit,  qui  dux  contra  patriam  suam  esset.^ 

16.  C.  Fabio  et  L.  Virginio  consulibus  trecenti  nobiles  homings,  b.c. 
qui  ex  Fabia  familia  erant,  contra  Veientes  bellum  soli  suscepg-  ^  ^* 
runt,  promittentes  senatui  et  populo  per  se  omne  certamen  implen- 
dum.  Itaque  profecti,  omnes  nobiles  et  qui  singull  magnorum 
exercituum  duces  esse  deberent,^  in  proelio  conciderunt.  Unus 
omnino  superfuit  ex  tanta  familia,  qui  propter  aetatem  puerllem 
duel  non  potuerat  ad  pugnam.  Post  haec  census  in  urbe  habitus 
est  et  inventa  sunt  civium  capita  cxvii.  milia  cccxix. 

17.  SequentI  anno,  cum  in  Algido  monte,  ab  urbe  duodecimo  b.c. 
ferme  miliario,  Romanus  obsideretur  exercitus,  L.  Quintius  Cin-  ^^^' 
cinnatus  dictator  est  f actus,  qui  agrum  quattuor  iugerum*  pos- 
sidens  manibus  suls  colebat.     Is  cum  in  opere  et  arans  esset 
inventus,    siidore   deterso    togam   praetextam   accepit    et    caesis 
hostibus  libera vit  exercitum. 

Special  Study.  —  Future  participle  in  apodosis. 

1  549,  3  :  293,  &,  3  :   670,  4,  (2).  ^  503,  l :  320  :   631,  2. 

2  510;  308;   597  *  52,  3  :  40,  e  :  33,  4. 


20 


EUTROPIUS. 


Decemvir's.     Virginia.     Gauls  capture  Rome. 


B.C. 

451. 


18.  Anno  trecentesimo  et  altero  ab  urbe  condita  imperium 
consulare  cessavit  et  pro  duobus  consulibus  decern  fact!  sunt,  qui 
summam  potestatem  haberent/  decemviri  nominatl.  Sed  cum 
primo  anno  bene  egisseut,  secundo  iinus  ex  iis,  Appius  Claudius, 
Virginil  cuiusdam,  qui  honestis  iam  stlpendils  contra  Latinos  in 
monte  Algido  mllitarat,^  f iliam  virginem  corrumpere  voluit ;  quam 
pater  occidit,  ne  stuprum  a  decemviro  sustineret,  et  regressus  ad 
mllites  movit  tumultum.  Sublata  est  decemvirls^  potestas  ipslque 
damnati  sunt. 
^■^-      20.    Post  vlginti   deinde  annos  Veientani  rebellaverunt.     Dic- 

396.  . 

tator  contra  ipsos  missus  est   Furius  Camillus  qui  primum  eos 


^»£v/ 

AXLl 

y 

^^^H^y 

mm 

ilS^^^A^ff^^'""^^  '^'  '^^^^^3^ 

j^ 

^  ^tf^j^^^^£^  ]  vn 

^^^^Ll^;7J%^=^c^^^ 

''''^^^Z~!^^'^~^r~^\~^j^mjk^i 

\   ^KSC^^iC^w 

bH^^^^^  '  jj     ^*^^[T'^ 

'   \\  '  h'  <^m^ 

VoPraOP 

■sTw^^Tink^^^li    ''^    \  \ ' 

fM 

^  lnfe)Wv^'K 

BH^^^wll^Vwr     jSis»\^ 

^■T^^™f^^pl 

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RI^rI^^ 

iwlHRYi'lMi 

rW 

•Ifc^villTA   ^^Tvl^^ 

^&t%!l4ii><W«^ 

\J  ^^'uiu/ 

^^fi«|Sor"^-5  v::>^Jj<v\l^^ 

%^MmK. 

TRIUMPH. 


vicit  acie,  mox  etiam  civitatem  diu  obsidens  cepit,  antlquissimam 
Italiae  atque  ditissimam.  Post  earn  cepit  et  Faliscos,  non  minus 
nobilem  civitatem.  Sed  commota  est  ei  invidia,  quasi  praedain 
male  divlsisset,  damnatusque  ob  eam  causam  et  expulsus  civitate. 

Special  Study.  —  Relative  clauses  of  purpose. 

1  497,  1 :  317,  2  :  630.  2  235  :  128,  a  :  131,  1. 

3  385^  11^  2:  229:  345,  R..1. 


BREVIARIUM,  IT.  21 

Statim  Galll  Senones  ad  iirbeni  venerunt,  et  victos  Eomanos  bc 

890. 

undecimo  mlliario  a  Roma  apud  flumen  Alliam  secutT  etiam 
urbem  occuparunt.  Neque  defend!  quicquam,  nisi  Capitolium, 
potuit;  quod  cum  diii  obsedisseiit  et  iam  RomanI  f ame  laborarent, 
accepto  etiam  auro,  ne  Capitolium  obsiderent,  recesserunt,  sed  a 
Camillo,  qui  in  vidua  civitate  exsulabat,  Gallls^  superventum 
est^  gravissimeque  victi  sunt.  Postea  tamen  etiam  sectitus  eos 
Camillus  ita  cecldit,  ut  et  aurum,  quod  ils  datum  fuerat,  et  omnia, 
quae  ceperant,  mllitaria  signa  revocaret.  Ita  tertio  triumphans 
urbem  ingressus  est  et  appellatus  secundus  Romulus,  quasi  et  ipse 
patriae  conditor. 

Book  II. 

Corvinus. 

6.  Census  iterum  habitus  est.  Et  cum  Latlnl,  qui  a  Romanis 
subacti  erant,  mllites  prae stare  nollent,^  ex  Romanis  tantum  tlro- 
n6s  l6ctl  sunt,  factaeque  legiones  decem,  qui  modus  sexaginta 
vel  amplius  armatorum  milia  efficiebat.  Parvis  adhuc  Romanis 
rebus,*  tanta  tamen  in  re  mllitarl  virtus  erat.  Quae  cum  profectae 
essent  adversus  Gallos  duce  L.  Furio,  quidam  ex  Gallls  unum  ex  bc. 

349 

Romanis,  qui  esset^  optimus,  provocavit.  Turn  se  M.  Valerius 
tribunus  mllitum  obtulitj  et  cum  processisset  armatus,  corvus  el 
supra  dextrum  bracchium  sedit.  Mox  commissa  adversus  Galium 
ptigna  Idem  corvus  alls  et  unguibus  Galll  oculos  verberavit,  ne 
rectum  posset  aspicere.  Ita  a  tribuno  Valerio  interfectus.  Cor- 
vus  non   solum   victoriam   el,    sed   etiam    nomen   dedit.      Nam 

Speciad  Study.  —  Impersonal  passive. 

1  384,  5  :  230 .217.  ^  517  :  326  :  586. 

2  301 :  146,  d :  208,  2.  *  431 :  255  :  409. 

5  603,  1 :  320  :   631,  2. 


22  EUTROPIUS. 

postea  idem  Corvus  est  dictus.    Ac  propter  hoc  meritum  annorum 
trium  et  viginti  consul  est  f actus. 

Wai's  with  the  Samnites. 

B-c-  8.  lam  RomanI  potentSs  esse  coeperuut.  Bellum  euim  in  cen- 
tesimo  et  tricesimo  fere  miliario  ab  urbe  apud  Samnites  gerebatur, 
qui  medii  sunt  inter  Picenum,  Campaniam  et  Apuliam.  L. 
Papirius  Cursor  cum  honore  dictatoris  ad  id  bellum  profectus 
est.  Qui  cum  Romam  redlret,  Q.  Fabio  Maximo,  magistro  equi- 
tum,  quem  apud  exercitum  rellquit,  praecepit,  ne  se  absente^ 
pugnaret.  Ille  occasione  reperta^  fellcissime  dimicavit  et  Sam- 
nites delevit.  Ob  quam  rem  a  dictatore  capitis  ^  damnatus,  quod 
se  vetante  ptignasset/  ingenti  I'avore  mllitum  et  popull  llberatus 
est,  tanta  Papirio  seditione  commota,  ut  paene  ipse  interficeretur. 

^'^'  9.  Postea  Samnites  Romanos  T.  Yeturio  et  Sp.  Postumio  con- 
sulibus  ingenti  dedecore  vicerunt  et  sub  iugum  miserunt.  Pax 
tamen  a  senatu  et  populo  soluta  est,  quae  cum  ipsis  propter 
necessitatem  facta  fuerat.  Postea  Samnites  victi  sunt  a  L. 
Papirio  consule,  septem  milia  eorum  sub  iugum  missa.  Papirius 
primus  de  Samnltibus  triumphavit.  Eo  tempore  Ap.  Claudius 
censor  aquam  Claudiam  induxit  et  viam  Appiam  stravit.  Sam- 
nites reparato  bello  Q.  Fabium  Maximum  vicerunt  tribus  mllibus 
hominum  occlsls.  Postea,  cum  pater  el  Fabius  Maximus  legatus  * 
datus  fuisset,  et  Samnites  vicit  et  pltirima  ipsorum  oppida  cepit. 
Deinde  P.  Cornelius  Ruflnus  M.  Curius  Dentatus,  ambo  consules, 
contra  Samnites  mlssi  ingentibus  proelils  eos  confecere.  Tum 
bellum  cum  Samnltibus  per  annos  quadraginta  novem  actum  sus- 
tulerunt.  Neque  ullus  hostis  fuit  intra  Italiam,  qui  Romanam 
virtutem  magis  fatlgaverit. 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  in  informal  indirect  discourse. 

1431:  255:  409-410.  ^b\Q:  321:   541. 

2  410,  III,  N.  2:  220,  a:  378,  3.  *  363:   184:  321. 


821. 


BREVIARIUM,  11. 


23 


War  with  Pyrrhus, 
11.   Eodem  tempore  Tarent'Inis,  qui  iam  in  ultima  Italia  sunt,  b^- 

282 

bellum  indictum  est,  quia  legatls  Romanorum  iniuriam  fecissent.^ 
Hi  Pyrrhum,  Epiri  regem,  contra  Romanos  auxilium  poposcerunt, 
qui  ex  genere  Achillis  orlginem  trahebat.  Is  mox  ad  Italiam 
venit,  tumque  primum  RomanI  cum  transmarino  hoste  dlmicave- 
runt.  Missus  est  contra  eum  consul  P.  Valerius  Laevlnus,  qui 
cum  exploratores  Pyrrhl  cepisset,  iussit 
eos  per  castra  duel,  ostendl  omnem  exer- 
citum,  tumque  dimitti,  ut  rentintiarent 
Pyrrho,  quaecumque  a  Romanis  ageren- 
tur.-  Commlssa  mox  pugnS,,  cum  iam 
Pyrrhus  fugeret,  elephantorum  auxilio 
vicit,  quos  incognitos'^  RomanI  expave- 
runt.  Sed  nox  proelio  finem  dedit; 
Laevlnus  tamen  per  noctem  fugit, 
Pyrrhus  Romanos  mlUe  octingentos 
cepit  eosque  summo  honore  tractavit, 
occlsos  sepellvit.  Quos  cum  adverso 
vulnere*  et  truci  vultti  etiam  mortuos  iacere  vidisset,  tulisse  ad 
caelum  maniis  dicitur  cum  hac  voce :  se  totius  orbis  domimim 
esse  potuisse,^  si  tales  sihi  mllites  contigissent.^ 


Pyrrhus  returns  the  captives.     They  are  disgraced. 

12.  Postea  Pyrrhus  coniiinctls  sibi  Samnltibus,  Lucanis,  Bruttils 
Romam  perrexit,  omnia  ferro  Ignlque  vastavit,  Campaniam  popu- 
latus   est  atque   ad^   Praeneste  venit,  mlliario   ab  urbe   octavo 

Special  Study. — Indirect  questions. 


1616,  II:  321:   541. 

2  529,  I:  334:  467. 

3  549,  5 :  292,  r.  :   666. 
*  419,  II :  251  :  400. 


5  627,  III,  N.  2 :    308,  c ;   336,  2 : 

597,  R.  3  ;  650. 

6  510:  308:  597. 

'  380,  II,  1 :  258,  6,  n.  2 :  337,  4. 


24  EUTROPIUS. 

decimo.  Mox  terrore  exercitiis,  qui  eiim  cum  consule  sequebatur, 
in  Campaniam  se  recepit.  LegatI  ad  Pyrrhum  de  redimendls  cap- 
tivis  missi  ab  eo  honorifice  suscepti  sunt.  Captivos  sine  pretio 
Eomam  misit.  Unum  ex  legatls  Romanoruni,  Fabricium,  sic 
admiratus,  cum  eum  pauperem  esse  cognovisset,  ut  quarta  parte 
regni  proinlssa  sollicitare  voluerit,  ut  ad  se  transiret/  contemp- 
tusque  est  a  Fabricio.  Quare  cum  Pyrrhus  E-omanorum  ingenti 
admiratione  teneretur,  legatum  mIsit,  qui  pacem  acquis  condi- 
cionibus  peteret,  praecipuum  virum,  Cineam  nomine,  ita  ut  Pyrrhus 
partem  Italiae,  quam  iam  armis  occupaverat,  obtineret.^ 

13.  Pax  displicuit  remandatumque  Pyrrho  est  a  senatti  eum 
cum  Romanis,  nisi  ex  Italia  recessisset,  pacem  habere  non  posse. 
Tum  Roman!  iusserunt  captivos  omnes,  quos  Pyrrhus  reddiderat, 
infames  haberl,  quod  armati  cap!  potuissent,^  nee  ante  eos  ad 
veterem  statum  reverti,  quam  binorum  hostium  occlsorum  spolia 
retulissent.'*  Ita  legatus  Pyrrh!  re  versus  est.  A  quo  cum  quaere- 
ret  Pyrrhus,  qualem  Romam  comperisset,  Cineas  dixit  regum  se 
pair  iam  vldisse;  scilicet  tales  illlc  fere  omnes  esse,  qudlis  unus 
Pyrrhus  apud  Epirum  et  reliquam  Graeciam  putaretur. 

Fahricius  rejects  an  offer  to  poison  Pyrrhus.     Pyrrhus  is 
conquered. 

Mlssi  sunt  contra  Pyrrhum  duces  P.  Sulpicius  et  Decius  Miis 
consules.  Certamine  commlsso  Pyrrhus  vulneratus  est,  elephant! 
interfecti,  viginti  milia  caesa  hostium,  et  ex  Romanis  tautum 
quinque  mIlia;  Pyrrhus  Tarentum  fugatiis. 

14.  Interiecto  anno  contra  Pyrrhum  Fabricius  est  missus,  qui 
prius  inter  legatos  soUicitari  non  poterat  quarta  regni  parte  pro- 

Special  Study.  —  Temporal  clauses  with  antequam. 

1  498,  1  :  331 :   546.  3  516 :  321 :   541. 

2  497,  II:  319,  b  :  552,  it.  3.  *  620:  327:  577. 


BRJGVIARIUiM,  TI.  25 

missa.  Turn,  cum  vicina  castra  ipse  et  rex  haberent,  medicus 
Pyrrhl  nocte  ad  eum  v6nit,  promitt^ns  ven6no  se  Pyrrhum  occisu- 
rum,  si  sibi  aliquid  polliceretiir.  Quern  Fabricius  vinctum  reduci 
iussit  ad  dominum  Pyrrhoque  dlci  quae  contra  caput  6ius  medicus 
sjx>pondisset.*  Tum  r6x  admiratus  eum  dixisse  fertur  :  ^'  Ille  est 
FabriciuSy  qui  dlfficilius  ab  honestdte  quam  sol  a  cursu  sud  dverti 
potest.'^  Tum  r6x  ad  Siciliam  profectus  est.  Fabricius  victls 
Lucanis  et  Samnitibus  triumphavit. 

Consults   deinde    M.  Curius  Dentatus  et  Cornelius  Lentulus  »-^- 

275 

adversum  Pyrrhum  missi  sunt.  Curius  contra  eum  pugnavit,  exer- 
citum  6iu8  cecidit,  ipsum  Tarentum  fug^vit,  castra  cepit.  Ea 
dig  caesa  hostium  vTgintT  tria  mllia.  Curius  in  consulatu  trium- 
phavit Primus  Romam  elephantos  quattuor  duxit.  Pyrrhus  ^ 
etiam  a  TarentO  mox  recessit  et  apud  Argos,  Graeciae  civitatem, 
occlsus  est. 

First  Punic  War. 

18.  Ann6  quadringentCsimo  septuag^simo  septimo,  cum  iam 
clarum  urbis  R6mae  nomen  esset,  arma  tamen  extra  Italiam  mota 
non  fuerant.  Ut  igitur  cognosce retur,  quae  copiae  Romanorum 
essent,  census  est  habitus.  Tum  inventa  sunt  civium  capita 
ducenta  nonaginta  duo  milia  trecenta  triginta  quattuor,  quam- 
quam  a  condita  urbe  numquam  bella  cessassent.^ 

Et  contra  Afros  bellum  susceptum  est  primum  Ap.  Claudio  Q.  »-^' 
Fulvio  consulibus.     In  Sicilia  contra  eos  pugnatum*^  est  et  Ap. 
Claudius  d6  Afrls  et  r6ge  Siciliae  Hierone  triumphavit. 

21.    L.  Manlio  Vulsone  M.  Atllio  Regulo  consulibus  bellum  in  b.c 

—  ...  256 

Africam  translatum  est.  Contra  Hamilcarem,  Carthaginiensium 
ducem,  in  marl  pugnatum,^  victusque  est.     Nam  perditis  sexaginta 

Special  Study.  —  Accusative  of  limit  of  motion. 

1  629,  1 :  334  :  467.  2  515^  m,  n.  1,  2) :  313,  (j  :  605,  n. 

3301,  I:   146,  d:  208,  2. 


26  EUTROPIUS. 

quattuor  navibus  retro  se  recepit.  EomanI  vigintl  duas  amise- 
ruiit.  Sed  cum  in  Africam  transissent,  primam  Clypeam,  Africae 
civitatem,  in  deditionem  acceperunt.  Consules  usque  ad  Cartha- 
ginem  processerunt,  multlsque  castellis  vastatis  Manlius  victor 
Romani  rediit  et  viginti  septem  milia  captivorum  reduxit,  Atilius 
Eegulus  in  Africa  remansit.  Is  contra  Afros  aciem  instrtixit. 
Contra  tres  Carthaginiensium  duces  dimicans  victor  fuit,  decern 
et  octo  milia  hostium  cecidit,  quinque  milia  cum  decem  et  octo 
elephantls  cepit,  septuaginta  quattuor  civitates  in  fidem  accepit. 
Tum  victi  Carthaginienses  pacem  a  Romanis  petiverunt.  Quam 
cum  Kegulus  nollet  nisi  durissimis  condicionibus  ^  dare,  Afri 
aiixilium  a  Lacedaemoniis  petiverunt.  Et  duce  Xanthippo,  qui 
a  Lacedaemoniis  missus  fuerat,  Romanorum  dux  Regulus  victus 
est  ultima  pernicie.  Nam  duo  milia  tantum  ex  omnI  Romano 
exercitu  reftigerunt,  quingentl  cum  imperatore  Regulo  capti  sunt, 
triginta  milia  occlsa,  Regulus  ipse  in  catenas  coniectus. 


The  heroism  of  Regulus. 
^•^'      25.    Post  haec  mala  Carthaginienses  Regulum  ducem,  quern 

250.  •  -T->  r.  o 

ceperant,  petierunt,  ut  Romam  pronclsceretur,  et  pacem  a 
Romanis  obtineret,  ac  permutationem  captivorum  face  ret.  Ille 
Romam  cum  venisset,  inductus  in  senatum  nihil  quasi  Rom^nus 
egit,  dixitque  se  ex  ilia  die,  qua  in  potestdtem  Afrorum  venisset,^ 
Romdnum  esse  desiisse.  Itaque  et  uxorem  a  complexu  removit, 
et  senatui  suasit  ne  pax  cum  Poenis  fieret^;  illos  enim  frdctos  tot 
cdsibus  spem  nullam  habere  ;  se  tanti^  non  esse,  ut  tot  milia 
captivorum  propter  unum  se  et  senem  et  paucos,  qui  ex  Romdnis 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  absolute  used  for  condition. 

1431,  3:  310,  a:  593,  3.  3524:  336,  2:   650. 

2  498,  1 :  331 :   546.  *  405  :  252,  a  :  380. 


BREVIARIUM,  11.  27 

captl  faerant,^  redderentnr}  Itaque  obtinuit.  Nam  Afros  pacem 
petentes  nullus  admisit.  Ipse  Carthaginem  rediit,  offerentibus- 
que  Eomanis,  ut  eum  Eomae  tenerent,  negavit  se  in  ed  urbe 
mdnsurum,^  in  qua,  postquam  Afris^  servierat,^  dignitatem  honesti 
clvis  habere  non  posset,^  Eegressus  igitur  ad  Africam  omnibus 
suppliciis  exstinctus  est. 

Battle  of  Lilyhaeum.     Interchange  of  captives. 

27.  C.  Lutatio  Catulo  A.  Postumio  Albino  consulibus,  anno  b.c. 
belli  PunicT  vTeesimo  et  tertio  Catulo  bellum  contra  Afros  com- 
missum  est.  Profectus  est  cum  trecentis  navibus  in  Siciliam; 
Afri  contra  ipsum  quadringentas  paraverunt.  Numquam  in  mari 
tantis  copils  pugnatum  est.  Lutatius  Catulus  navem  aeger 
ascendit;  vulneratus  enim  in  pugna  superiore  fuerat.  Contra 
Lilybaeum,  civitatem  Siciliae,  pugnatum  est  ingenti  virtute^  X 
Romanorum.  Nam  lxiii.  Carthaginiensium  naves  captae  sunt, 
cxxv.  demersae,  xxxii.  milia  hostium  capta,  xiii.  milia  occTsa, 
Infinitum  auri,  argent!,  praedae  in  potestatem  Komanorum  redac- 
tum.  Ex  classe  Eomana  xii.  naves  demersae.  Pugnatum  est  vi.  ^ 
Idus  Martias.  Statim  pacem  Carthaginienses  petlverunt  tributa- 
que  est  his  pax.  Captlvl  Eomanorum,  qui  tenebantur  a  Cartha- 
giniensibus,  redditi  sunt.  Etiam  Carthaginienses  petlverunt,  ut 
redimi  eos  captlvos  liceret/  quos  ex  Afrls  EomanI  tenebant. 
Senatus  iussit  sine  pretio  eos  darl,  qui  in  publica  custodia  essent ; 
qui  autem  a  privatis  tenSrentur,  ut  pretio  dominis  reddito  Cartha- 
ginem redlrent  atque  id  pretium  ex  fisco  magis  quam  a  Cartha- 
giniensibus  solveretur.^ 

Special  Study.  —  Substantive  clauses. 

1  624,  2,  2)  :  336,  dx   628,  r.  *  385 :  227  :  346. 

2  600:  319,  1  :  552.  ^  624:  336,  2:   650. 

8  637:  288:  281.  0419^  IH:  248:  399. 

7  498,  1 :  331 :   546. 


28  EUTROPIUS. 

Book  III. 
Second  Punic  War. 

7.  M.  Minucio  Eufo  P.  Cornelio  consulibus  HistrTs  bellum 
inlatum  est,  quia  latrocinati  navibus  Romanorum  fuerant,  quae 
frumenta  exhibebant,  perdomitique  sunt  omnes.      Eodem  anno 

2^g'  bellum  Ptinicum  secundum  Romanls  inlatum  est  per  Hanni- 
balem,  Carthaginiensium  ducem,  qui  Saguntum,  Hispaniae  clvi- 
tatem  Romanls  amicam,  opptignare  aggressus  est,  annum  agens 
vicesimum  aetatis,  copiis_eongregatis  cl.  milium.  Huic  Roman! 
per  legatos  dentintiaverunt,  ut  bello  abstineret.  Is  legates  admit- 
tere  noluit.  Roman!  etiam  Carthaginem  miserunt,  ut  mandaretur 
Hannibal!,^  ne  bellum  contra  socios  populi  Roman!  gereret.  Dura 
responsa  a  Carthaginiensibus  data  sunt.  Sagunt!n!  interea  fame 
Vict!  sunt,  captlque  ab  Hannibale  ultimis  poenis  adficiuntur. 
Bellum  Carthaginiensibus  indictum  est. 

8.  Tum  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  cum  exercitu  in  Hispaniam  pro- 
fectus  est,  Ti.  Sempronius  in  Siciliam.  Hannibal  rel!cto  in 
Hispania  fratre  Hasdrubale  Pyrenaeum  transiit.  Alpes,  adhuc 
ea  parte  invias,  sibi  patefecit.  Traditur  ad  Italiam  Lxxx.-m!lia 
peditum,  x.  m!lia  equitum,  septem  et  xxx.  elephantos  addtixisse. 
Interea  mult!  Ligures  et  Gall!  Hannibal!  se  conitinxerunt.  Sem- 
pronius Gracchus  cognito  ad  Italiam  Hannibalis  adventu  ex 
Sicilia  exercitum  Ar!minum  traiecit. 

HannihaVs  great  victories.     Battle  of  Cannae. 

9.  P.  Cornelius  Sc!pi6  Hannibal!  pr!mus  occurrit.  Gomm!sso 
proelio,  fugat!s  suTs  ipse  vulneratus  in  castra  rediit.     Sempronius 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  with  impersonal  passive. 

1301:  230:  217. 


BREVTARIUM,   in.  29 

Gracchus  et  ipse  confligit  apud  Trebiam  amnem.  Is  quoque  vin- 
citur.  Hannibal!  multi  se  in  Italia  dediderunt.  Inde  ad  Ttisciam 
veniens  Hannibal  Flaminio  consnll  occurrit.  Ipsum  Flaminium 
interemit;  Romanorum  xxv.  milia  caesa  sunt,  c6terl  diffugerunt. 
Missus  adversus  Hannibalem  postea  a  Romanis  Q.  Fabius  Maxi- 
mus.  Is  eum  differendo  ^  pugnam  ab  impetu  f regit,  mox  inventa 
occasione  vicit. 

10.  Quingent^simo   et   quadragesimo   anno  a  condita  urbe  L. 
Aemilius  Paulus,  P.  Terentius  Varro  contra  Hannibalem  mittun- 
tur  Fabioque  succ6dunt,  qui  abi^ns  ambo^  consules    monuit,  ut 
Hannibalem,  callidum  et  impatientem  ducem,  non  aliter  vince- 
rent,^  quam  proelium  differendo.^    V6rum  cum  impatientia  Var- 
ronis    consulis    contrOdlcente    altero    consule   apud   vicum,   qui  b.c. 
Cannae  appellatur,  in  Apulia  pugnatum  esset,  ambo  consules  ab  ^  ' 
Hannibale  vincun4;ur.     In  ea  pugna  tria  mllia  Af  rorum  pereunt ;   2. 
magna    pars   de  exercitu   Hannibalis   sauciatur.     Ntillo    tamen 
proelio  Punico  bello  Roman!  gravius  accept!  sunt.     Periit  enim 

in  60  consnl  Aemilius  Paulus,  consularSs  aut  praetorii  xx.,  sena- 
tor's capt!  aut  occ!sT  xxx.,  nobil's  viri  ccc,  m!litum  xl.  milia, 
equitum  in.  milia  et  quingent!.  In  quibus  mal!s  nemo  tamen 
Romanorum  pacis  mentionem  habere  d!gnatus  est.  Servi,  quod^ 
numquam  ante,  manum!ssi  et  milit's  fact!  sunt. 

11.  Post  eam  pugnam  multae  Ttaliae  oTvitates,  quae  Romams 
paruerant,  se  ad  Hannibalem  transtulenint.  Hannibal  Romanis 
obtulit,  ut  captivos  redimerent,  responsumque  est  a  senatu  eos 
ctves  non  esse  necessarios,  qui  cuni  armdti  essent,  capi  potuissent. 
Hie  omn's  postea  variis  suppliciis  interfecit  et  tres  modios  anu- 
lorum  aureorum  Carthaginem  misit,  quos  ex  manibus  equitum 
Romanorum,  senatorum  et  militum  d'traxerat. 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  the  gerund. 

1  542,  IV  (1)  :  301 ,  1 :  431.  2  493^  1  :  331 :   546. 

8  446,  7  :  200,  e,  y. :  614,  r.  2. 


30  EUTROPIUS. 

Successes  in  Spain.     Scipio  is  recalled  to  Rome. 

15.  Interea  ad  Hispanias,  ubi  occlsis  duobus  ScTpionibus  nul- 
lus  Eomanus  dux  erat^  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  mittitur,  filius  P. 
Scipionis,  qui  ibidem  bellum  gesserat,  annos  uatus  quattuor  et 
vlginti,  vir  Roraanorum  omnium  et  sua  aetate  et  posteriore  tem- 
pore fere  primus.     Is  Carthaginem  Hispaniae  capit,  in  qua  omne 

^•^*  aurum,  argentum  et  belli  apparatum  Afrl  habebant,  nobilissimos 
quoque  obsides,  quos  ab  Hispanis  acceperant.  Magonem  etiam, 
fratrem  Hannibalis,  ibidem  capit,  quem  Eomam  cum  alils  mittit. 
Romae  ingens  laetitia  post  liunc  ntintium  fuit.  Scipio  Hispano- 
rum  obsides  parentibus  reddidit ;  quare  omnes  fere  HispanI  uno 
animo  ad  eum  transierunt.  Post  quae  Hasdrubalem,  Hannibalis 
fratrem,  victum  ^  fugat  et  praedam  maximam  capit. 

B-<^-      18.   Desperans  Hannibal   Hispanias   contra  Sclpionem  dititius 

207  .  —        .  . 

*  posse  retineri,  fratrem  suum  Hasdrubalem  ad  Italian!  cum  omni- 
bus copils  evocavit.  Is  veniens  eodem  itinere,  quo  etiam  Han- 
nibal venerat,  a  consulibus  Ap.  Claudio  Nerone  et  M.  Livio 
Sallnatore  apud  Senam,  PicenI  civitatem,  in  Insidias  compositas 
incidit.  Strenue  tamen  pugnans  occlsus  est ;  ingentes  eius  copiae 
captae  aut  interfectae  sunt,  magnum  pondus  aurl  atque  argenti 
Romam  relatum  est.  Post  haec  Hannibal  diffldere  iam  de  belli 
coepit  eventu.  Romanis  ingens  animus  accessit ;  itaque  et  ipsi 
evocaverunt  ex  Hispania  P.  Cornelium  Sclpionem.  Is  Romam 
cum  ingenti  gloria  venit. 

Scipio  conquers  in  Africa.     Peace  is  declared. 

B-c.      20.  Anno  quarto  decimo  posteaquam  in  Italiam  Hannibal  vene- 
'  rat,  Scipio,  qui  multa  in  Hispania  bene  egerat,  consul  est  factus  et 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  participle  for  co-ordinate  verb. 

1549,5:  292,  R.:   664,  r.  1,  2. 


BREVIARIUM,  IV.  31 

in  Africam  missus.  Cul  viro^  divinum  quiddam  inesse  existima- 
batur,  adeo  ut  putar6tur  etiam  cum  numinibus  habere  sermonem. 
Is  in  Africa  contra  Hannonem,  ducem  Afrorum,  ptignat,  exer- 
citum  eius  interficit.  Secundo  proelio  castra  capit  cum  quattuor 
milibus  et  quingentis  mllitibus,  xi.  mllibus  occlsis.  Syphacem, 
Numidiae  regem,  qui  s6  Afrls  coniunxerat,  capit  et  castra  6ius 
invadit.  Syphax  cum  nobilissimis  Numidls  et  Infinitis  spoliis 
Romam  ab  Scipione  mittitur.  Qua  r6  audita  omnis  fere  Italia 
Hannibalem  deserit.  Ipse  a  Carthagini^nsibus  redire  in  Africam 
iubetur,  quam  Scipio  vastabat. 

21.  Ita  anno  septimo  decimo  ab  Hannibale  ftalia  llberata  est. 
LSgati  Carthagini^nsium  pacem  a  Scipione  petivSrunt ;  ab  eo  ad 
senatum  Komam  mlssi  sunt;  quadraginta  et  quTnque  diebus^  his 
indutiae  datae  sunt,  quousque  Eomam  Ire  et  regredi  possent.* 
Et  XXX.  milia  pondo  argent!  ab  his  accepta  sunt.  Senatus  ex 
arbitriO  Sclpionis  pacem  iussit  cum  Carthaginiensibus  fieri. 
Scipio  his  condicionibus  dedit,  we  amplkis  quam  triginta  naves 
haberent,  ut  qulngenta  milia  pondo  argenti  darent,  captlvos  et  per- 
fugas  redderent. 

Book  IV. 

Third  Punic  War.     Carthage  destroyed. 

10.  Tertium  deinde  bellum  contra  Carthaginem  suscipitur,  b.c. 
sexcentesimo  et^altero  ab  urbe  condita  anno,  L.  Manlio  C6nsorIno 
et  M.  Manllio  consulibus,  anno  qumquaggsimo  primo  postquam 
secundum  Ptinicum  transactum  erat.  Hi  profecti  Carthaginem 
oppagnavSrunt.  Contra  *eos  Hasdrubal,  dux  Carthagini6nsium, 
dimicabat.     Famea,  dux  alius,  equitatui  Carthaginiensium  prae- 

Special  Study.  — Dative  with  compounds ;  ablative  of  time. 

1  386 :  228 :  347.  2  379,  1 .  256,  2,  h :  393,  R.  2. 

8  519,11,2:  328:  572. 

A.  *  W.  LAT.  R.^Z 


82  EUTEOPltfS. 

erat.  ScIpiO-  tunc,  ScIpiOnis  African!  nepOs,  tribtlnus  ibi  mllitabat. 
Haius  apud  omn^s  inggns  metus  et  reverentia  erat.  Nam  et 
paratissimus  ad  dimicandum  et  consultissimus  habSbatur.  Itaque 
per  eum^  multa  a  consulibus  prospere  gesta  sunt,  neque  quic- 
quam  magis  vel  Hasdrubal  vel  Famea  vitabant,  quam  contra  earn 
Romanorum  partem  committere,  ubi  Scipio  dimicaret.^ 

11.  Per  idem  tempus  Masinissa,  rex  Numidarum,  per  annOs 
sexaginta  fer6  amicus  populi  Romani,  anno  vitae  nonag^simo 
septimo  mortuus  quadraginta  quattuor  filiis  relictis  Sclpionem 
divlsorem  rSgni  inter  fllios  suos  esse  iussit. 
B.C.  12.  Cum  igitur  clarum  Scipionis  nomen  esset,^  iuvenis  adhHc 
'  consul  est  factus  et  contra  Carthaginem  missus.  Is  eam  c6pit 
fi-c  diruit.  Spolia  ibi  inventa,  quae  variarum  civitatum  excidiis 
Carthago  conlggerat,  et  ornamenta  urbium  civitatibus  Siciliae, 
Italiae,  Africae  reddidit,  quae  sua  recognoscebant.  Ita  Carthago 
septingentesimo  anno,  quam  condita  erat,  deleta  est.  Scipio 
nomen,  quod  avus  6ius  accSperat,  meruit,  scilicet  ut  propter 
virtatem  etiam  ipse  Africanus  itlnior  vocarfitur. 

Book  V. 
Marius  and  Sulla.      War  with  Mithridates. 
B.C.      4.    Anno    urbis    conditae    sexcentesimo    sexagSsimo    secund5 

88 

primum  Eomae  bellum  civile  commotum  est,  eodem  anno  etiam 
Mithridaticum.  Causam  bello  civili  C.  Marius  sexies  consul 
dedit.  Nam  cum  Sulla  consul  contra  Mithridat^n  gesturus* 
bellum,  qui  Asiam  et  Achaiam  occupaverat,  mittergtur,  isque 
exercitum  in  Campania  paulisper  tengret,  ut  belli  socialis,  dB 
qiiO  diximus,  quod  intra  Italiam  gestum  fuerat,  reliquiae  tolle- 

Special  Study.  —  Future  participle  denoting  purpose. 

1  416,  I,  1,  N.  1 :  246,  b:  401,  R.  1.  ^  517 .  326  :  586. 

2  629,  II:  342 :   629,  *  649,  3;  293,  &,  2  :  670,  8. 


BREVIARIUM,  Vl.  88 

tentur,  Marius  adfectavit,  iit  ipse  ad  bellura  Mithridaticum  mit- 
tergtur.^  Qua  r6  Sulla  cominotus  cum  exercitti  ad  urbem  venit. 
Illic  contra  Marium  et  Sulpicium  dimicavit.  Primus  urbem 
Romam  armatus  ingressus  est,  Sulpicium  interfecit,  Marium 
fugavit,  atque  ita  consulibus  ordinatis  in  futtirum  annum  Cn. 
Octavio  et  L.  Cornelio  Cinna  ad  Asiam  profectus  est. 

5.  Mithridates  enim,  qui  PontI  rex  erat  atque  Armeniam  b.c. 
Minorem  et  totum  Ponticum  Mare  in  circuitu  cum  Bosporo  ten6- 
bat,  primo  Nicom6d6n,  amicum  populi  Romani,  Bithynia^  voluit 
expellere,  senatuique  mandavit,  helium  se  el  propter  iniurias, 
quds  passiis  fuerat,  inlaturum.  A  senatu  responsum  est  Mithri- 
dati,  si  id  faceret,  quod^  bellum  a  Romanis  et  ipse  patergtur. 
QuarS  iratus  Cappadociam  statim  occupavit  et  ex  ea  Ariobarza- 
n6n,  rSgem  et  amicum  populi  Romani,  fugavit.  Mox  etiam 
Bithyniam  invasit  et  Paphlagoniam  pulsis  regibus,  amicls  populi 
Romani,  PylaemenS  et  Nicomgde.  Inde  Ephesum  contendit  et 
per  omnem  Asiam  litteras  misit,  ut,  ubicunque  invent!  essent* 
civ6s  Romani,  tino  die  occiderentur.* 


Book  VI. 

Death  of  Mithridates.     Catiline^s  conspiracy. 

12.    Dum  haec  geruntur,^  piratae  omnia  maria  infestabant  ita,  b.o. 
ut  Romanis,  toto  orbe  victoribus,  s5la  navigatio  ttita  non  esset.^ 
Quarg  id  bellum  Cn.  Pompeio  dScretum  est.     Quod  intra  paucos 
menses   ingenti   et    felicitate    et    celeritate    confecit.      Mox    ei_  y 
delatum   bellum   etiam  contra  r6ges   Mithridatgn   et  TigranSn. 

Special  Study.  —  Temporal  clauses  with  dum. 

1498,  II:  331,  e:  546.  *  624:  330,  2:  650. 

2  414:  243:  390,  2.  5493,  I:  331:  546. 

8  See  Notes.  «  467,  4 :  276,  3  :  570. 

7  500,  II :  319:  552,  1.  ,-,====^^. 

lTNIV 


34 


EUTROPIUS. 


QuO  susceptO  Mithridaten  in  Armenia  Min6re  nocturno  proe- 
li5  vicit,  castra  diripuit,  quadraginta  milia  eius  occidit,  vlginti 
tantum  de  exercitu  suo  perdidit  et  duos  centuriones.     Mithri- 

B-<^-  dates  cum  uxore  fugit  et  duobus  comitibus.  Neque  multo  post, 
)/  '  cum  in  suos  saeviret,  Pharnacis^  fllii  sui,  apud  mllites  seditione 
ad  mortem  coactus  vengnum  hausit.  Hunc  flnem  habuit  Mith- 
ridates.  Periit  autem  apud  Bosporum,  vir  ingentis  industriae^ 
consiliique.  Kegnavit  aniils  sexaginta,  vixit  septuaginta  duobus, 
contra  Eomanos  bellum  habuit  annis  quadraginta. 

®*^-      15.    M.  Tullio  Cicerone  oratore  et  C.  Antonio  coss.,  anno  ab 

63.  ' 

urbe  condita  sexcentesimo  octogesimO  nono,  L.  Sergius  Catilina, 
nobilissimi  generis  vir,  sed  ingenii  pravissimi,  ad  delendam^ 
patriam  conitiravit  cum  quibusdam,  Claris  quidem,  sed  audacibus 
virls.  A  Cicerone  urbe  expulsus  est.  Socii  eius  deprehgnsi  in 
carcere  strangulati  sunt.     Ab  Antonio,  altero  consule,  Catilina 

ipse   victus    proelio 
est  interfectus. 

16.   Sexcentesimo 

nOnagSsimo  anno  ab 

urbe  condita  D.  lu- 

nio  Sllano  et  L.  Mu- 

rena  coss.,  Metellus 

de  Creta  triumph  a- 

vit,     Pompeius     de 

bello      pTratico      et 

MitliridaticO.      Nulla    umquam    pompa    triumph!    similis    fuit. 

Ducti  sunt   ante   6ius  currum   fllii   Mithridatis,  filius  Tigranis 

et  Aristobulus,  r6x  ludaeorum;   praelata  est  ingeiis  pecunia  et 

auri  atque  argent!  infinitum.     Hoc  tempore  nullum  per  orbem 

terrarum  grave  bellum  erat. 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  of  characteristic. 


TRIUMPHAL  CAB. 


1896,  V:  215:  365. 


2  642,  III,  N.  2  ;  644,  1 :  300 :  427. 


BREVIARTUM,  VI.  35 

Caesar  conquers  Gaul.     Civil  War. 

17.  Anno  urbis  conditae  sexcentSsimo  nonagesimo  tertio  C. 
Itilius  Caesar,  qui  postea  imperavit,  cum  L.  Bibulo  consul  est 
factus.  D^creta  est  el  Gallia  et  lllyricum  cum  legionibus  decem. 
Is  prlmo  vTcit  Helvetios,  qui  nunc  SequanI  appellantur,  deinde 
vincendo^  per  bella  gravissima  usque  ad  Oceanum  Britannicum 
processit.  Domuit  autera  annis  novem  fere  omnem  Galliam,  quae 
inter  Alp^s,  flumen  Rhodanum,  Rhgnum  et  Oceanum  est  et  cir- 
cuitu  patet  ad  bis  et  tricies  centgna  milia  passuum.  Britannis 
mox  bellum  intulit,  quibus  ante  eum  ne  nomen  quidem  Romano- 
rum  cognitum  erat,  eosque  victos  obsidibus  acceptis  stipendiaries 
fecit.  Galliae^  autem  tribtiti  nomine  annuum  imperavit  stlpen- 
dium  quadringentigs,  Germanosque  trans  Rhenum  aggressus 
immanissimis  proeliis  vicit.  Inter  tot  successus  ter  male  ptlg- 
navit,  apud  Arvernos  semel  praesens  et  absens  in  Germania  bis. 
Nam  Iggati  6ius  duo,  Tittirius  et  Auninculeius,  per  insidias  caesi 
sunt. 

19.  Hinc  iam  bellum  civile  successit  exsecrandum  et  lacrima- 
bile,  quo^  praeter  calamitates,  quae  in  proeliis  acciderunt,  etiam 
populi  RomanI  fortuna  miitata  est.  Caesar  enim  rediens  ex 
Gallia  victor  coepit  poscere  alterum  consulatum  atque  ita,  ut  sine 
dubietate  aliqua  el  deferretur.'*  Contradictum  est  a  Marcello  con- 
sule,  a  Bibulo,  a  Pompeio,  a  Catone,  itissusque  dimlssis  exercitibus 
ad  urbem  redlre.  Propter  quam  iniuriam  ab  Arlmino,  ubi  mllites 
congregates  habebat,  adversum  patriam  cum  exercitu  venit. 
Consults  cum  Pompgio  senatusque  omnis  atque  universa  nobilitas 
ex  urbe  fugit^  et  in  Graeciam  transiit.  Apud  Epirum,  Mace- 
Special  Study.  —  Singular  verb  used  with  two  subjects. 

1  642,  IV :  301,  footnote :  431,  3.  3  425,  H,  l,  2  :  269,  a:  389. 

2  884,  II:  227,  /:  345.  ^  See  notes. 

6  463,  I:  205,  d'.  285,  1. 


15.  r, 

40. 


36  EUTROPIUS. 

doniam,  Achaiam,  Pompgio  duce,  senatus  contra  Caesarem  bellum 
paravit. 

Pompey  is  conquered^  flees  to  Alexandria,  and  is  killed, 

20.  Caesar  vacuam  urbem  ingressus  dictatorem  se  fgcit. 
Inde  Hispanias  petiit.  Ibi  Pompeii  exercittis  validissimos  et 
f ortissimos  cum  tribus  .  diicibus,  L.  Af ranio,  M.  Petreio,  M.  Yar- 
rone,  superavit.  Inde  regressus  in  Graeciam  transiit,  adversum 
Pompeium  dimicavit.  Primo  proelio  victus  est  et  fugatus,  evasit 
tamen,  quia  nocte  interveniente  Pompeius  sequi  noluit,  dixitque 
Caesar:  nee  Pompeium  scire  vincere,  et  illo  tantum  die  se  potuisse 
superdrL  Deinde  in  Thessalia  apud  Palaeopharsalum  productis 
utrimque  ingentibus  copiis  dimicaverunt.  Pompeii  aci^s  habuit 
quadraginta  milia  peditum,  equites  in  sinistro  cornti  sexcentos, 
in  dextro  qulngentos,  praeterea  totlus  Orientis  auxilia,  totam 
nobilitatem,  innumeros  senatores,  praetorios,  consulares  et  qui 
magnorum  iam  bellorum  victorgs  fuissent.^  Caesar  in  axjie  sua 
habuit  peditum  non  integra  triginta  mIlia,  equites  mlUe. 
B.C.  21.  Numquam  adhuc  Eomanae  copiae  in  unum  neque  ma- 
iores  neque  melioribus  ducibus^  convenerant,  totum  terrarum 
orbem  facile  subacturae,^  si  contra  barbaros  ducerentur."*  Pugna- 
tum  tamen  est  ingenti  contentione,  victusque  ad  postremum  Pom- 
peius et  castra  eius  direpta  sunt.  Ipse  fugatus  Alexandream 
petiit,  ut  a  rege  Aegypti,  cul  tutor  a  senatti  datus  fuerat  propter 
iuvenllem  eius  aetatem,  acciperet  auxilia.  Qui  fortunam  magis 
quam  amicitiam  secutus  occldit  Pompeium,  caput  eius  et  anulum 
Caesarl  misit.  Quo  conspecto  Caesar  etiam  lacrimas  ftidisse 
dicitur,  tanti  virl  intuens  caput  et  generi  quondam  sui. 

Special  Study.  —  Sabjunctive  of  charadteristic. 

1  503,  1 :  320;  631,  2.  8  549,  3 :  293,  6,  3:   670,  4,  (2). 

2  419,  II :  261 :  400.  4  509,  n.  3 :  307,  /:  596,  2. 


48. 


BREVIARIUM,  VI.  87 


Caesar  returns  to  Borne  and  subdues  his  enemies, 

22.  Mox  Caesar  Alexandrgam  venit.     Ipsi  quoque  Ptolemaeus  b.c. 
parare  voluit  insidias,  qua  causa  r6gl  bellum  inlatum  est.     Vic- 

tus  in  Nilo  periit  inventumque 
est  corpus  6ius  cum  l5rlca  aurea. 
Caesar  Alexandrea  potitus  rggnum 
Cleopatrae  dedit,  Ptolemael  sororl. 
Rediens  inde  Caesar  Pharnaxjem, 
Mithridatis  Magni  f  ilium,  qui  Pom- 
peio  ^  in  auxilium  apud  Thessaliam 
fuerat,  rebellantem  in  Ponto  atque 

multas  populi  ROmanI  prOvincias  occupantem  vicit  aci6,  postea 

ad  mortem  co6git. 

23.  Inde  Romam  regressus  tertiO  s6  cOnsulem  fecit  cum  M.  "^ 
Aemilio  Lepido,  qui  el^  magister  equitum  dictatSri  ante  annum  ^ 
fuerat.  Inde  in  Africam  profectus  est,  ubi  Tnfinlta  nobilitas  cum 
luba,  Maur^taniae  rgge,  bellum  reparaverat.  Duc6s  autem 
Roman!  erant  P.  Cornelius  Sclpio,  ex  genere  antiquissimo  Scl- 
pionis  African!  (h!c  etiam  socer  Pomp6i!  Magni  fuerat),  M. 
Petreius,  Q.  Varus,  M.  Porcius  Cato,  L.  Cornelius  Faustus,  Sullae 
dictatoris  f!lius.  Contra  hos  comm!sso  proelio  post  multas  dimica- 
tiongs  victor  fuit  Caesar.  Cato,  Sc!pio,  Petreius,  luba  ips!^  s6 
occ!dgrunt.     Faustus,  Pompeii  gener,  a  Caesare  interfectus  est. 


Cassar  is  assassinated, 

24.   Post  annum  Caesar  Romam  regressus  quarto  s6  cOnsulem 
fecit  et  statim  ad  Hispanias  est  profectus,  ubi  Pompeii  filii,  Cn. 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  of  reference :  ipse  agreeing  with  subject 

1  884,  4,  N.  2 :  236 :  350,  1.  a  430 :  259,  d :  403,  N.  4. 

8  462,  1:  196,  I:  311,2. 


88  EUTROPIUS. 

Pompeius  et  Sex.  Pomp^ius  inggns  bellum  praeparaverant.  Multa 
B.C.  proelia  fu6runt,  ultimum  apud^  Mundam  civitatem,  in  quo  adeo 
^'  Caesar  paene  victus  est,  ut  fugientibus  suis  se  voluerit  occidere, 

ne  post  tan  tarn  rei  militaris  gloriam  in  potestatem  adul6scentium 


DEATH  OF  CAESAR.  — GEROME. 


natus  annOs  sex  et  quinquaginta  veniret.     Denique  revocatls  suis 
vicit.     Ex  Pompeii  filils  maior  occisus  est,  minor  fugit. 

25.  Inde  Caesar  bellls  eivilibus  toto  orbe  compositTs  Komam 
rediit.  Agere  insolentius  coepit  et  contra  consuetudinem  Eo- 
manae  libertatis.  Cum  ergo  et  honores  ex  sua  voluntate  praesta- 
ret,  qui  a  populo  an  tea  deferebantur,  nee  senatuT  ad  se  venientl 

Special  Study.  —  Prepositions  with  names  of  towns. 

1433,  1:  258,  c,  N.  1;  416,  4. 


BREVIARIUM,  VII. 


39 


adsurgeret,  aliaque  rggia  ac  paene  tyrannica  faceret,  coniuratum  ^ 
est  in  eum   a  sexaginta  vel  amplius   senatoribus  equitibusque  b.o. 
Romanls.     Praecipul  fu6runt  inter  coniuratos  duo_Bruti,  ex  eo  ^^j. 
genere  Bruti,  qui  primus  Romae  consul  fuerat  et  reges  expule-  15. 
rat,  C.  Cassius  et  Servllius  Casca.     Ergo  Caesar,  cum  senatus 
die  inter  ceteros  v6nisset  ad  curiam,  tribus  et  vTginti  vulneribus 
confossus  est. 

Book  VII. 


Rise  of  Octavianus.     Second  Triumvirate. 

1.  Anno  urbis  septingentesimo  fere  ac  nono  interfecto  Caesare 
bella  civllia  reparata  sunt.  Percussoribus  ^  enim  Caesaris  sena- 
tus favebat.     Antonius  consul  partium  Caesaris  cTvTlibus  bellis 

opprimere  eos  conabatur.  Ergo  tur- 
bata  r6  publica  multa  Antonius  sce- 
lera  committens  a  senatu  hostis  itidica- 
tus  est.  Missi  ad  eum  persequendum 
duo  consules,  Pansa  et  Hirtius,  et 
Octavianus  adulesc6ns,  annos  duode- 
viginti  natus,  Caesaris  nepos,  quem 
ille  testamento  heredem  relTquerat  et 
nomen  suum  ferre  iusserat.  Hic  est, 
qui  postea  Augustus  est  dictus  et  r6rum^ 
potitus.  Quare  profecti  contra  Antonium 
tres  duces  vicerunt  eum.  Even  it  tamen, 
ut  vTctores  consules  ambo  morerentur.* 
Quare  tres   exercitus  tini  Caesari  Au- 

YOUNG  AUGUSTUS.  ,  _        _        _  , 

{Vatican.)  g^sto  paruerunt. 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  with  special  verbs. 


1301:  146,  d:  208. 
2  885  :  227  :  346. 


3  410,  V,  3  :  223,  a  :  407,  2,  d. 
*  501, 1,  1 :  332,  2  :  553,  3. 


40  EUTROPIUS. 

^'^'  2.  Eugatus  AntOnius  amisso  exercitu  confugit  ad  Lepidum, 
qui  Caesarl^  magister  equitum  fuerat  et  turn  copias  militum 
grand^s  habebat,  a  quo  susceptus  est.  Mox  Lepido  operam 
dante  Caesar  cum  Antonio  pacem  fecit  et  quasi  vindicaturus 
patris  sui  mortem,  a  quo  per  testamentum  fuerat  adoptatus, 
Eomam  cum  exercitu  profectus  extorsit,  ut  sibi  vicesimo  anno 
consulatus  daretur.^  Senatum  proscrlpsit  cum  Antonio  et  Lepido, 
et  rem  publicam  armis  tenere  coepit.  Per  hos^  etiam  Cicero 
orator  occisus  est  multique  alii  nobiles. 

Battle  of  Fhilippi. 

«-^-  3.  Interea  Brutus  et  Cassius,  interfector6s  Caesaris,  ingens 
bellum  moverunt.  Erant  enim  per  Macedoniam  et  Orientem 
multi  exercitus,  quos  occupaverant.  Profecti  sunt  igitur  contra 
eos  Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus  et  M.  Antonius  (remanserat 
enim  ad  defendendam  Italiam  Lepidus).  Apud  Philippos,  Mace- 
doniae  urbem,  contra  eos  pugnaverunt.  Primo  proelio  vlcti  sunt 
Antonius  et  Caesar,  periit  tamen  dux  nobilitatis  Cassius,  secundo 
Brutum  et  Infinitam  nobilitatem,  quae  cum  illis  bellum  gesserat, 
victam  interfgcerunt.  Ac  sic  inter  eos  divisa  est  res  publica,  ut 
Augustus  Hispanias,  Gallias  et  Italiam  tenSret,  Antonius  Asiam, 
Pontum,  Orientem.  Sed  in  Italia  L.  Antonius  consul  bellum 
civile  commovit,  f rater  eius,  qui  cum  Caesare  contra  Brutum 
Cassiumque  dimicaverat.  Is  apud  Perusiam,  Tusciae  civitatem, 
victus  et  captus  est,  neque  occisus. 

6.  Interim  Pompeius  pacem  rtipit  et  navali  proelio  victus 
fugiens  ad  Asiam  interfectus  est.  Antonius,  qui  Asiam  Orien- 
temque   tenebat,    repudiata   sorore   Caesaris  August!   Octaviani, 

Special  Study.  —  Agent  considered  as  means. 

1  884,  4,  N.  2  :  235 :  350,  1.  2  500,  II :  332  :  563,  1. 

8  415,  I,  1,  N.  1 :  246,  b :  401,  end. 


BREVIARIUM,  VIL  41 

Cleopatrain,  rSginam  Aegypti,  duxit  uxorem.  Contra  Persas  ipse 
etiain  pugnavit.  Primls  eos  proeliis  vicit,  regredigns  tamen  fame 
et  pestilentia  laboravit  et,  cum  instarent  Parthi  fugienti,  ipse  pr5 
victo  recessit. 


Antony  and  Cleopatra.     Long  and  prosperous  reign  of  Augustus, 

7.  Hie  quoque  ing^ns  bellura  civile  commovit  cogente  uxOre 
Cleopatra,  rggina  Aegypti,  dum  cupiditate  muliebrl  optat  ^  etiam 
in  urbe  rggnare.  Victus  est  ab  Augusto  navall  pugna  clara  et 
inlustri  apud  Actium,  qui  locus  in  Epiro  est,  ex  qua  fugit  in  B.a 
Aegyptum  et  dSsperatls  rebus,  cum  omngs  ad  Augustum  transl- 
rent,^  ipse^  s6  intergmit.  Cleopatra  sibi  aspidem  admlsit  et  vengno 
6ius  exstincta  est.  Aegyptus  per  Octavianum  Augustum  imperio 
Romans  adiecta  est  praepositusque  ei  Cn.  Cornelius  Gallus. 
Hunc  primum  Aegyptus  Romanum  iudicem  habuit. 

8.  Ita  bellTs  toto  orbe  confectis  Octavianus  Augustus  Romam 
rediit,  duodecimo  anno,  jquam*  consul  fuerat.  Ex  eo  rem  ptlb- 
licam  per  quadraginta  et  quattuor  annos  solus  obtinuit.  Ante 
enim  duodecim  annis  cum  Antonio  et  Lepido  tenuerat.  Ita  ab 
initio  prlncipattis  eius  usque  ad  finenj  quTnqiiaginta  et  sex  anni 
fuSre.  Obiit  autem  septuagesimo  sexto  anno  morte  communT  in  a.d. 
oppido  Campaniae  Atella.  Romae  in  campo  Martio  sepultus  est, 
vir,  qui  non  immerito  ex  maxima  parte  deo  similis  est  putatus. 
Neque  enim  facile  ullus  eo  aut  in  bellls  fellcior  fuit  aut  in  pace 
moderatior.  Quadraginta  et  quattuor  annis,  quibus  solus  gessit 
imperium,  civilissimS  vixit,  in  cunctos  llberalissimus,  in  amicos 
fidissimus,  quos  tantis  evexit  honoribus,  ut  paene  aequaret 
fastigio   suo. 

Special  Study.  —  Expressions  for  time  since. 

1  See  Notes.  ^  452,  1 :  195,  1 :  311,  2. 

2  517  :  326  :  586.  *  430  (last  ex.):  262,  n.  2 :  563,  2. 


42 


EUTROPIUS. 


10.  Scythae  et  Indl,  quibus  antea  Eomanorum  nomen  incogni- 
tum  fuerat,  munera  et  legates  ad  eum  miserunt.  Galatia  quoque 
sub  hoc  provincia  facta  est,  cum  antea  regnum  fuisset,  primusque 
earn  M.  Lollius  pro  praetore  administravit.  Tanto  autem  amore 
etiam  apud  barbaros  fuit,  ut  reges,  populi  Eomani  amici,  in 
honorem  eius  conderent  civitates,  quas  Caesareas  nominarent. 
Multi  autem  reges  ex  regnis  suis  venerunt,  ut  ei  obsequerentur, 
et  habitu  Eomano,  togati  scilicet,  ad  vehiculum  vel  equum  ipsius 
cucurrerunt.  Moriens  divus  appellatus  est.  Eeni  ptiblicam 
beatissimam  Tiberio  successor!  reliquit,  qui  privlgnus  el,  mox 
gener,  postremo  adoptione  filius  fuerat. 


(  UNIVEHSlJ 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


DE    VIRIS    INLUSTRIBUS. 

MiLTIADES. 

The  battle  of  Marathon, 

4.    Dareus,   cum   ex  Europa  in  Asiam    redisset,   hortantibus  ^'^• 
amicis,  lit  Graeciam  redigeret  in  suam  potestatem,  classem  quln- 

gentarum  navium  compara- 
vit  elque  Datim  praefecit 
et  Artaphernem,  hisque  du- 
centa  peditum,  decern  equi- 
tum  mllia  dedit,  causam  in- 
tersergns,  s6  hostem  esse 
Atheni^nsibus,  quod  e5rum 
auxilio  longs  Sardis  expug- 
nassent^  suaque  praesidia 
interfecissent.  Illi  prae- 
fectl  r^gii  classe  ad  Eu- 
boeam  appulsa  celeriter  Eretriam  cepSrunt  omnesque  6ius  gentis 
civSs  abreptos  in  Asiam  ad  r^gem  misfirunt.  Inde  ad  Atticam 
accesserunt  ac  suas  copias  in  campum  Marathona  d^dux^runt. 
Is  est  ab  oppido  circiter  milia  passuum  decem.  Hoc  tumultu 
Ath^niensSs  tarn  proplnquo  tamque  magno  perm6ti  aTJxilium  nus- 

Special  Study.  —  Indicative  and  subjunctive  in  causal  clauses. 


•^L      C' 

(            j    Trleorythu./            \^  || 

^7y\^ 

•'"i^/ 

Xjlarathon 

•Uiitliat*    li 

ywk 

\.  ^4 

/--^-^ 

%r 

\ 

) 

PLAIN 

OF   MARATHON           l| 

^594:  336,2:  650, 


44  COfeNELIUS  KEft)S. 

quam  nisi  a  Lacedaemonils  petiv^runt  Phidippumque^  cars6reni 
Sins  generis,  qui  hemerodromoe  vocantur,  Lacedaemonem  mls6- 
runt,  ut  ntintiaret,  quam  celeri  opus  esset  auxilio.^  Doml^  autem 
creant  decern  praetores,  qui  exercitui  praeessent,  in  ils  Miltiadem. 
Inter  quos  magna  fuit  contentio,  utrum  moenibus  s6  defenderent,^ 
an  obviam  Trent  hostibus  aeigque  decernerent.  Unus  Miltiadgs 
maximg  nitebatur,  ut  primo  quoque  tempore  castra  fierent:  id 
SI  factum  esset,^  et  civibus  animum  accesstirum,  cum  viderent 
d6  eorum  virtute  non  dSsperari,  et  hostes  eadem  rg  fore  tardi- 
ores,  si  animadverterent  auderi  adversus  s6  tam  exiguls  copiis 
dimicarl. 

5.  Hoc  in  tempore  nulla  civitas  Ath6ni6nsibus  auxilio*  fuit 
praeter  Platae6ns6s.  Ea  mille  misit  mllitum.  Itaque  horum 
adventti  decem  milia  armatorum  completa  sunt,  quae  manus 
mirabili  flagrabat  pugnandi  cupiditate.  Quo  factum  est  ut  plus 
quam  conlegae  Miltiades  valSret.  Eius  ergo  auctoritate  impulsi 
Athenienses  copias  ex  urbe  6dux6runt  locoque  idoneo  castra  f ece- 
l^l'  runt.  Dein  postero  dig  sub  montis  radlcibus  aciS  regiOne  in- 
cept, strticta  non  apertissima  (namque  arbores  multis  locis  erant  rarae) 

12 

proelium  commiserunt  hoc  consilio,  ut  et  mOntium  altittidine  tege- 
rentur  et  arborum  tractu  equitatus  hostium  impedirStur,  n6  mul- 
titudine  clauderentur.  Datis,  etsi  non  aequum  locum  videbat 
suis,  tamen  f retus  numero  ^  copiarum  suarum  confligere  cupiebat, 
eoque  magis,  quod,  priusquam  Lacedaemonii  subsidio  venirent,^ 
dimicare  utile  arbitrabatur.  Itaque  in  aciem  peditum  centum, 
equitum  decem  milia  prodtixit  proeliumque  commisit.  In  quo 
tanto^  plus  virtute  valuSrunt  Ath6niens6s,  ut  decemplicem  nume- 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  in  special  constructions. 

1414,  IV:  243,  e:  406.  ^ZdO:  233:  356. 

2  426:  258,  4,  d:  411,2.  ^^25^1,1),^.:  264,  b,  2:  401,  H.  6. 

8  629,  I:  334:  467.  ^620:  327:  577. 

*624:  336,  2:   650.  8  428:  250:  403. 


OF  TTTTt 

^TJNIVERSITy 


MAP  OP 

ANCIENT  GREECE 

and  tlie 

^GEAIST  SEA 

Scale 


4,526,000 
50    40    30    20    10      0 5C 


Polyrrhei 


THEMISTOCLES.  46 

turn  hostium  prOfligarint,^  adeOque  eos  perterru6runt,  ut  Persae 
nOn  castra,  sed  nav6s  petierint.  Qua  ptigna  nihil  adhac  exstitit 
"nobilius :  nulla  enim  umquam  tam  exigua  manus  tantas  op6s 
prostravit. 

THEMI8TOCLE8. 

His  early  years.    He  devotes  himself  to  public  affairs, 

1.  Themistocles,  Neocli  filius,  Atheniensis.  Htiius  vitia  in- 
euntis  adul^scentiae  magnis  sunt  gmendata  virtu tibus,  adeo  ut 
anteferatur  huic  n6mo,  pauci  par6s  putentur.  Sed  ab  initio  est 
Ordiendum.^  Pater  €ius  NeoclSs  generosus  fuit.  Is  uxorem  Acar- 
nanam  civem  duxit,  ex  qua  natus  est  Themistocles.  Qui  cum 
minus  esset  probatus  ^arentj.bas,  quod  et  liberius  vivebat  et  rem 
familiarem  neglegebat,  a  patre  exheredatus  est.  Quae  contumelia 
non  frggit  eum,  sed  6r6xit.  Nam  cum  iudicasset  sine  summa 
indu stria  non  posse  earn  exstingul,  totum  sB  dedidit  rel  publicae, 
diligentius  amicis  famaeque  serviens.  Multum  in  itidiciis  privatis 
versabatur,  saepe  in  contionem  popull  prodibat;  nulla  res  maior 
sine  eo  gerebatur,  celeriter  quae  opus  erant  reperisbat,  facile 
eadem  oratione  explicabat.  Neque  minus  in  rebus  gerendls 
promptus  quam  excogitandis  erat,  quod  et  d6  instantibus,  ut  ait 
Thucydides,  v6rissim6  iudicabat  et  d6  futtiris  callidissimg  coni- 
ciebat.     Quo  factum  est  ut  brevi  tempore  inltistrargtur. 

He  strengthens  the  naval  power  of  Athens.     The  doubtful 
response  of  the  oracle. 

2.  Primus  autem  gradus  fuit  capessendae  rei  publicae  bello  Cor- 
cyraeo:  ad  quod  gerendum  praetor  a  populo  factus  non  solum 

Special  Study.  —  Periphrastic  conjugation. 

1496,  6:  287,  c:   513.  2456,  n.  :  204,  h:  251. 


46 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


praesenti  bello,  sed  etiam  reliquo  tempore  ferOciorem  reddidit 
clvitatem.  Kam  cum  pecunia  pUblica,  quae  ex  metallls  redlbat, 
largltione  magistratuum  quotanuls  interiret/  ille  persuasit  populo 

ut  ea  pecunia  classis  centum 
navium  aedificaretur.  Qua 
celeriter  effecta  primum  Cor- 
cyraeos  fregit,  deinde  mari- 
timos  praedones  consectando^ 
mare  tutum  reddidit.  In  quo 
cum  divitiis  ornavit,  turn 
etiam  perltissimos  belli ^  na- 
valis  fecit  Athenienses.  Id 
quantae  salutl^  fuerit  uni- 
versae  Graeciae,  bello  cogni- 
tum  est  Persico.  Nam  cum 
Xerx6s  et  mari^  et  terra  bellum  universae  Inferret  Europae 
cum  tantis  copiis,  quantas  neque  ante  nee  postea  habuit  quis- 
quam:  huius  enim  classis  mllle  et  ducentarum  navium  longa- 
rum  fuit,  quam  duo  milia  onerariarum  sequ6bantur,  terrestrSs 
autem  exercittis  septingenta  peditum,  equitum  quadringenta 
milia  fuSrunt :  —  cuius  de  adventu  cum  f ama  in  Graeciam 
esset  perlata  et  maxime  Athenienses  petl  dicerentur  propter 
pugnam  Marathoniam,  mls6runt  Delphos  consultum,^  quidnam 
facerent^  de  r^bus  suis.  Deliberantibus  Pythia  respondit,  ut 
moenibus  ligneis  sS  munirent.^  Id  responsum  quo  valeret^  cum 
intellegeret  nemo,  ThemistoclSs  persuasit  consilium  esse  Apolli- 
nis,   ut    in    nav6s    se    suaque    conferrent ;  ®    eum    enim    a    deo 


MINE   OR   CLAY   PIT. 

{From  pottery  found  near  Corinth.) 


Special  Study.  —  Dative  of  service :  genitive  of  material. 


1  617 :  326 :  586. 

2  642,  IV:  301:  431. 
8  399:  218:  374. 

*  890 :  233 :  356. 


M26,  II,  2:  258,  4,  d:  385. 

6  646:  302:  435. 

7  529,1:  334:  467. 

8  498,  1 :  331 :  546. 


THEMISTOCLES.  47 

significarl  murum  llgneum.  Tali  c6nsili5  probato  addunt  ad 
superiorgs  totidem  naves  triremes  suaque  omnia,  quae  movgri 
poterant,  partim   Salamina,^  partim   Troezena  deportant:  arcem 


sacerdOtibus  paucisque  maioribus  nata  ^  ad  sacra  prOcuranda  tra- 
dunt,  reliquum  oppidum  relinquunt. 

Battle  of  Thermopylae, 
3.   Huius  consilium  pl6 risque  civitatibus  displicSbat  et  in  terra  ^'^• 

430 

dimicarl  magis  placSbat.  Itaque  missi  sunt  delicti  cum  Leonida,  j^^ 
Lacedaemoniorum  r6ge,  qui  Thermopylas  occuparent  longiusque 
barbaros  progredl  non  paterentur.  Ii  vim  hostium  non  sustinue- 
mnt  eoque  loco  omngs  interierunt.  At  classis  communis  Grae- 
ciae  trecentarum  navium,  in  qua  ducentae  erant  Atheniensium, 
primum  apud  Artemlsium  inter  Euboeara  continentemque  terram 
cum  classiariis  r6giis  conflixit.  Angustias  enim  Themistocl6s 
quaer^bat,  ne  multitudine  circumlrgtur.  Hic  etsi  pari  proelio 
discesserant,  tamen  eodem  loco  non  sunt  ausi  manere,  quod  erat 

Special  Study.  —  Ways  of  expressing  purpose. 

1  880,  II :  258,  6  :  337.  ^  424 :  263  :  397. 

A,  &  W.  LAT.  R. 4 


48 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


periculum,  ne,  si  pars  navium  adversariorum  Euboeam  superas- 
set/  ancipiti  premerentur  periculo.  Quo  factum  est  ut  ab  Arte- 
mlsio  discederent  et  exadversum  AthSnas  apud  Salamma  classem 
suam  constituerent. 


Xerxes  burns  Athens.     Themistocles  forces  the  battle  of  Salamis. 

4.    At  Xerxes  Thermopylls  exptignatis  protinus  accessit  astu  ^ 
idque  ntillls  defendentibus,  interfectis  sacerdotibus  quos  in  arce 

invenerat,    incendio 

-TV  *  ■^.    ■ 

■^  .  -:.■.■•■■ 

-5i^'  .... 


delevit.  Cuius  flain- 
ma  plerterriti  clas- 
siaril  cum  manere 
non  auderent  et  plii- 
riml  hortarentur,  ut 
domos^  suas  disce- 
derent moenibusque 
se  defenderent,  The- 
mistocles tinus  re- 
stitit  et  universos 
pares  esse  posse  aie- 
bat,  disperses  testabatur  perituros,  idque  Eurybiadl,  regi  Lace- 
daemoniorum,  qui  turn  summae  imperii  praeerat,  fore  adflrmabat. 
Quem  cum  minus  quam  vellet  movSret,  noctti  de  servis  suis  quem 
habuit  fidelissimum  ad  regem  misit,  ut  ei  ntintiaret  suls  verbis, 
adversarios  eius  in  fugd  esse:  qui  si  discessisseiit,  maiore  cum 
labore  et  longmquiore  tempore  bellum  confecturum,  cum  singulos 
consectdri  cogeretur :  quos  si  statim  aggrederetur,  brevi  universos 
oppressurum.      Hoc    eo   val^bat,    ut    ingratiis   ad   depugnandum 


THE  ACROPOLIS. 


Special  Study.  —  Accusative  of  limit. 
1  629,  II :  342  :  663,  1.  2  330,  II :  268,  h  :  337, 


THEMISTOCLES. 


49 


omngs  cogerentur.  Hac  re  audita  barbanis,  nihil  doli  subesse  b.c. 
credens,  postridig  alienissimo  sibi  loco,  contra  opportunissimo  g^^' 
hostibus  adeo  angusto  marl  confllxit,  nt  eius  multittido  navium  20. 


PLAN  OF  SALAMIS. 


explicarl  non  potuerit.     Victus  ergo  est  magis  etiam  consilio  The- 
mistocli  quam  armis  Graeciae. 


Themistocles  induces  Xerxes  to  leave  Greece, 

5.  Hic  etsi  male  rem  gesserat,  tamen  tantas  habebat  reliquias 
copiarum,  ut  etiam  tum  iis  opprimere  posset  host6s.  Iterum  ab 
eodem  gradti  d^pulsus  est.  Nam  Themistocles  verens  ne  bellare 
|)ersev6raret,^  certiorem  eum  f6cit  id  agl,  ut  pons,  quem  ille  in 
HellSsponto  fgcerat,  dissolveretur  ac  reditu  in  Asiam  excludere- 
tur,  idque  ei  persuasit.  Itaque  qua  sex  mensibus  iter  fecerat, 
eadem  minus  diebus  triginta  in  Asiam  reversus  est  seque  a  The- 
mistocle  non   superatum,  sed  conservatum  iudicavit.     Sic  unlus 

Special  Study.  —  Construction  with  verbs  of  fearing. 

1498,  III:  331,  /:   550,2, 


50 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


viri  prtidentia  Graecia  llberata  est  Europaeque  succubuit  Asia. 
Haec  est  altera  victoria,  quae  cum  Marathonio  possit  comparari 
tropaeo.  Nam  pari  modo  apud  Salamina  parvo  numero  navium 
maxima  post  hominum  memoriam  classis  est  devicta. 


BRIDGE  OF  BOATS. 


B.C. 
479. 


The  fortifications  of  Athens. 

6.  Magnus  hoc  bello  Themistocles  fuit  neque  minor  in  pace. 
Cum  enim  Phal^rico  portu  ^  neque  magno  neque  bono  Athenienses 
uterentur,  huius  consilio  triplex  Piraei  portus  constitutus  est 
isque  moenibus  circumdatus,  ut  ipsam  urbem  dignitate  aequipe- 
raret,  titilitate  superaret.  Idem  mtiros  Atheniensium  restituit 
praecipuo  suo  perTculo.^  Namque  Lacedaemonil  causam  idoneam 
nacti  propter  barbarorum  excursiones,  qua  negarent^  oportere 
extra  Peloponnesum  tillam  urbem  muros  habere,  ne  essent  loca 
munita,  quae  hostes  possiderent,*  Athenienses  aedificantes  pro- 
Special  Study.  —  Clauses  of  characteristic. 


1421,  1:  249:  407. 
2  419,  III :  248  :  399. 


8  603,  II,  2:  320,/:  631,  1. 
4  500,  I:  819,  2:   631. 


THEMISTOCLES.  51 

hib^re  sunt  cOnati.  Hoc  longg  alio  spectabat  atqueVvidSrI  volS- 
bant.  Atlieiiiens6s  enim  duabus  victoriis,  Marathonia  et  Sala- 
mmia,  tantam  gloriam  apud  omn§s  gentSs  erant  consectiti,  ut  in- 
tellegerent  Lacedaemonil  de  prlncipatti  sibi  cum  iis  certamen  fore. 
Quare  eos  quam  infirmissimos  esse  volebant.  Postquam  autem 
audierunt  mtiros  instrui,  l6gatos  AthgnOs  mis6runt,  qui  id  fieri 
vetarent.  His  praesentibus  d^sierunt  ac  s6  d6  ea  re  legatos  ad 
eos  missuros  dlx^runt.  Hanc  legationem  suscepit  Themistocl6s 
et  solus  prlmo  prof ectus  est :  reliqui  legatl  ut  turn  exirent,^  cum 
satis  alti  tuendo^  murl  exstructi  viderentur,  praecepit:  interim 
omngs,  servl  atque  liberi,  opus  facerent^  neque  ulli  loco  parce- 
rent,  sive  sacer  [sive  prof  anus],  sive  privatus  esset  sive  publicus, 
et  undique,  quod  idoneum  ad  muniendum  putarent,  congererent. 
Quo  factum  est  ut  Ath6ni6nsium  murl  ex  sacellis  sepulcrisque 
constarent. 


Themistocles  deceives  the  Spartans  until  the  walls  are  finished. 

7.  Themistocles  autem,  ut  Lacedaemonem  v6nit,  adire  ad  magis- 
trattis  noluit  et  dedit  operam,  ut  quam  longissimg  tempus  dticeret, 
causam  iiiterponens  se  conlegas  exspectare.  Cum  Lacedaemonil 
quererentur  opus  nihilo  minus  fieri  eumque  in  ea  re  cOnarl  fallere, 
interim  reliqui  legatl  sunt  consecutl.  A  quibus  cum  audisset  non 
multum  superesse  munitionis,  ad  ephoros  Lacedaemoniorum  ac- 
cessit,  penes  quos  summum  erat  imperium,  atque  apud  eos  con- 
tendit  falsa  iis  esse  delata :  quare  aequum  esse  illos  viros  bonos 
nobilesque  mittere,  quibus  fides  haberetur,  qui  rem  explorarent : 
interea  se  obsidem  retinerent.  Gestus  est  el  mos,  tresque  legatl 
functi  summis  honoribus  Athenas  missi  sunt.     Cum  his  conlggas 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  with  verbs  of  commanding. 

1  469,  2  :  247,  d:   643.  2  493,  1 :  331 :  546. 

8  642,  II :  299  :  429. 


52  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

suos  Themis  to  cl6s  iussit  proficlsci  iisque  praedixit,  ut  ne  prius 
Lacedaemoniorum  legates  dimitterent  quam  ipse  esset^  remissus. 
Hos  postquam  Atlieiias  pervgnisse  ratus  est,  ad  magistratum  seiia- 
tumque  Lacedaemoniorum  adiit  et  apud  eos  liberrime  professus 
est :  Athenienses  suo  consilio,  quod  communi  iure  gentium  facere 
possent,  deos  publicos  suosque  patrios  ac  penates,  quo  facilius  ab 
hoste  possent  defendere,  mtirls  saepsisse,  neque  in  eo  quod  inutile 
esset  Graeciae  fecisse.  Nam  illorum  urbem  ut  propugnaculum 
oppositum  esse  barbarls,  apud  quam  iam  bis  classes  regias  fecisse 
naufragium.  Lacedaemonios  autem  male  et  iniuste  facere,  qui 
id  potius  intuerentur,  quod  ipsorum  domination!  quam  quod  uni- 
versae  Graeciae  utile  esset.  Quar6,  si  suos  legatos  recipere  vel- 
lent,  quos  Athenas  miserant,  s6  remitterent,^  aliter  illos  num- 
quam  in  patriam  essent  recepturi. 

Themistocles  is  banished  from  Athens  and  flees  from  Greece. 
B-o.      8.    Tamen  non  effuo^it  civium  suorum  invidiam.     Namque  ob 

471.  . 

'  eundem  timorem,  quo  damnatus  erat  Miltiades,  testularum  suf- 
fragils  e  civitate  eiectus  Argos  habitatum  concessit.  Hic  cum 
propter  multas  virtutes  magna  cum  dignitate  viveret,  Lacedae- 
monil  legatos  Athenas  miserunt,  qui  eum  absentem  acctisarent, 
quod  societatem  cum  rege  Perse  ad  Graeciam  opprimendam  fecis- 
set.  Hoc  crimine  absens  proditionis  damnatus  est.  Id  ut  audi- 
vit,  quod  non  satis  tutum  se  Argis  videbat,  Corcyram  demigravit. 
Ibi  cum  eius  principes  animadvertisset  timere,  ne  propter  se 
bellum  ils  Lacedaemonii  et  Athenienses  indlcerent,  ad  Admetum 
Molossum  regem,  cum  quo  ei^  hospitium  erat,  confugit.  Hue 
cum  venisset  et  in  praesentia  rex  abesset,  quo  maiore  religione 
se  receptum  tueretur,  filiam  eius  parvulam  adripuit  et  cum  ea  se 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  quo  in  final  clauses. 

1  620,  II :  327  :  577.  2  523,  m  ;  339  :   632. 


THEMISTOCLES.  53 

in  sacrarium,  quod  summa  colebatiir  caerimonia,  conigcit.  Inde 
non  prius  ggressus  est  quam  r6x  eum  data  dextra  in  fidem  reci- 
peret,  quam  praestitit.  Nam  cum  ab  Athenignsibus  et  Lacedae- 
moniis  exposceretur  ptiblice,  supplicem  non  prodidit  monuitque 
ut  consuleret  sibi :  difficile  enim  esse  in  tam  proplnquo  loco  tuto 
eum  versarl.  Itaque  Pydnam  eum  dedtici  iussit  et  quod  satis 
esset  praesidil  dedit.  Hic  in  navem  omnibus  Ignotus  .nautis  "•^' 
gscendit.  Quae  cum  tempestate  maxima  Naxum  ferretur,  ubi 
tum  Atheniensium  erat  exercitus,  s6nsit  Themistocles,  si  eo  per- 
venisset,  sibi^  esse  pereundum.  Hac  necessitate  coactus  domino 
navis  quis  sit  aperit,  multa  pollic6ns,  si  se  conservasset.  At  ille 
clarissiml  virl  captus  misericordia  diem  noctemque  procul  ab 
Insula  in  salo  navem  tenuit  in  ancorls  neque  quern  quam  ex  ea 
exire  passus  est.  Inde  Ephesum  perv6nit  ibique  Themistocl6n 
exponit :  cul  ille  pro  meritis  postea  gratiam  rettulit. 

He  goes  to  Artaxerxes. 

9.  Sci6  plerosque  ita  scripsisse,  ThemistoclSn  Xerxe  rfignante 
in  Asiam  transisse.  Sed  ego  potissimum  Thticydidi^  credo,  quod  et 
aetate  proximus  d6  iis,  qui  illorum  temporum  historiam  rellque- 
runt,  et  eiusdem  civitatis  fuit.  Is  autem  ait  ad  Artaxerx^n  eum 
venisse  atque  his  verbis  epistulam  misisse:  "Themistocles  veni 
ad  te,  qui  plurima  mala  omnium  Graiorum  in  domum  tuam 
intull,  quam  diti  mihi  necesse  fuit  adversum  patrem  tuum  bellare 
patriamque  meam  defendere.  Idem  multo  plura  bona  feci,  post- 
quam  in  tuto  ipse  et  ille  in  perlculo  esse  coepit.  Nam  cum  in 
Asiam  reverti  vellet,  proelio  apud  Salamlna  facto,  litterls  eum 
certiorem  feci,  id  agl  ut  pons,  quem  in  Hell^sponto  fecerat,  dis- 
solveretur  atque  ab  hostibus  circumlretur :  quo  ntintio  ille  perl- 
Special  Study.  —  Dative  with  periphrastic  passive. 
1  888 :  232 :  355.  ^  386,  II :  227  :  346. 


54  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

cul5  est  llberatus.  Nunc  autem  confugi  ^d  t§  exagit^tus  a  cancta 
Graecia,  tuam  petens  amicitiam :  quam  si  ero  adeptus,  non  minus 
m6  bonum  amicum  habebis  quam  fortem  inimlcum  ille  expertus 
est.  Tg  autem  rogo,  ut  dg  iis  r^bus,  quas  t^cum  conloqui  vol5, 
annuum  mihi  tempus  dfis  eoque  transacts  ad  t6  venire  patiaris.'' 

He  is  kindly  received.     Dies  at  Magnesia. 

10.  Htiius  rex  animi  magnitudinem  admirans  cupi^nsque  talem 
virum  sibi  conciliari  veniam  dedit.  Ille  omne  illud  tempus  lit- 
teris  sermonique  Persarum  se  dedidit :  quibus  adeo  eruditus  est, 
ut  multo  commodius  dicatur  apud  regem  verba  fecisse  quam  ii 
poterant,  qui  in  Perside  erant  nati.  Hic  cum  multa  regl  esset 
pollicitus  gratissimumque  illud,  si  suls  titi  consiliis  vellet,  ilium 
Graeciam  bello  oppressurum,  magnis  muneribus  ab  Artaxerxe 
donatus  in  Asiam  rediit  domiciliumque  Magnesiae  sibi  constituit. 
Namque  banc  urbem  ei  r6x  donarat,  his  quidem  verbis,  quae  el 
pdnem  praeberet^  (ex  qua  regione  quinquagena  talenta  quotannis 
redlbant),  Lampsacum  autem,  unde  vlnum  sumeret,  Myunta,  ex 
qua  ohsonium  Tiaheret. 

Htiius  ad  nostram  memoriam  monumenta  mans6runt  duo: 
sepulcrum  prope  oppidum,  in  quo  est  sepultus,  statua  in  foro 
^^*  Magnesiae.  De  cuius  morte  multimodis  apud  plerosque  scrlp- 
tum  est,  sed  nos  eundem  potissimum  Thticydidem  auctorem  pro- 
bamus,  qui  ilium  ait  Magnesiae  morbo  mortuum  neque  negat 
fiiisse  famam,  venenum  sua  sponte  stimpsisse,  cum  se,  quae  regl 
de  Graecia  opprimenda  pollicitus  esset,  praestare  posse  d^spera- 
ret.  Idem  ossa  eius  clam  in  Attica  ab  amicis  sepulta,  quoniam 
Iggibus  non  concederetur,^  quod  proditionis  esset  ^  damnatus,  memo- 
riae prodidit. 

Special  Study.  —  Forms  of  the  locative,  singular  and  plural. 

1  497,  1 :  817,  2  :   680.  ^  624  :  336,  2  :   650. 


ARISTIDES.  56 

Aristides. 
His  rivalry  with  Themistocles  and  his  banishment 

1.  Aristides,  LysimachI  filius,  Ath6ni6nsis,  aequalis  ferS  fuit 
Themistocli.  Itaque  cum  eo  dS  prlncipatu  contendit :  namque 
obtrectarunt  inter  se.  In  his  autem  cognitum  est,  quanto  anti- 
staret  eloquentia  innocentiae.  Quamquam  enim  adeo  excell6bat 
Aristides  abstinentia,  ut  tinus  post  hominum  memoriam,  quern 
quidem  nos  audierimus,^  eognomine  Justus  sit  appellatus,  tamen  ^g^' 
a  Themistocle  conlabef actus  testula  ilia  exsilio  decern  annorum 
multatus  est.  Qui  quidem  cum  intellegeret  reprimi  concitatam 
multitudinem  non  posse,  cedensque  animadvertisset  quendam 
scrlbentem,  ut  patria  pellergtur,^  quaesisse  ab  eo  dicitur,  quarg 

id  faceret  aut  quid  Aristides  commlsisset,  cur  tanta  poena  dignus 
duceretur.-^  Cul  ille  respondit  se  ign5rare  Aristiden,  sed  sibi  n5n 
placere,  quod  tam  cupide  laborasset*  ut  praeter  ceteros  itistus 
appellaretur.  Hic  decem  annorum  legitimam  poenam  non  pertu- 
lit.  Nam  postquam  Xerxes  in  Graeciam  descendit,  sexto  fere 
anno  quam  erat  expulsus,  populi  scito  in  patriam  restittitus  est. 

2.  Interfuit  autem  pugnae*  navali  apud  Salamlna,  quae  facta  est 
prius  quam  poena  llberaretur.^  Idem  praetor  fuit  Atheniensium  ^•^• 
apud  Plataeas  in  proelio,  quo  Mardonius  fusus  barbarorumque  g^pi. 
exercitus  interfectus  est.  Neque  aliud  est  tillum  htiius  in  re 
militarl  inlustre  factum  quam  htiius  imperii  memoria,  iustitiae 
vero  et  aequitatis  et  innocentiae  multa,  in  primis,  quod  eius 
aequitate  factum  est,  cum  in  communT  classe  esset  Graeciae  simul 
cum   Pausania,   quo   duce   Mardonius    erat  fugatus,   ut    summa 

Special  Study.  —  Indirect  question. 

1  503,  I,  N.  1 :  320,  d:  627,  R.  1.  *  616,  II :  321 :  541. 

2  498,  1 :  331 :  546.  ^  386 :  228 :  347. 

8  600, 1 :  319, 2 ;  631, 2.    See  Notes.  «  620,  II :  327  :  577. 


247. 


56  CORN^ELIUS  NEPOS. 

imperii  maritimi  ab  Lacedaemoniis  trans  ferretur  ad  Ath6ni6ns6s  : 
namque  ante  id  tempus  et  marl  et  terra  duc6s  erant  Lacedaemonii. 
Tum  autem  et  intemperantia  Fausaniae  et  iustitia  factum  est 
Aristidis,  ut  omn^s  fer6  civitatSs  Graeciae  ad  Ath^ni^nsium  socie- 
tatem  s6  applicarent  et  adversus  barbaros  hos  duces  deligerent 
sibi. 

Hamilcar. 
He  commands  in  Sicily ,  and  fortifies  Eryx. 

1.  Hamilcar,  Hannibalis  iilius,  cognomine  Barca,  Carthaginien- 
sis,  primo  Poenico  j)ellg,  sed  temporibus  extremis,  admodum 
adul^scentulus  in  Sicilia  praeesse  coepit  exercitui.  Cum  ante 
6ius  adventum  et  marl  et  terra  male  res  gererentur  Carthagini^n- 
sium,  ipse,  ubi  adfuit,  numquam  hosti  cessit  neque  locum  nocendi 
dedit,  saepeque  e  contrario  occasione  data  lacSssTvit  semperque 
superior  discessit.  Quo  facto,  cum  paene  omnia  in  Sicilia  Poeni 
amisissent,  ille  Erycem  sic  defendit,  ut  bellum  eo  loco  gestum 
non  vidgretur.  Interim  Carthagini^nses  classe  apud  insulas 
Aegates  a  C.  Lutatio,  consule  Romanorum,  superati,  statuerunt 
belli  facere  finem  eamque  rem  arbitrio  permlserunt  Hamilcaris. 
Ille,  etsi  flagrabat  bellandl  cupiditate,  tamen  pacl^  serviundum* 
putavit,  quod  patriam  exhaustam  sumptibus  diutius  calamitates 
belli  f erre  non  posse  intelleggbat ;  sed  ita,  ut  statim  mente  agi- 
taret,  si  paulum  modo  res  essent  refectae,  bellum  renovare  Romar 
nosque  armis  persequi,  donicum  aut  virttite  vlcissent^  aut  vlcti 
manus  dedissent.  Hoc  consilio  pacem  conciliavit,  in  quo  tanta 
fuit  ferocia,  cum  Catulus  negaret  bellum  compositurum,*  nisi  ille 
cum  suls,  qui  Erycem  tenuerant,  armIs  rellctis  Sicilia  decederent, 

Special  Study.  —  Impersonal  passive  of  intransitive  verbs. 

1  884,  5:  280:  346,  R.  1.  ^  519,  II,  2:  328:  572. 

2  466,  N. :  294,  c,  n.  :  251,  2.  *  623,  footnote  2  :  336,  a,  1,  n.  :  532,  R.  2. 


HAMILCAR.  67 

ut  succumbente  patria  ipse  periturum  s6  potius  dixerit,^  quam 
cum  tan  to  flagitiS  domum  redlret :  ^  non  enim  suae  esse  virtu  tis  ^ 
arma  a  patria  accepta  adversus  hostes  adversariis  tradere.  Huius 
pertin^iae  cessit  Catulus. 

He  ends  the  mercenary  war, 

2.  At  ille,  ut  Carthaginera  v6mt,  multC  aliter  ac  spfirarat  rem 
publicam  s6  habentem  c6gn6vit.  Namque  dititurnitate  externl 
mali  tantum  exarsit  intestlnum  bellum,  ut  numquam  in  pari  perl- 
culo  fuerit  Carthago,  nisi  cum  d6l6ta  est.  Primo  mercennaril 
milites,  quibus  adversus  ROmanos  usi  erant,  d6scTverunt :  quorum 
numerus  erat  viginti  milium.  Hi  totam  abalienarunt  Africam, 
ipsam  Carthaginem  oppagnarunt.  Quibus  mails  adeo  sunt  PoenI 
perterritl,  ut  etiam  auxilia  ab  ROmanIs  petierint;^  eaque  impe- 
trarunt.  Sed  extr6m6,  cum  prope  iam  ad  desp^rationem  pervSnis- 
sent,  Hamilcarem  imperatorem  fecfirunt.  Is  n6n  s6lum  host6s 
ft  milrls  Carthaginis  removit,  cum  amplius  centum  milia*  facta 
essent  armatOrum,  sed  etiam  eo  compulit,  ut  locorum  angustils 
clausl  plar6s  fame  quam  ferr6  interlrent.  Omnia  oppida  abali6- 
nata,  in  his  Uticam  atque  Hipponem,  valentissima  totlus  Africae, 
restituit  patriae.  Neque  eo  fuit  contentus,  sed  etiam  fines  impe- 
ril propagavit,  tota  Africa  tantum  otium  reddidit,  ut  nullum  in 
ea  bellum  vider6tur  multis  annls  fuisse. 

His  successes  in  Spain. 

3.  Rebus  his  ex  sententia  peractis  fidentl  animo  atque  Infesto 
R6manls,  quo  facilius  causam  bellandl  reperlret,  eif^cit,  ut  impe- 
rator  cum  exercitu  in  Hispaniam  mitter^tur,  eoque  secum  duxit 

Special  Study.  —  Sequence  of  tenses  in  clauses  of  result. 

1  495,  6 :  287,  c  :  513.  »  401 :  214,  c  :  366. 

a  602,  2  :  332,  b  :  644,  3.  *  417,  1,  n.  2 :  247,  c  :  296,  4. 


68  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

filium  Hannibalem  annorum^  novem.  Erat  praeterea  cum  eo, 
adulescens  inltistris,  formosus,  Hasdrubal.  De  hoc  ideo  mentiS- 
nein  fecimus,  quod  Hamilcare  occiso  ille  exercitui  praefuit  resque 
magnas  gessit,  et  princeps  largitione  vetustos  pervertit  mores 
Carthagiiiignsium,  §iusdemque  post  mortem  Hannibal  ab  exercitu 
accepit  imperium. 

4.  At  Hamilcar,  posteaquam  mare  transiit  in  Hispaniamque 
venit,  magnas  res  secunda  gessit  fortuna:  maximas  bellicosis- 
simasque  gentSs  subegit,  equis,  armis,  virls,  pectinia  totam  locu- 
pletavit  Af ricam.  Hic  cum  in  Italiam  bellum  inferre  meditaretur, 
nono  anno  postquam  in  Hispaniam  venerat,  in  proelio  pugnans 
B.C.  adversus  Vettones  occisus   est.     Huius   perpetuum  odium  erga 

229. 

*  Romanos  maxime  concitasse  videtur  secundum  bellum  Poenicum. 
Namque  Hannibal,  filius  eius,  adsiduls  patris  obtestationibus  eo 
est  per  ductus,  ut  interire  quam  Romanos  non  experirl  mallet. 


Hannibal. 
His  greatness  as  a  general. 

1.  Hannibal,  Hamilcaris  filius,  Carthaginignsis.  Si  verum  est, 
quod  nemo  dubitat,  ut  populus  Romanus  omnes  gent^s  virttite 
superarit,  non  est  infitiandum  Hannibalem  tanto^  praestitisse 
ceteros  imperatores  prudentia,  quanto  populus  Romanus  antece- 
dat  f ortittidine  cunctas  nationes.  Nam  quotienscumque  cum  eo 
congressus  est  in  Italia,  semper  discessit  superior.  Quod  nisi 
domi  civium  suorum  invidia  debilitatus  esset,^  Romanos  videtur 
superare  potuisse.  Sed  multorum  obtrectatio  d6vicit  tinlus  vir- 
tutem. 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  and  accusative  of  time  with  postquam. 

1  396,  V :  215,  h  :  365.  2  423  :  250,  r.  :   402. 

3  510:  308:   597. 


HANNIBAL.  69 

His  oath  of  hatred  toward  Rome. 

Hic  auteni  velut  her^ditate  relictum  odium  paterniim  erga 
Romanos  sic  conservavit,  ut  prius  animam  quam  id  deposuerit, 
qui  quidem,  cum  patria  pulsus  esset  et  alienarum  opum  indigeret, 
numquam  d^stiterit  anirno  bellare  cum  Romanis. 

2.  Nam  ut  omittam  Philippum,  quern  absSns  hostem  reddidit 
Romanis,  omnium  ils  temporibus  potentissimus  r6x  Antiochus  fuit. 
Hunc  tanta  cupiditate  incendit  bellandi,  ut  usque  a  Rubro  Marl 
arma  conatus  sit  inferre  Italiae.  Ad  qiiem  cum  legatl  v^nissent 
RomanI,  qui  d6  6ius  voluntate  explorarent  darentque  operam  con- 
silils  clandestinls,  ut  Hannibalem  in  suspicionem  r6gi  adducerent, 
tamquam  ab  ipsis  corruptus  alia  atque  antea  sentiret^  neque  id 
f rustra  fecissent,  idqae  Hannibal  comperisset  sgque  ab  interiori- 
bus  consiliis  segregarl  vidisset,  tempore  dato  adiit  ad  regem,  eique 
cum  multa  dS  fidS  sua  et  odio  in  Romanos  commemorasset,  hoc  ad- 
iunxit:  "pater  mens,"  inquit,  "Hamilcar,  puerulo  me,  utpote  non 
amplius  novem  annos  nato,  in  Hispaniam  imperator  proficIscSns 
Carthagine,  lovi  optimo  maximo  hostias  immolavit.  Quae  divina 
r6s  dum  confici^batur,  quaeslvit  a  m6  vellemne  s6cum  in  castra  pro- 
ficiscl.  Id  cum  libenter  acc6pissem  atque  ab  eO  petere  coepissem 
n6  dubitaret  ducere,  tuin  ille,  ^  faciam/  inquit,  *  si  mihi  fidem, 
quam  postulo,  dederis.'  Simul  m^  ad  aram  addtixit,  apud  quam 
sacrificare  Instituerat,  eamque  ceteris  remotis  tenentem  iurare 
iussit,  numquam  me  in  amicitia  cum  Romanis  fore.  Id  ego  iusiu- 
randum  patri  datum  usque  ad  banc  aetatem  ita  conservavl,  ut 
nemini  dubium  esse  debeat,  quin  reliquo  tempore  eadem  mente 
sim^  futurus.  Quare  si  quid  amice  de  Romanis  cogitabis,  non 
imprudenier  feceris,  si  me  celaris :  cum  quidem  bellum  parabis, 
t6  ipsum  frustraberis,  si  non  me  in  eo  principem  posueris." 

Special  Study.  —  Comparative  clauses  with  tamquam. 

1  618,  II:  312:   602.  2  504,  3,  2):  332,  g,  r.:  555. 


60  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

He  is  made  commander-in-chief.     Subdues  Saguntum.     Crosses 

the  Alps. 

3.  Hac  igitur  qua  diximus  aetate  cum  patre  in  Hispaniam  pro- 
fectus  est :   cuius   post  obitum,  Hasdrubale  imperatore  suffecto, 

"•0.  equitatui  omni  praefuit.  Hoc  quoque  interfecto  exercitus  sum- 
'  mam  imperil  ad  eum  dStulit.  Id  Carthaginem  delatum  publice 
comprobatum  est.  Sic  Hannibal  minor  quinque  et  viginti  annis  ^ 
natus  imperator  factus  proximo  triennio  omnes  gentes  Hispaniae 
bello  subegit:  Saguntum,  foederatam  civitatem,  vT  expugnavit, 
tres  exercitus  maximos  comparavit.  Ex  his  unum  in  Africam 
misit,  alteram  cum  Hasdrubale  fratre  in  Hispania  reliquit,  ter- 
tium  in  Italiam  s6cum  dtixit.  Saltum  Pyrenaeum  transiit.  Qua- 
cumque  iter  fecit,  cum  omnibus  incolis  conflixit :  neminem  nisi 
victum  dlmlsit.  Ad  Alpes  posteaquam  venit,  quae  Italiam  ab 
Gallia  seiungunt,  quas  nemo  umquam  cum  exercitu  ante  eum 
praeter  Herculem  Graium  transierat  (quo  facto  is  hodie  saltus 
Grains  appellatur),  Alpicos  conantes  prohibere  transitu  concidit, 
loca  patefecit,  itinera  muniit,  effecit  ut  ea  elephantus  ornatus  Ire 

B.C.  posset,^  qua  antea  unus  homo  inermis  vix  poterat  repere.     Hac 

218  ~ 

*  copias  tradtixit  in  Italiamque  pervenit. 

The  battle  of  Trasemenus. 

4.  CSnflixerat  apud  Ehodanum  cum  P.  Corn6li6  Scipione  con- 
sule  eumque  pepulerat.  Cum  h^  eodem  Clastidii  apud  Padum 
decernit  sauciumque  inde  ac  fugatum  dimittit.  Tertio  Idem 
Sclpio  cum  conlega  Tiberio  Longo  apud  Trebiam  adversus  eum 
venit.  Cum  ils  manum  conseruit:  utrosque  profilgavit.  Inde 
per  Ligures  Appennlnum  transiit,  petens  Etruriam.  Hoc  itinere 
adeo  gravl  morbo  adficitur  oculorum,  ut  postea  numquam  dextro 

Special  Study. — Ablative  of  measure. 

1  417  :  247  :  296.  2  501,  H,  1  :  332  :  553,  1. 


HANNIBAL.  61 

aeque  bene  iisus  sit.  Qua  valetudine  cum  etiam  turn  premeretur 
lectlcaque  ferretur,  C.  Flamiuium  consulem  apud  Trasumenum 
cum  exercitu  insidiis  circumventum  occidit,  neque  multo  post  C.  gn 
Cent^nium  praetorem  cum  delecta  manu  salttis  occupantem. 
Hinc  in  Apuliam  pervenit.  Ibi  obviam  el  venerunt  duo  consules, 
C.  Terentius  et  L.  Aemilius.  Utrlusque  exercitus  uno  proelio 
fugavit,  Paulum  consulem  occidit  et  aliquot  praeterea  consulares, 
in  iis  Cn.  Servilium  Geminum,  qui  superiore  anno  fuerat  consul. 

He  is  victorious  in  many  battles. 

5.  Hac  pugna  ptignata  Romam  profectus  est  nullo  resistente. 
In  proplnquis  urbi  montibus  moratus  est.  Cum  aliquot  ibi  dies 
castra  habuisset  et  Capuam  reverteretur,  Q.  Fabius  Maximus, 
dictator  Romanus,  in  agro  Falerno  el  se  obiecit.  Hic  clausus 
locorum  angustils  noctu  sine  ullo  detrlmento  exercitus  se  expedl- 
vit  Fabioque,  callidissimo  imperatori,  dedit  verba.  Kamque 
obducta  nocte  sarmenta  in  cornibus  iuvencorum  deligata  incendit 
eiusque  generis  multitudinem  magnam  dispalatam  immlsit.  Quo 
repentmo  obiecto  visu  tantum  terrorem  iniecit  exercitui  Roma- 
norum,  ut  ggredi  extra  vallum  n6m6  sit  ausus.  Hanc  post  rem 
gestam  non  ita  multls  diebus  M.  Minucium  Rtifum,  magistrum 
equitum  pari  ac  dictatorem  ^  imperio,^  dolo  productum  in  proelium 
fugavit.  Tiberium  Sempronium  Gracchum,  iterum  consulem,  in 
Lticanls  absens  in  Insidias  inductum  sustulit.  M.  Claudium  Mar- 
cellum,  quinquies  consulem,  apud  Venusiam  pari  modo  interfecit. 
Longum  est  omnia  enumerare  proelia.  Quare  hoc  unum  satis  erit 
dictum,  ex  quo  intellegl  possit,  quantus  ille  fuerit :  quamdiu  in 
Italia  fuit,  nemo  el  in  acie  restitit,  nemo  adversus  eum  post  Can- 
nensem  pugnam  in  campo  castra  posuit. 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  and  genitive  of  quality. 

1  ace.  by  attraction.  2  419,  n :  261 :  400 


62  CORNELIUS  NEPOa 

He  is  defeated  at  Zama. 

6.   Hinc  invictus  patriam  defensum^  revocatus  bellum  gessit 

adversus  P.  Scipionem,  f Ilium  eius  Scipionis,  quern  ipse  primo 

apud  Ehodanum,  iterum  apud  Padum,  tertio  apud  Trebiam  fuga- 

rat.     Cum  hoc  exhaustis  iam  patriae  facultatibus  cuplvit  imprae- 

Bc-  sentiarum  bellum  componere,  quo  valentior  postea  congrederetur. ^ 

202 

*  In  conloquium  convenit :  condiciones  non  convenerunt.  Post  id 
factum  paucTs  diebus  apud  Zamam  cum  eodem  confllxit:  pulsus 
(incredibile  dictu)  biduo  et  duabus  noctibus  Hadrumetum  per- 
venit,  quod  abest  ab  Zama  circiter  milia  passuum  trecenta.  In 
hac  fuga  Numidae,  qui  simul  cum  eo  ex  acie  excesserant,  insidiati 
sunt  el :  quos  non  solum  efftigit,  sed  etiam  ipsos  oppressit. 
Hadrumeti  reliquos  e  fuga  conlegit :  novis  dilectibus  panels  diSbus 
multos  contraxit. 

He  is  made  chief  magistrate. 


;ui 
:ui| 


7.  Cum  in  apparando  acerrimg  esset  occupatus,  Carthaginignses 
bellum  cum  Eomanis  composuerunt.  Ille  nihilo  setius  exercitui 
postea  praefuit  resque  in  Africa  gessit  itemque  Mago  frater  6i 
usque  ad  P.  Sulpicium  C.  Aurglium  consules.  His  enim  mag: 
stratibus  legati  CartliaginiensSs  Romam  venerunt,  qui  senatur 
populoque  Eoinano  gratias  agerent,  quod  cum  iis  pacem  fecis- 
sent,^  ob  eamque  rem  corona  aurea  eos  donarent  ^  simulque  pete- 
rent,  ut  obsides  eorum  Fregellis  *  essent  captivique  redderentur. 
His  ex  senatus  consulto  responsum  est;  munus  eorum  gratum 
acceptumque  esse;  obsideSj  quo  loco  rogarenty  futuros,  captivos  non 
remlssuroSj  quod  Hannihalem,  cuius  opera  susceptum  helium  for et,^ 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  former  supine. 

1  646:  802:  435.  »  384,  II,  2:  225,  di  348. 

2  616:  321:   541.  *  425,  II:  258,  c,  2 :  386. 

6  204,2:  119,  n.:  116,  n.  1,  c. 


HANNIBAL  6S 

inimlcissimum  nominl  Romano,  etiam  nunc  cum  impend  apud 
exercitum  haberent  itemque  frdtrem  eius  Mdgonem.  Hoc  responso 
Carthaginienses  cognito  Hannibalem  domum  et  Magonem  revoca- 
runt.  Hue  ut  rediit,  rex  factus  est,  postquam  imperator  fuerat, 
anno  secundo  et  vicesimo :  ut  enim  Romae  consules,  sic  Cartha- 
gine  quotannis  annul  bini  r^ges  creabantur.  In  eo  magistratu 
pari  diligentia  se  Hannibal  praebuit  ac  fuerat  in  bello.  Namque 
effecit,  ex  novis  vSctigalibus  non  solum  ut  esset  pecunia,  quae 
Romams  ex  foedere  penderStur,  sed  etiam  superesset,  quae  in 
aerario  reponergtur.  Delude,  M.  Claudio  L.  Furio  consulibus, 
Eoma  Iggati  Carthaginem  v6n6runt.  Hos  Hannibal  ratus  sui^ 
exposcendi  gratia  missos,  priusquam  lis  senatus  daretur,  navem 
ascendit  clam  atque  in  Syriam  ad  Antiochum  profugit.  Hac  r6 
palam  facta  PoenI  nav6s  duas,  quae  eum  comprehenderent,  si 
possent  ^  consequi,  mls6runt :  bona  eius  publicarunt,  domum  a 
fandamentis  disiec6runt,  ipsum  exsulem  itidicarunt. 

Antiochus  is  defeated  at  Thermopylae. 

8.  At  Hannibal  anno  tertio,  postquam  domo  profugerat,  L. 
Cornglio  Q.  MinuciO  consulibus,  cum  quinque  navibus  Africam 
accessit  in  finibus  Cyrgnaeorum,  si  forte  Carthaginienses  ad  bel- 
lum  Antiochl  spg  fiduciaque  indClcerentur,^  cul  iam  persuaserat, 
ut  cum  exercitibus  in  Italiam  proficlscergtur.  Hue  Magonem 
fratrem  exclvit.  Id  ubi  PoenI  resclv6runt,  Magonem  eadem,  qua 
fratrem,  absentem  adfec6runt  poena.  lUl  desp6ratls  rSbus  cum  b.c. 
solvissent  naves  ac  vela  ventis  dedissent,  Hannibal  ad  Antiochum 
pervenit.  D6  Magonis  interitu  duplex  memoria  prodita  est :  nam- 
que  alii  naufragio,  alii  a  servulls  ipslus  interfectum  eum  scrip- 
Special  Study.  —  Indirect  questions  with  si. 

1  648,  I,  N.  1 :  298,  a.;  428,  R.  1.  2  529,  II:  342:  663,  1. 

8  629,  II,  1,  N.  1 :  334,  /:  460,  1,  6. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R. — 5 


191. 


64  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

tum^  rellqugrunt.  Antioclius  autem,  si  tarn  in  gerendc  bell6 
cOnsilils  6ius  p3,r6re  voluisset,  quam  in  suscipiendo  Iiistituerat, 
B.o.  propius  Tiber!  quam  Thermopylls  d6  snmma  imperil  dimicasset. 
Quem  etsi  multa  stultg  conarl  videbat,  tamen  nulla  dSseruit  in  r6. 
Praefuit  panels  navibus,  quas  ex  Syria  itissas  erat  in  Asiam 
ducere,  iisque  adversus  Ehodiorum  classem  in  Pamphylio  Marl 
e5nflixit.  Quo  cum  multitudine  adversariorum  sul  superarentur, 
ipse,  quo  cornH  rem  gessit,  fait  superior. 

Hannibal  deceives  the  Cretans, 

9.  Antiocho  fugato,  vergns  n§  dSderStur,  quod  sine  dubio  acci- 
disset,  SI  sui  fecisset  potestatem,  Crgtam  ad  Gortynios  v6nit,  ut  ibi 
quo  se  conferret,^  conslderaret.  Vidit  autem  vir  omnium  callidis- 
simus  in  magno  s6  fore  perlculo,  nisi  quid  provldisset,  propter 
avaritiam  Cret6nsium:  magnam  enim  secum  pectiniam  portabat, 
d6  qua  sciebat  exisse  famam.  Itaque  capit  tale  consilium.  Am- 
phoras  complur^s  complet  plumbo,  summas  ^  operit  auro  et 
argentO.  Has  praesentibus  principibus  dgponit  in  templo  Dianae, 
simulans  s6  suas  fortunas  illorum  fidei  credere.  His  in  errorem 
inductis,  statuas  aaneas,  quas  s^cum  portabat,  omni  sua  pecunia 
complet  easque  in  propatulo  domi  abicit.  Gortynii  templum 
magna  cura  custodiunt,  non  tam  a  ceteris  quam  ab  Hannibale,  n6 
ille  inscientibus  ils  tolleret  sgcumque  dtlceret. 

His  device  to  kill  Eumenes, 

10.  Sic  cOnservatIs  suls  rebus  Poenus,  inlasis  Cr6t6nsibus  omni- 
bus, ad  Prtisiam  in  Pontum  perv6nit.  Apud  quem  eodem  anim5 
fuit  erga  Italiam,  neque  aliud  quicquam  ggit  quam  rggem  arma- 

Special  Study.  —  Meaning  of  summus  and  like  superlatives. 

I  See  Notes.  2  529,  i :  334 ;  457.  s  gc.  amphords. 


ttANNIBAL.  66 

vit  et  exercuit  adversus  Romanes.  Quern  cum  vidSret  domesticis 
opibus  minus  esse  rObustum,  conciliabat  ceteros  r6g6s,  adiungebat 
bellicosas  nationSs.  Dissidebat  ab  eo  Pergamenus  rex  EumeuSs, 
Eomanis  amicissimus,  bellumque  inter  eos  gerebatur  et  marl  et 
terra :  quo  magis  cupiSbat  eum  Hannibal  opprimi.  Sed  utrobique 
Eumenes  plus  valebat  propter  Romanorum  societatem :  quern  si 
removisset,  faciliora  sibi  cetera  fore  arbitrabatur.  Ad  hunc  inter- 
ficiendum  talem  iniit  rationem.  Classe  panels  diebus  erant  decrg- 
ttiri.  Superabatur  navium  multittidine;  dolo  erat  pugnandum, 
cum  par  non  esset  armls.  Imperavit  quam  pltirimas  vengnatas 
serpentgs  vivas  conligi  easque  in  vasa  fictilia  conici.  Harum 
cum  elfecisset  magnam  multitudinem,  dig  ipso,  quo  facturus  erat 
navale  proelium,  classiarios  convocat  ilsque  praecipit,  omnes  ut 
in  unam  Eumenis  rggis  concurrant  navem,  a  ceteris  tantum  satis 
habeant  s6  dSfendere.  Id  illos  facile  serpentium  multitudine 
consecuttiros.  R6x  autem  in  qua  nave  vehergtur,  ut  scirent,  s6 
facttirum:  quem  si  aut  cSpissent  aut  interfScissent,  magno  iis^ 
pollic^tur  praemio^  fore. 

Success  of  his  stratagem. 
11.  Tali  cohortatione  militum  facta  classis  ab  utrisque  in 
proelium  deducitur.  Quarum  aci6  constituta,  priusquam  slg- 
num  pugnae  dargtur,  Hannibal,  ut  palam  faceret  suis,  quo 
loco  Eumenes  esset,  tabellarium  in  scapha  cum  cadticeo  mittit. 
Qui  ubi  ad  naves  adversariorum  pervgnit  epistulamque  os- 
tendens  s6  rggem  professus  est  quaerere,  statim  ad  Eumenem 
dsductus  est,  quod  nemo  dubitabat,  quin  aliquid  de  pace  esset 
scriptum.  Tabellarius  ducis  nave  declarata  suis  eodem,  unde  erat 
ggressus,  s6  rec^pit.  At  Eumenes  soluta  epistula  nihil  in  ea 
repperit,  nisi  quae  ad  inridendum  eum  pertinerent.^    Cuius  etsi 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  quin  after  verbs  of  doubt  negatived. 

1890:  283:  366.  2503,  I:  320:  631^2^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

y^  OF  THK 


66  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

causam  mirabatur  neque  reperiSbat,  tamen  proelium  statim  com- 
mittere  non  dubitavit.  H5ruin  in  concursu  Bithynii  Hannibalis 
praecepto  universl  navem  Eumenis  adoriuntur.  Quorum  vim  r6x 
cum  sustinere  non  posset,  fuga  salutem  petit :  quam  consectitus 
non  esset,  nisi  intra  sua  praesidia  se  recepisset,  quae  in  proximo 
litore  erant  conlocata.  Eeliquae  Pergamenae  naves  cum  adversa- 
rios  premerent  acrius,  repente  in  eas  vasa  fictilia,  de  quibus  supra 
mentionem  fecimus,  conici  coepta  sunt.^  Quae  iacta  initio  risum 
ptignantibus  concitarunt,  neque  quare  id  fieret  poterat  intellegi. 
Postquam  autem  naves  suas  oppletas  c5nspexerunt  serpentibus, 
nova  re  perterriti,  cum,  quid  potissimum  vltarent,  non  vidfirent, 
puppes  vertSrunt  s6que  ad  sua  castra  nautica  rettulerunt.  Sic 
Hannibal  consilio  arma  Pergam^norum  superavit,  neque  turn 
solum,  sed  saepe  alias  pedestribus  copiis  pari  prudentia  pepulit 
adversarios. 

His  refuge  betrayed  to  the  Romans,     He  commits  suicide. 

12.  Quae  dum  in  Asia  geruntur,  accidit  casu  ut  IggatI  Prusiae 
Eomae  apud  T.  Quintium  Elaminlnum  consul arem  cSnarent,  atque 
ibi  de  Hannibale  mentione  facta  ex  iis  unus  diceret  eum  in  Pru- 
siae regno  esse.  Id  postero  dig  Flamininus  senatui  detulit. 
Patrgs  conscripti,  qui  Hannibale  vivo  numquam  s6  sine  insidiis 
futuros  exTstimarent,^  legates  in  Bithyniam  mis6runt,  in  iis  Fla- 
mininum,  qui  ab  rege  peterent,  n6  inimlcissimum  suum  sScum 
haberet  sibique  dederet.  His  Prtisia  negare  ausus  non  est :  illud 
recti savit,  ne  id  a  se  fieri  postularent,  quod  adversus  itis  hospitii 
esset :  ipsi,  si  possent,  comprehenderent :  ^  locum,  ubi  esset,  facile 
in  ventures.     Hannibal  enim  uno  loco  se  tenebat  in  castello,  quod 

Special  Study.  —  Active  and  passive  of  coepi. 

1  297, 1, 1 :  143,  a :  424,  r.  3.  2  517 .  320,  e :  626,  r. 

8  623,  III:  339:   652. 


CATO.  t)7 

ei  a  r6ge  datum  erat  munerl,  idque  sic  aedificarat,  ut  in  omnibus 
partibus  aedificii  exitus  habfiret,  scilicet  ver^ns  ne  usu  veniret, 
quod  accidit.  Hue  cum  legati  Eomanorum  v^nissent  ac  multitu- 
dine  domum  eius  circumdedissent,  puer  ab  ianua  prospici^ns  Han- 
nibal! dixit  pltires  praetor  consuStudinem  armatos  apparere.  Qui 
imperavit  ei,  ut  omnes  fores  aedificii  circumiret  ac  propere  sibi 
nuntiaret,  num  eodem  modo  undique  obsidgrgtur.  Puer  cum 
celeriter,  quid  esset,  renuntiasset  omn^sque  exitus  occupatos 
ostendisset,  s6nsit  id  non  fortuito  factum,  sed  se  peti  neque  sibi  ^ 
diutius  vltam  esse  retinendam.  Quam  ne  ali6no  arbitrio  dimit- 
teret,  memor  pristinarum  virtutum,  venenum,  quod  semper  secum 
habere  consuerat,  stimpsit.     Sic  vir  fortissimus,  multls  varilsque  b.c. 

188 

perfunctus  laboribus,^  anno  adquievit  septuagesimo. 

Cato. 
His  public  offices, 

1.  M.  Cato,  ortus  mtinicipio  Tusculo,  adulescentulus,  priusquam  Born 
honoribus  operam  daret,  versatus  est  in  Sabinis,  quod  ibi  hgrg-  ^^ 
dium  a  patre  relictum  habebat.  Inde  hortatti  L.  Valeril  Flacci, 
quem  in  consulatti  censtiraque  babuit  conlggam,  ut  M.  Perpenna 
censorius  narrare  solitus  est,  Eomam  demigravit  in  foroque  esse 
coepit.  Primum  stipendium  meruit  annorum  decem  septemque. 
Q.  Fabio  M.  Claudio  consulibus  tribunus  mllitum  in  Sicilia  fuit. 
Inde  ut  rediit,  castra  sectitus  est  C.  Claudii  JSTeronis,  magnique  ^ 
opera  eius  existimata  est  in  proelio  apud  Senam,  quo  cecidit  Has- 
drubal,  frater  Hannibalis.  Quaestor  obtigit  P.  Africano  consul!, 
cum  quo  non  pro  sortis  necessitudine  v!xit :  namque  ab  eo  per- 
petua  dissensit  v!ta.     Aedilis   plebi  factus  est  cum  C.  Helvio. 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  and  ablative  of  price  and  value. 

1888:  232:  354.  2  421,  1:  249:  407. 

3  404:  252,  a;  379. 


68  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

Praetor  prSvinciam  obtinuit  Sardiniam,  ex  qua  quaestor  supe- 
ri6re  tempore  ex  Africa  d6c6d6ns  Q.  Ennium  po6tam  deduxerat, 
quod  n5n  minoris^  aestimamus  quam  queralibet  amplissimum 
Sardiniensem  triumphum. 

His  uprightness  and  reforms. 

B.C.  2.  Consulatum  gessit  cum  L.  ValeriO  PlaccO ;  sorte  prOvinciam 
^^^'  nactus  Hispaniam  citeriorem,  exque  ea  triumphum  dgportavit. 
Ibi  cum  diutius  moraretur,  P.  Scipio  Africanus  consul  iterum, 
cuius  in  priori  consulatti  quaestor  fuerat,  voluit  eum  de  provincia 
depellere  et  ipse  el  succ6dere,  neque  hoc  per  senatum  efficere 
potuit,  cum  quidem  Scipio  principatum  in  civitate  obtineret,  quod 
tum  non  potentia,  sed  itire  r6s  publica  administrabatur.  Qua  ex 
r6  iratus  senatui,  consulatu  peracto  privatus  in  urbe  mansit.  At 
Cato,  censor  cum  e5dem  Placco  factus,  sevgr6  praefuit  ei  pote- 
statT.  Nam  et  in  complurSs  nobiles  animadvertit  et  multas  r6s 
novas  in  ^dictum  addidit  qua  r6  luxuria  reprimergtur,^  quae  iam 
tum  incipiebat  pullulare.  Circiter  annos  octoginta,  usque  ad 
extrgmam  aetatem  ab  adulescentia,  rel  publicae  causa  suscipere 
inimicitias  non  destitit.  A  multis  temptatus  non  modo  nullum 
detrimentum  existimationis  f  6cit,  sed,  quoad  vixit,  virttitum  laude 
cr^vit. 

His  various  pursuits.     His  learning  and  writings, 

3.  In  omnibus  rebus  singularl  fuit  indu stria :  nam  et  agricola 
soUers  et  perltus  iuris  consultus  et  magnus  imperator  et  proba- 
bilis  orator  et  cupidissimus  litterarum  fuit.  Quarum  studium 
etsT  senior  adripuerat,  tamen  tantum  progressum  fecit,  ut  non 
facile  reperiri  possit  neque  de  Graecis  neque  de  Italicis  rebus, 

Special  Study.—  Genitive  of  value. 

1  404  :  262,  a  :   379.  2  497,  1 :  317^  2  :   630, 


ATTICUS.  69 

quod  ei  fuerit  ^  incOgnitum.  Ab  adulescentia  cOnfecit  CratiOnSs. 
Senex  Listorias  scrlbere  Instituit.  Earum  sunt  librl  septem. 
Primus  continet  r^s  gestas  rggum  populi  RomanI,  secundus  et 
tertius  unde  quaeque  civitas  orta  sit  italica,  ob  quam  rem  omnSs 
Origines  videtur  appellasse.  In  quarto  autem  bellum  Poenicum 
est  primum,  in  quinto  secundum :  atque  haec  omnia  capitulatim 
sunt  dicta.  Reliqua  quoque  bella  pari  modo  persectitus  est  usque  b.c 
ad  praettiram  Servii  Galbae,  qui  diripuit  Lusitanos :  atque  horum 
bellorum  duc6s  non  nOminavit,  sed  sine  nominibus  r6s  notavit. 
In  iisdem  exposuit,  quae  in  Italia  Hispaniisque  aut  fierent  aut 
vidgrentur  admiranda:  in  quibus  multa  industria  et  diligentia 
com  par  et,  nulla  doctrlna. 

Haius  dS  vita  et  moribus  pltira  in  e5  librO  persectlti  sumus, 
quera  s6paratim  d6  eO  fecimus  rogattl  T.  PompOnil  Attici.  QuarS 
studiOsOs  Catonis  ad  illud  volumen  delegamus. 


Atticus. 

His  love  of  learning, 

1.  T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  ab  origine  Ultima  stirpis  EOmanae  b.c. 
generatus,  perpetuo  a  maioribus  acceptam  equestrem  obtinuit  ^^^' 
dignitatem.  Patre  usus  est  dlligente  et,  ut  tum  erant  tempora, 
diti  in  primisque  studios6  litterarum.  Hie,  prout  ipse  amabat 
litteras,  omnibus  doctrinis,  quibus  puerilis  aetas  impertiri  debet, 
filium  grudivit.  Erat  autem  in  puero  praeter  docilitatem  ingenii 
summa  suavitas  oris  atque  vocis,  ut  non  solum  celeriter  acciperit 
quae  tradebantur,  sed  etiam  excellenter  pronuntiaret.  Qua  ex  rg 
in  pueritia  nobilis  inter  aequales  ferebatur  clariusque  exsplendg- 
sc6bat,  quam   generosi  condiscipuli  animo  aequo  ferre  possent.^ 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  with  comparatives. 

1  608,  I:  320:  631,  2.  2  502,  2:  832,  b:  631,  3. 


70  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

Itaque  incitabat  omnSs  studio  suo,  quo  in  numero  fu6runt  L. 
Torquatus,  C.  Marius  filius,  M.  Cicero:  quos  cOnsuetudine  sua 
SIC  devinxit,  ut  nemo  ils  perpetuo  fuerit  carior. 

He  becomes  the  heir  of  his  uncle. 

5.  Habgbat  avunculum  Q.  Caecilium,  equitem  ESmanum,  f amili- 
arem  L.  Luculli,  divitem,  difficillima  natura:  cuius  sic  asperita- 
tem  veritus  est,  ut,  quern  nemo  ferre  posset,^  huius  sine  offensione 
ad  summam  senectutem  retinuerit  bene  vol  entiam.  Quo  fact6 
tulit  pietatis  frtictum.  Caecilius  enim  moriens  testamento  adopta- 
vit  eum  heredemque  fecit  ex  dodrante  :  ex  qua  li6reditate  accepit 
circiter  centies  sestertium.  Erat  ntipta  soror  Attici  Q.  Tullio 
Ciceroni,  easque  nuptias  M.  Cicero  conciliarat,  cum  quo  a  con- 
discipulatu  viv6bat  conitinctissime,  multo  etiam  familiarius  quam 
cum  Quinto,  ut  iudicarl  possit  plus  in  amicitia  val6re  similitudi- 
nem  morum  quam  adflnitatem.  UtSbatur  autem  intimg  Q.  Hor- 
tSnsio,  qui  iis  temporibus  prlncipatum  eloquentiae  tenebat,  ut 
intellegl  non  posset,  uter  eum  plus  diligeret,  Cicero  an  Hort6n- 
sius:  et  id,  quod  erat  difficillimum,  efficiebat,  ut,  inter  quos 
tantae  laudis  esset  aemulatio,  nulla  intercSderet  obtrectatio  esset- 
que  talium  virorum  copula. 

His  dignity  and  indifference  to  public  honors. 

6.  In  re  publica  ita  est  versatus,  ut  semper  optimarum  par- 
tium  ^  et  esset  et  exTstimaretur,  neque  tamen  s6  civilibus  fluctibus 
committeret,  quod  non  magis  eos  in  sua  potestate  existimabat 
esse,  qui  se  his  dedissent,  quam  qui  maritimis  iactarentur.  Hono- 
ris non  petiit,  cum  ei  paterent  propter  vel  gratiam  vel  dignita- 

Special  Study.  —  Force  of  subjunctive  of  characteristic. 

1  529,  II :  342 :  663,  2  401 ;  214,  c :  366, 


ATTICUS.  71 

tern :  quod  neque  petl  more  maiorum  neque  capi  possent  ^ 
conservatis  legibus  in  tarn  etftisi  ambitus  largltionibus  neque  gerl 
6  r6  publica  sine  perlculo  corruptls  civitatis  moribus.  Ad  hastam 
ptiblicam  numquam  accessit.  Ntillius  rei  neque  praes  neque 
manceps  factus  est.  Neminem  neque  suo  nomine  neque  sub- 
scribens  acctisavit :  in  ius  dg  sua  re  numquam  iit :  indicium  nul- 
lum habuit.  Multorum  consul  um  praetorumque  praefecttiras  d6- 
latas  sic  accgpit,  ut  neminem  in  provinciam  sit  secutus,  honore 
fuerit  contentus,  rei  familiaris  despexerit  frtictum:  qui  n6  cum 
Quinto  quidem  Cicerone  voluerit  ^  ire  in  Asiam,  cum  apud  eum  b.o. 
ISgati  locum  obtinere  posset.  Non  enim  decSre  se  arbitrabatur,  ^^' 
cum  praeturam  gerere  noluisset,  adseclam  esse  praetoris.  Qua  in 
re  non  solum  dignitati  serviebat,  sed  etiam  tranquillitati,  cum 
suspiciongs  quoque  vltaret  criminum.  Quo  fiebat  ut  eius  obser- 
vantia  omnibus  esset  carior,  cum  eam  officio,  non  timori  neque 
spel  tribui  vidSrent. 

The  simplicity  and  refinement  of  his  private  life. 

13.  Neque  vero  ille  minus  bonus  pater  familias  habitus  est 
quam  civis.  Nam  cum  esset  pectiniosus,  nemo  illo  minus  fuit 
emax,  minus  aedificator.  Neque  tamen  non  in  prlmis  bene  habi- 
tavit  omnibusque  optimis  r6bus  tisus  est.  Nam  domum  habuit 
in  colle  Quirlnali  Tamphilianam,  ab  avunculo  hergditate  relictam, 
cuius  amoenitas  non  aedificio,^  sed  silva  constabat :  ipsum  enim 
tectum  antiquitus  constitutum  plus  salis  quam  stimptus  habebat : 
in  quo  nihil  commutavit,  nisi  si  quid  vetustate  coactus  est.  Usus 
est  familia,  si  utilitate  itidicandum  est,  optima,  si  forma,  vix 
mediocrl.     Namque  in  ea  erant  pueri   litteratissimT,  anagnostae 

Special  Study.  —  Idiomatic  use  of  utor. 

1  616,  n :  321 :  541.  2  517 .  320,  e :  633, 

8  416,  ni:  244,  c:  396,  n.1. 


72  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

optimi  et  pltlrimi  libraril,  ut  ng  pedisequus  quidem  quisquam 
esset,  qui  non  utrumque  horum  pulchre  facere  posset/  pari  mod.6 
artifices  ceterl,  quos  cultus  domesticus  deslderat,  apprlme  bonl. 
Neque  tamen  horum  quemquam  nisi  doml  natum  domlque  fac- 
tum habuit :  quod  est  slgnum  non  solum  continentiae,  sed  etiam 
diligentiae.  Nam  et  non  intemperanter  concupiscere,  quod  a 
plurimis  videas,^  continentis^  debet  duel,  et  potius  dlligentia 
quam  pretiO  parare  non  mediocris  est  industriae.  Elegans,  non 
magnificus,  splendidus,  non  sumptuosus:  omnisque  dlligentia 
munditiam,  non  adfluentiam  adfectabat.  Supellex  modica,  non 
multa,  ut  in  neutram  partem  conspici  posset.  Nee  praeterlbo, 
quamquam  nonnullls  leve  visum  irl  *  putem,^  cum  in  primis  lautus 
esset  eques  Eomanus  et  non  parum  liberaliter  domum  suam 
omnium  ordinum  homines  invitaret,  n6n  amplius  quam  terna 
milia  peraeque  in  singulis  m6ns§s  ex  ephgmeride  eum  expSnsum 
silmptul  ferre  solitum.  Atque  hoc  non  audltum,  sed  cognitum 
praedicamus  :  saepe  enim  propter  familiaritatem  domesticis  rebus 
interfuimus. 

His  moderate  use  of  wealth. 

14.  Nem5  in  convivio  6ius  aliud  acroama  audivit  quam  anag- 
nosten,  quod  nos  quidem  iucundissimum  arbitramur:  neque  um- 
quam  sine  aliqua  ISctione  apud  eum  c6natum  est,  ut  non  minus 
animo  quam  ventre  convlvae  delectarentur :  nam  que  eOs  vocabat, 
quorum  mores  a  suls  non  abhorrerent.  Cum  tanta  pecuniae 
facta  esset  accessio,  nihil  dS  cotldiano  cultu  mutavit,  nihil  de 
vltae  consuettidine,  tantaque  usus  est  moderatiOne,  ut  neque  in 

Special  Study.  —  Future  passive  infinitive. 

1503,  I:  320:  631,  2.  840I:  214,  d:  366. 

2  486 :  311,  1 :  257.  *  248 :  147,  c,  1 :  435,  N.  4. 

6  616,  N.  1:  313,  5f:  605,  n. 


ATTICUS.  73 

s6sterti5  vTcies,  quod  a  patre  acc5perat,  parum  s6  splendid©  ges- 
serit  neque  in  sestertio  centi^s  adfluentius  vixerit,  qnam  insti- 
tuerat,  parique  fastlgio  steterit  in  utraque  fortuna.  Ntillos  habuit 
hortos,  nuUam  suburbanam  aut  maritimam  stlmptuosaiu  villam, 
neque  in  Italia  praeter  Aretinum  et  Nomentanum  rtisticum  prae- 
dium,  omnisque  ©ius  pecuniae  reditus  constabat  in  Epiroticis  et 
urbanis  possessionibus.  Ex  quo  cognosci  potest  usum  eum  pecu- 
niae non  magnittidine,  sed  rations  mgtiri  solitum. 

His  moral  qualities. 

15.  Mendacium  neque  dlc6bat  neque  pati  poterat.  Itaque  6ius 
cOmitas  n6n  sine  sevgritate  erat  neque  gravitas  sine  facilitate,  ut 
difficile  esset  intellectu,^  utrum  eum  amici  magis  vergrentur  an 
amarent.  Quid  quid  rogabatur,  religiose  pr5mitt6bat,  quod  non 
liberalis,^  sed  levis  arbitrabatur  pollic6ri  quod  praestare  non  pos- 
set. Idem  in  tuendo,  quod  semel  adnuisset/  tanta  erat  ctira,  ut 
non  mandatam,  sed  suam  rem  vidSretur  agere.  Numquam  suscepti 
negOtil  *  eum  pertaesum  est :  suam  enim  existimationem  in  ea  r6 
agi  putabat,  qua  nihil  habgbat  carius.  Quo  figbat  ut  omnia  Cice- 
ronum,  M.  Catonis,  Q.  Hortensii,  A.  Torquati,  multorum  praeterea 
equitum  Eomanorum  negotia  procuraret.  Ex  quO  iudicarl  poterat 
nOn  inertia,  sed  itidicio  fugisse  rei  ptlblicae  procurationem. 

His  long  life  and  last  illness, 

21.  Tall  modo  cum  septem  et  septuaginta  annOs  complesset 
atque  ad  extremam  senecttitem  non  minus  dignitate  quam  gratia 
fortunaque  crevisset  (multas  enim  hereditates  nulla  alia  re  quam 

Special  Study.  — Descriptive  genitive. 

1  647 :  803 :  436.  »  507,  HI,  2 :  316,  a,  2 :  625,  n.  4. 

2  401:  214,  (2:  366.  *  410,  IV:  221,  b:  377. 


74  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

bonitate  consecutus  est)  tantaque  prosperitate  tisus  esset  valstii- 
dinis,  ut  annis  trlginta  medicTna  non  indiguisset,  nactus  est  mor- 
bum,  quern  initio  et  ipse  et  medici  contemps6runt :  nam  putarunt 
esse  tenesmon,  cm  remedia  celeria  faciliaque  proponebantur.  In 
hoc  cum  tres  menses  sine  ullls  doloribus,  praeterquam  quos  ex 
curatione  capiebat,  consumpsisset,  subito  tanta  vis  morbi  in  imum 
intestinum  prorupit,  ut  extremo  tempore  per  lumbos  fistulae  ptiris 
gruperint.  Atque  hoc  priusquam  ei  accideret,  postquam  in  digs 
dolores  accrescere  febresque  accessisse  sensit,  Agrippam  generum 
ad  se  arcessi  iussit  et  cum  eo  L.  Cornelium  Balbum  Sextumque 
Peducaeum.  Hos  ut  venisse  vidit,  in  cubitum  innixus  "quantam/' 
in  quit,  "curam  diligentiamque  invaletudine  mea  tuenda  hoc  tem- 
pore adhibuerim/  cum  vos  testes  habeara,  nihil  necesse  est  pluri- 
bus  verbis  commemorare.  Quibus  quoniam,  ut  spero,  satisfeci, 
m6  nihil  reliqui  fecisse,  quod  ad  sanandum  me  pertineret,  reli- 
quum  est  ut  egomet  mihi  consulam.  Id  vos  ignorare  nolui :  nam 
mihi  Stat  alere  morbum  desinere.  Namque  his  diebus  quidquid 
cibi  sumpsi,  ita  prodtixi  vitam,  ut  auxerim  dolores  sine  spe  salu- 
tis.  Quare  a  vobis  peto  primum,  ut  consilium  probetis  meum, 
deinde,  ne  frtistra  dehortando  impedire  conemini." 

He  refuses  to  prolong  his  life. 

22.  Hac  Oratione  habita  tanta  constantia  vocis  atque  vulttis,  ut 
non  ex  vita,  sed  ex  domo  in  domum  videretur  migrare,  cum  qui- 
dem  Agrippa  eum  flens  atque  osculans  oraret  atque  obsecraret,  ne 
id  quod  nattira  cogeret,  ipse  quoque  sibi  acceleraret,  et  quoniam 
turn  quoque  posset  temporibus  superesse,  se  sibi  suisque  reserva- 
ret,  preces  eius  taciturna  sua  obstinatione  depressit.  Sic  cum 
biduum  cibo  se  abstinuisset,  subito  febris  decessit  leviorque  mor- 

Special  Study.  —  Indirect  question. 

1629,  I:  334:  467. 


ATTICUS. 


76 


APPIAK  WAY.      (RESTORATION.) 


bus  esse  eoepit.  Tamen  propositum  nihilo  s6tius  perggit.  Itaque  ^•^• 
die  quTnto,  postquam  id  consilium  inierat,  pridie  Kalendas  Aprll6s 
Cn.  Domitio  C.  Sosio  consulibus  decessit.  Elatus  est  in  lectlcula, 
ut  ipse  praescrlpserat,  sine  ulla  pom  pa  funeris,  comitantibus 
omnibus  bonis,  maxima  vulgi  frequentia.  Sepultus  est  iuxta 
viam  Appiam  ad  quintum  lapidem  in  monumento  Q.  Caecilii, 
avuncull  sui. 


GAIUS    lULIUS    CAESAR. 


DE   BELLO    GALLICO. 


Book  II. 

A  description  of  the  NerviL 

15.  Eorum  fines  Nervii  attinggbant; 
quorum  de  natura  mOribusque  Caesar 
cum  quaereret,  sic  reperiebat :  Nullum 
aditum  esse  ad  eos  mercatoribus ;  nihil 
pati  vini  reliquarumque  rerum  inferrl, 
quod  ils  rebus  relanguSscere  animos 
et  remitti  virttitem  existimarent :  ^  esse 
homines  feros  magnaeque  virttitis  ;  in- 
crepitare  atque  incusare  reliquos  Belgas, 
qui  s6  populo  Romano  dedidissent  patri- 
amque  virtutem  proiGcissent ;  confirmare 
sese  neque  ISgatos  misstiros/  neque  uUam 
condicionem  pacis  accepturos. 


They  prepare  to  attack  Caesar. 

16.   Cum  per  eorum  fings  triduum  iter  fScisset,  invenigbat  ex 
captivis  Sabim  flumen  ab  castris  suTs  non  amplius  milia  passuum 
decem  abesse:   trans  id  flumen  omnes  Nervios  consedisse/  ad- 
Special  Study.  —  Tenses  in  indirect  discourse. 

1  525 :  336,  6  :  654,  2  525 ;  336,  A :  653. 

76 


De  bello  gallico,  n. 


ventumque  ibi  EOmanorum  exspectare,  ana  cum  Atrebatis  et  b.c. 
Viromanduis,  finitimls  suis  (nam  his  utrisque  persuaserant,  uti  ^^' 
eandem  belli  fortunam  experlrentnr) ;   exspectari  etiam  ab  his 
Aduatucorum  copias  atque  esse  in  itinere;  mulierSs  quique  per 
aetatem  ad  ptignam  intitiles  viderentur  in  eum  locum  coniecisse, 
quo  propter  paludes  exercitul  aditus  non  esset.^ 

17.  His  rebus  cognitis,  explorator^s  centuriongsque  praemittit, 
qui  locum  idoneum  castrls  deligant.  Cum  ex  dediticiis  Belgis 
reliqulsque  Gallls  complures  Caesarem  sectitl  una 
iter  facerent,  quldam  ex  his,  ut  postea  ex  captlvis 
cognitum  est,  eorum  dierum  cOnsuStudine  itineris 
nostri  exercitus  perspecta,  nocte  ad  Nervios  per- 
vengrunt ;  atque  his  demonstrarunt  inter  singulas 
legiongs  impedlmentorum  magnum  numerum  in- 
terc^dere,  neque  esse  quicquam  negotii,^  cum 
prima  legio  in  castra  vgnisset,  reliquaeque  legio- 
n6s  magnum  spatium  abessent,  hanc  sub  sarcinis 
adorlrl ;  qua  pulsa  impedimentlsque  dlreptis, 
futurum  ^  ut  reliquae  contra  consistere  non  aud6- 
rent.^  Adiuvabat  etiam  eorum  consilium,  qui  rem  defergbant, 
quod  Nervil  antlquitus,  cum  equitatti  nihil  possent  (neque  enim 
ad  hoc  tempus  el  rel  student,  sed,  quicquid  possunt,  pedestribus 
valent  copils),  quo*  facilius  finitimorum  equitatum,  si  praedaudi 
causa  ad  eos  venissent,  impedlrent,*  teneris  arboribus  inclsis  atque 
Inflexis  crebrisque  in  latitudinem  ramis  enatis  et  rubis  sentibus- 
que  interiectis  effecerant,  ut  Instar  muri^  hae  s^pes  munlmenta 
praeberent,  quo  non  modo  non  intrari,  sed  n6  perspici  quidem 
posset.^  His  rebus  cum  iter  agminis  nostri  impedlretur,  non 
omittendum  sibi  consilium  Nervii  existimaverunt. 

Special  Study.  —  Future  passive  infinitive,  periphrastic  form. 


1603,  I:  320:  631.2. 
2  897:  216:  369. 


3  637,  3:  288,/:  248. 
*497,  II,  2:  317,6.:  545^2, 


*898,  4;  223,  e:  373. 


78  CAESAR. 

Position  of  the  camp.     A  surprise. 

18.  Loci  natura  erat  haec,  quern  locum  nostri  castrls  delSge- 
rant.  Collis  ab  summo  aequaliter  decllvis  ad  flumen  Sabim,  quod 
supra  nominavimus,  vergebat.  Ab  eo  fl amine  pari  acclivitate 
collis  nascebatur  adversus  huic  et  contrarius,  passtis  circiter 
ducentos  Infimus  apertus,  ab  superiore  parte  silvestris,  ut  non 
facile  introrsus  perspici  posset.  Intra  eas  silvas  hostgs  in  oc- 
culto  s6se  continebant ;  in  aperto  loco  secundum  flumen  paucae 
stationgs  equitum  videbantur.  Fluminis  erat  altitudo  pedum  ^ 
circiter  trium. 

19.  Caesar  equitatu  praemlsso  subsequebatur  omnibus  copiis;* 
sed  ratio  Ordoque  agminis  aliter  se  habebat  ac  Belgae  ad  Nervios 
detulerant.  Nam  quod  hostibus  approplnquabat,  consuetudine 
sua  ^  Caesar  sex  legiones  expedltas  dticebat  j  post  eas  totius  exer- 
citus  impedimenta  conlocarat ;  inde  duae  legiones,  quae  proximo 
conscrlptae  erant,  totum  agmen  claudebant  praesidioque  impedi- 
mentis  erant.  Equites  nostri  cum  funditoribus  sagittariisque 
flumen  transgressl  cum  hostium  equitatu  proelium  commlsSrunt. 
Cum  s5  illl  identidem  in  silvas  ad  suos  reciperent  ac  rtirsus  ex 
silva  in  nostros  impetum  facerent,  neque  nostri  longius,  quam 
quem  ad  finem  porrgcta  ac  loca  aperta  pertinebant,  cedentes 
InsequI  auderent,  interim  legiones  sex,  quae  primae  venerant, 
opere  dlm^nso  castra  mtinire  coeperuiit.  Ubi  prima  impedi- 
menta nostri  exercittis  ab  ils,  qui  in  silvls  abditi  latebant,  visa 
sunt,  quod  tempus  inter  eos  committendl  proelii  conv6nerat,  ut 
intra  silvas  aciem  ordinSsque  constituerant  atque  ipsi  sese  con- 
flrmaverant,  subito  omnibus  copils  provolavSrunt  impetumque  in 
nostros  equites  fec6runt.     His  facile  pulsis  ac  proturbatis  incredi- 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  accompaniment  without  cum. 

1 404:  216,  b :  365.  2  419^  1^  i).  248,  a,  n.  :  392,  r.  1. 

3419,  III:  263,  N.:  399. 


Sveones 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,   II. 


79 


bill  celeritate  ad  flumen  decucurrgrunt,  ut  paene  uno  tempore  et 
ad  silvas  et  in  flumine  et  iam  in  manibus  nostris  hostes  viderentur. 
Eadem  autem  celeritate  adverse  colle  ^  ad  nostra  castra  atque  eos, 
qui  in  opere  occupati  erant,  contenderunt. 


The  good  training  of  the  soldiers. 

20.  Caesarl  *  omnia  uno  tempore  erant  agenda :  vexillum  pro- 
ponendum,  quod  erat  inslgne,  cum  ad  arma  con  cur  rl  oport6ret, 

signum  tuba  dandum,  ab  opere  revocandl 
militSs,  qui  paulo  longius  aggeris  petendi 
causa  processerant  arcessendi,  acies  instru- 
enda,  militSs  cohortandT,  signum  dandum. 
Quarum  r6rum  magnam  partem  temporis 
brevitas  et  successus  hostium  impediebat. 
His  difficultatibus  ^  duae  r6s  erant  subsi- 
dio,^  scientia  atque  tisus  militum,  quod 
superioribus  proeliis  exercitatl,  quid  fieri 
oporteret  nOn  minus  commode  ipsi  sibi 
praescribere  quam  ab  aliis  doceri  pote- 
rant,  et  quod  ab  opere  singulisque  legioni- 
bus  singulos  legates  Caesar  discedere  nisi 
mtinitis  castris*  vetuerat.  Hi  propter 
propinquitatem    et  celeritatem   hostium 

nihil   iam   Caesaris   imperium  exspectabant,   sed   per  s6,   quae 

videbantur,  administrabant. 

21.  Caesar,  necessarils  rebus  imperatis,  ad  cohortandos  milit^s, 
quam  in  partem  fors  obtulit,  decucurrit  et  ad  legionem  decimam 
dSv^nit.     Militgs    non   longiore   oratione    cohortatus    quam    uti 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  absolute  in  conditional  sentence. 

1  425,  1,  1):  268,  ^:  387;  see  Notes.      3  390 :  233:  356. 
^  888 :  232 :  354.  *  481,  3 :  255,  4,  and  310 :  593,  2. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.   R. 6 


VEXILLUM. 


80  CAESAR. 

siiae  pristinae  virttitis  memoriam  retingrent  ^  neu  perturbarentur 
animo,  hostiumque  impetum  fortiter.sustingrent, 
qiiod  non  longius  hostSs  aberant,  quam  qu5 
telum  adigi  posset,^  proelii  committendi  signum 
dedit.  Atque  in  alteram  partem  item  cohortandl 
causa  profectus  pugnantibus  occurrit.  Temporis 
tanta  fuit  exiguitas,  hostiumque  tarn  paratus  ad 
dimicandum  animus,  ut  non  modo  ad  insignia 
accommodaiida,  sed  etiam  ad  galeas  induendas 
scutisque  tegumenta  detrudenda  tempus  de- 
scuTUM.  fuerit.     Quam  quisque  ab  opere  in  partem  casii 

d6v6nit,  quaeque  prima  signa  conspexit,  ad  haec  constitit,  ne  in 

quaerendls  suis  pugnandl  tempus  dimitteret. 


...  "  :  Doubtful  issue  of  the  fight 

.  22.  rnstructo  oxercitu,  magis  ut  loci  natHra  deiectusque  collis 
et  necessitas  temporis,  quam  ut  rei  militaris  ratio  atque  ordo 
postulabat,  cum  dlversis  legionibus  ^  aliae  alia  in  parte  hostibus 
resisterent,  s6pibusque^  densissimis,  ut  ante  demonstravimus, 
interiectis  prospectus  impediretur,  neque  certa  subsidia  conlocarT, 
neque  quid  in  quaque  parte  opus  esset  providerl,  neque  ab  uno 
omnia  imperia  administrari  poterant.  Itaque,  in  tanta  rerum 
iniquitate,  forttinae  quoque  eventus  varil  seqiiebantur. 

23.  Legioriis  nonae  et  decimae  mllites,  ut  in  sinistra  parte  aci6 
constiterant,  pilis  emissis,  cursu  ac  lassittidine  exanimatos  vul- 
neribusque  confectos  Atrebates  —  nam  his  ea  pars  obvenerat  — 
celeriter  ex  loco  superiore  in  fltimen  compulerunt,  et  transire 
conant^s    insectiti,    gladiis    m^gnam    partem    eorum    impeditam 

Special  Study.  —  Participle  for  coordinate  verb. 

1  498,  1 :  331 :   546.  2  503,  2 :  320,  c ;   631,  3.  «  481 :  255 :  409. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  II. 


81 


interf6c6nint.  Ipsi  transire^  flymen  non  dubitaverunt,  et  in 
locum  iniquum  progressi,  rarsus  resistentes  hostSs  redintegrato 
proelio  in  fugam  coniecenint.  Item  alia  in  parte  diversae  duae 
legiones,  undecima  et  octava,  profligatis  Viromanduis,  quibus- 
cum  erant  congress!,  ex  loco  superiore  in  ipsis  fluminis  ripis 
proeliabantur.  At  totis  fer6  a  fronte  et  ab  sinistra  parte  ntidatis 
castrls,  cum  in  dextro  comu  legio  duodecima  et  non  magno  ab  ea 
intervallo^  septima  constitisset,  omn6s  Nervil  confertissimo  ag- 
mine,  duce  Boduognato,  qui  summam  imperii  tenebat,  ad  eum 
locum  contenderunt ;  quorum  pars  aperto  latere  legionSs  circum- 
venlre,  pars  summum  castrorum  locum  petere  coepit. 

24.  Eodem  tempore  equit^s  nostri  levisque  armaturae  peditSs, 
qui  cum  iis  una  fuerant,  quos  primo  hostium  impetu  pulsos  dixe- 
ram,^  cum  s6  in  castra  reciperent,  adversis  hos- 
tibus  occurr^bant  ac  rtirsus  aliam  in  partem 
fugam  petebant,  et  calones,  qui  ab  decumana 
porta  ac  summo  iugo  collis  nostros  victores 
fliimen  transisse  conspexerant,  praedandi  causa 
egressi,  cum  respexissent  et  hostSs  in  nostris 
castris  versari  vidissent,  praecipitSs  fugae  ses6 
mandabant.  Simul  eorum,  qui  cum  impedimen- 
tis  veniebant,  clamor  fremitusque  oriebatur, 
aliique  aliam  in  partem  perterriti  ferSbantur. 
Quibus  omnibus  rebus  perm5ti  equit^s  Trover!, 
quorum  inter  Gallos  virttitis  opinio  est  singu- 
laris,  qui  auxilii  causa  ab  civitate  ad  Caesarem 
miss!  vgnerant,  cum  multitudine  hostium  castra 
compleri  nostra,  legiones  premi  et  paene  cir- 
cumventas  tengri,  calones,  equites,  funditorgs,  Numidas  diversos 


MILES  LEVIS  ARIIA- 
TURAE. 


Special  study.  —  Distinction  between  imperfect  and  perfect. 


1  506, 1,  4 :  332,  ^,  N.  2 :  555,  R.  3.  2  379^  2 :  257,  b :  335,  2,  n. 

8  See  Notes. 


82  CAESAB, 

dissipatOsque  in  omnSs  partes  fugere  vidissent,  dSspSratls  nostrls 
rgbus  domum  contenderunt ;  Romanos  pulsos  superatosque^  cas- 
trls  impedlmentisque  eorum  hostes  potltos  civitati  renuntiaverunt. 


The  Romans  gain  the  advantage, 

2^,  Caesar  ab  decimae  legionis  cohortatione  ad  dextrum  cornu 
profectus,  ubi  suos  urgerl  slgnlsque  in  tinum  locum  conlatis  duo- 
decimae  legionis  confertos  milites  sibi^  ipsos  ad  pugnam  esse 
impedimento  ^  vidit,  quartae  cohortis  omnibus  centurionibus  occl- 
sis  signiferoque  interfecto  signo  amisso,  reliquarum  cohortium 
omnibus  fer6  centurionibus  aut  vulneratls  aut  occisis,  in  his 
primipilo  P.  Sextio  Baculo,  fortissimo  viro,  multis  gravibusque 
vulneribus  confecto,  ut  iam  s6  sustinere  non  posset,  reliquos  esse 
tardiores  et  nonntillos  ab  novissimis  deserto  proelio  excSdere  ac 
t§la  vitare,  hostes  neque  a  f  route  ex  inf eriore  loco  subeuntes  inter- 
mittere  et  ab  utroque  latere  Instare  et  rem  esse  in  angusto  vidit, 
neque  uUum  esse  subsidium,  quod  submitti  posset :  sctito  ab 
novissimis  tini  militl^  detracto,  quod  ipse  eo  sine  scuto  venerat, 
in  primam  aciem  processit;  centurionibus  que  nominatim  appel- 
latis  reliquos  cohortatus,  milites  signa  inferre  et  manipulos  laxare 
iussit,  quo  facilius  gladils  titi  possent.  Cuius  adventu  spe  inlata 
militibus,  ac  redintegrato  animo,  cum  pro  se  quisque  in  conspectu 
imperatoris  etiam  in  extrgmis  suis  rebus  operam  navare  cuperet, 
paulum  hostium  impetus  tardatus  est. 

26.  Caesar,  cum  septimam  legionem,  quae  iuxta  constiterat, 
item  urggri  ab  hoste  vidisset,  tribtinos  mllitum  monuit,  ut  paula- 
tim  sgs6  legiongs  coniungerent,  et  conversa  sTgna  in  hostes  infer- 
rent.     Quo  facto,  cum  alius  alii  subsidium  ferret  neque  timerent 

Special  Study.  — Dative  of  separation. 

1  890,  I:  233:  356.  2  335,  H,  2:  229;  345,  b.  1. 


DE  BELLO   GALLICO,   11. 


n6  aversi  ab  hoste  circumvenirentur,  audacius  resistere  ac  fortius 
pugnare  coepSrunt.  Interim  milites  legionum  duarum,  quae  in 
novissimo  agmine  praesidio  impedlmentis  fuerant,  proelio  nun- 
tiato,  cursu  incitato,  in  summo  colle  ab  hostibus  e5n- 
spiciebantur ;  et  T.  Labi^nus,  castrls  hostium  potitus, 
et  ex  loco  superiore  quae  r6s  in  nostris  castris  gererentur 
conspicatus,  decimam  legi6nem  subsidiO  nostris  misit. 
Qui  cum  ex  equitum  et  calonum  fuga  quo  in  loco  rSs 
esset,  quantoque  in  perlculo  et  castra  et  legiones  et 
imperator  versaretur,  cognovissent,  nihil  ad  celeritatem 
sibi  reliqui  ^  fecerunt. 


Desperation  of  the  Nervii.     Their  defeat. 

27.  H6rum  adventu  tanta  rSrum  commatatio  est 
facta,  ut  nostrl,  etiam  qui  vulneribus  c5nfecti  procu- 
buissent,^  sctitls  innlxi  proelium  redintegrarent ;  tum 
calon^s,  perterritos  host^s  conspicati,  etiam  inermes 
armatis  occurrerent  ;  equit^s  vgr6,  ut  turpittldinem 
fugae  virtute  d6l6rent,  omnibus  in  locis  pugnarent,  qu5 
s6  legionariis  militibus  praeferrent.^  At  host^s  etiam 
in  extrgma  sp6  saltitis  tantam  virtutem  praestiterunt, 
ut,  cum  priml  eorum  cecidissent,  proximi  iacentibus 
msisterent,  atque  ex  eorum  corporibus  pugnarent;  his  dsiectls, 
et  coacervatis  cadaveribus,  qui  superessent  ut  ex  tumulo  t6la  in 
nostros  conicerent,  et  plla  intercepta  remitterent :  ut  non  ngqui-" 
quam  tantae  virtutis  homines  iudicarl*  deb^ret  ausos  esse  transire 
latissimum  flumen,  ascendere  altissimas  ripas,  subire  inlquissimum 
locum ;  quae  facilia  ex  difficillimis  animi  magnitudo  redegerat. 

Special  Study.  —  Relative  clauses  of  characteristic. 


SIGNUM. 


1  401,  N.  4 :  216 :  369. 

2  603,  1 :  320,  a :   631. 


8  497,  2  :  317,  h  :  545,  2,  r.  1. 
4  534, 1,  N.  2  :  330,  a,  2 :  528. 


84  CAESAR. 

•  2S.  Hod  proeli5  facto,  et  prope  ad  internecionem  gente  ac 
nomine  Nerviorum  redacto,  maiores  natu,  quos  una  cum  pueris 
mulieribusque  in  aestuaria  ac  paludes  coniectos  dixeramus,  hac 
pugna  nuntiata,  cum  victoribus  nihil  impeditum,  vlctis  nihil 
tutum  arbifcrarentur,  omnium  qui  supererant  consensu,  legates  ad 
Caesarem  mls^runt,  seque  ei  dediderunt;  et  in  commemoranda 
civitatis  calamitate,  ex  sexcentTs  ad  tres  senatores,  ex  hominum 
milibus  sexaginta  vix  ad  quingentos,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  s6se 
redactos  esse  dixerunt.  Quos  Caesar,  ut  in  miseros  ac  supplices 
usus  misericordia  videretur,  diligentissime  conservavit,  suisque 
finibus  atque  oppidTs  uti  iussit,  et  finitimis  imperavit  ut  ab 
iniuria  et  maleficio  se  suosque  prohiberent. 

Book  III. 

The  Veneti  conspire  against  Caesar. 

8.  Htiius  est  civitatis  long©  amplissima  auctoritas  omnis  5rae 
maritimae  regionum  earum,  quod  et  nav6s  habent  Veneti  pltlri- 
mas,  quibus  in  Britanniam  navigare  consu6runt,  et  scientia 
atque  usu  nauticarum  rerum  reliquos  antec^dunt  et  in  magno 
impetti  maris  atque  aperto,  panels  portibus  interiectis,  quos 
tenent  ipsi,  omnes  fere,  qui  eo  marl  titi  consuerunt,  habent  vecti- 
B.c.  gales.  Ab  his  fit  initiura  retinendi^  Silii  atque  Yelanil,  quod  per 
eos  suos  se  obsides,  quos  Crasso  dedissent,  reciperattiros  exlstima- 
bant.  Horum  auctoritate  finitimi  adducti,  ut  sunt  Gallorum 
subita  et  repentina  consilia,  eadem  d6  causa  Trebium  Terra- 
sidiumque  retinent,  et  celeriter  missis  legatTs  per  suos  princip^s 
inters©  coniurant,  nihil  nisi  communi  consilio  acttiros^  eundemque 
omnis  fOrtunae  exitum  esse  laturos,  reliquasque  civitates  sollici- 

Special  Study.  —  Future  infinitive  with  verbs  of  swearing. 

1  643 :  298 :  428,  2  522 :  330,  /:  527,  2. 


S6. 


DE  BELLO  OALLICO,  III.  85 

taixt,  ut  in  ea  libertate,  quam  a  maioribus  acceperant,  permajngre 
quam  Romanorum  servitutem  perferre^  mallent.  Omni  ora  mari- 
time celeriter  ad  suam  sententiam  perducta  communem  l6gSr 
tionem  ad  Publium  Crassum  raittunt,  sT  velit^  suos  recipere, 
obsides  sibi  remittat.^ 

Both  sides  prepare  for  the  struggle. 

9.  Quibus  de  rebus  Caesar  ab  Grasso  certior  f actus,  quod  ipse 
aberat  longius,  nav6s  interim  longas  aedifieari  in  flamine  Ligere, 
quod  influit  in  Oceanum,  remiges  ex  provincia  mstitui,  nautas 
gubernatoresque  compararl  iubet.  His  rebus  celeriter  adminis- 
tratis, ipse,  cum  primum  per  anni  tempus  potuit,  ad  exercitum 
contendit.  Veneti  reliquaeque  item  civitat^s  cognito  Caesaris 
adventu,  simul  quod  quantum  in  se  facinus  admisissent,  in- 
telleggbant  Iggatos,^  quod  nomen  ad  omnes  nation^s  sanctum 
inviolatumque  semper  fuisset,  retentos*  ab  se  et  in  vincula  con- 
iectos,*  pro  magnittidine  perlculi  bellum  parare  et  maximS  ea, 
quae  ad  ilsum  navium  pertinent,  providere  instituunt,  hoc*  maiore 
sp6,  quod  multum  natura^  loci  confidebant.  Pedestria  esse  itinera 
conclsa  aestuarils,  navigationem  impeditam  propter  mscientiam 
locorum  paucitatemque  portuum  sci^bant,  neque  nostros  exercitus 
propter  frumenti  inopiam  dititius  apud  s6  morari  posse  confide- 
bant: ac  iam  ut  omnia  contra  opinionem  acciderent,^  tamen  se 
plurimum  navibus  posse,  EomanOs  neque  ullam  facultatem  habere 
navium,  neque  eorum  locorum  ubi  bellum  gesturi  essent  vada, 
portuSy  insulas  novisse ;  ac  longS  aliam  esse  navigationem  in  con- 
cluso  marl  atque  ^  in  vastissimo  atque  apertissim5  Ocean6  per- 

Special  Study.  —  Conditions  in  indirect  discourse. 

1  624,  1,  2 :  336,  2,  n.  2 :   644,  3,  (6).  ^  413 :  245 :  408. 

2  627,  1 :  337,  1 :  657.  ^  425,  1,  1),  n.  :  254,  h  :  346,  k.  2. 
8  623,  III:  339:  651.  ^  515,  ni :  313,  a:  608. 

*  639,  II:  270,  x.  1 :  527.  8  459^  2 :  247,  di  643. 


86  CAESAR. 

spiciebant.  His  initis  consilils,  oppida  mUniunt,  frumenta  ^x 
agrls  in  oppida  comportant,  nav6s  in  Venetiam,  nbi  Caesarem 
primum  esse  bellnnx  gesturum  c5nstabat,  qnam  plurimas  possnnt, 
cognnt.  Socios  sibi  ad  id  bellnm  Osismos,  Lexovios,  ISTamngtes, 
Ambiliatos,  Morinos,  DiablintrSs,  Menapios  adsciscunt ;  auxilia 
ex  Britannia,  quae  contra  eas  region^s  posita  est,  arcessunt. 

Caesar^s  motives. 

10.  Erant  hae  difficultatgs  belli  gerendi,  quas  supra  ostendimus, 
sed  multa  Caesarem  tamen  ad  id  bellum  incitabant:  initiriae 
retentorum  equitum  Eomanorum,  rebellio  facta  post  deditionem, 
defectio  datis  obsidibus,  tot  civitatum  conitiratio;  imprimis  ne, 
hac  parte  negl6cta,  reliquae  nationSs  sibi  idem  licSre  arbitra- 
rentur.  Itaque  cum  intellegeret  omn6s  fere  Gallos  novis  rebus 
stud^re,  et  ad  bellum  mobiliter  celeriterque  excitari,  omngs  autem 
homings  natura  libertati  studere  et  condicionem  servittitis  odisse, 
priusquam  plures  civitates  consplrarent,^  partiendum  sibi  ac  latins 
distribuendum  exercitum  putavit. 

11.  Itaque  T.  Labienum  Iggatum  in  Trgveros,  qui  proxim! 
flumini  Eheno  sunt,  cum  equitatu  mittit.  Huic  mandat  Eemos 
reliquosque  Belgas  adeat,^  atque  in  officio  contineat;  Germanos- 
que,  qui  auxilio  a  Belgis  arcessiti  dicebantur,  si  per  vim  navibus 
flumen  transire  conentur,  probibeat.  P.  Crassum,  cum  cohortibus 
legionariTs  duodecim  et  magno  numero  equitatus,  in  Aquitaniam 
proficlsci  iubet  n6  ex  his  nationibus  auxilia  in  Galliam  mittantur, 
ac  tantae  nationes  coniungantur.  Q.  Titurium  Sabinum  legatum 
cum  legionibus  tribus  in  Unellos,  Curiosolltes  Lexoviosque  mittit, 
qui  eam  manum  distinendam^  ciiret.     Decimum  Brutum  adul6- 

Special  Study.  —  Accusative  of  gerundive  denoting  purpose. 

1  620,  II :  327  :   577.  2  499^  2  :  331,  /,  r.  :  546,  R.  2. 

3544^  2,  N.  2:  294,  d:  430, 


DE  BELLO   GALLICO,   m. 


87 


scentem  class!  Galliclsque  navibus,  quas  ex  Pictonibus  et  Santonis 
reliquisque  pacatis  regionibus  convenTre  iusserat,  praeficit,  et, 
cum  primum  posset,  in  Venetos  proficTsci  iubet.  Ipse  eo  pedestri- 
bus  copiis  contendit. 

Description  of  the  towns. 

12.   Erant  eiusmodi  fer6  sitiis  oppidonim,  ut,  posita  in  extrfimis 
lingulis   pr6munturilsque,  neque  pedibus  aditum  habSrent,  cum 

ex  alto  s6  aestus  inci- 


tavisset,  quod  bis  ac- 
cidit  semper  horarum 
duodecim  spatio,  neque 
navibus,  quod  rtirsus 
minuente  aestu  nav6s 
in  vadls  adflictarentur.^ 
Ita  utraque  rS  oppido- 
rum  oppugnatio  imp^- 
diebatur ;  ac  si  quando 
magnitadine  operis  for- 
te superatT,  —  extruso 
marl  aggere  ac  molibus 
atque  his  oppidi  moenibus  adaequatis  —  suls  fortunls  desp^rare 
coeperant,  magno  numer5  navium  appulso,  cuius  rei  summam 
facultatem  habebant,  sua  dgportabant  omnia,  seque  in  proxima 
oppida  recipiebant:  ibi  s6  rursus  Isdem  opportanitatibus  loci 
defendebant.  Haec  eo  facilius  magnam  partem  aestatis  faciebant, 
quod  nostrae  naves  tempestatibus  detin^bantur,  summaque  erat 
vasto  atque  aperto  marl,^  magnis  aestibus,  raris  ac  prope  nullis 
portibus,  difficultas  navigandi. 

Special  Study. — Ablative  absolute. 


TOWN  OP  VBNETI. 


U16,  2:  321:  541. 


2  431,  I,  4:  266,  a:  409. 


88  CAESAR. 

Their  skips.     Difficulties  of  the  campaign. 

13.  Nam  que  ipsOrum  naves  ad  hunc  modum  factae  armataeque 
erant :  carlnae  aliquanto  planiores  quam  nostrarum  navium,  quo 
facilius  vada  ac  dScessum  aestus  excipere  possent ;  prorae  admo- 
dum  6r6ctae,  atque  item  puppes  ad  magnitudinem  fluctuum  tem- 
pestatumque  accommodatae ;  navgs  totae  factae  ex  robore  ad 
quamvis  vim  et  contumeliam  perferendam ;  transtra  pedalibus  in 
altittidinem  trabibus  conflxa  clavis  ferreis  digiti  pollicis  crassitti- 
dine;  ancorae  pro  funibus  ferreis  catenTs  revinctae;  pelles  pro 
veils  altitaeque  tenuiter  confectae,  hae  sive  propter  lini  inopiam 
atque  eius  ustis  inscientiam,  sive  eo,  quod  est  magis  veri  simile, 
quod  tantas  tempestates  OceanI  tantosque  impetus  ventorum  sus- 
tingrl  ac  tanta  onera  navium  regl  veils  non  satis  commode  posse 
arbitrabantur.  Cum  his  navibus  nostrae  class!  ^  eiusmodi  con- 
gressus  erat,  ut  una  celeritate  et  pulsu  remorum  praestaret, 
reliqua  pro  loci  natura,  pro  vi  tempestatum  illis^essent  aptiora 
et  accommodatiora.  Neque  enim  bis  nostrae  rostro  noc6re  pote- 
rant  (tanta  in  iis  erat  firmitudo),  neque  propter  altitudinem  facile 
telum  adig^batur,  et  eadem  dS  causa  minus  commode  copulis  con- 
tin6bantur.  AccSd^bat,  ut,  cum  saevire  ventus  coepisset  et  s6 
ventO  dedissent,  et  tempestatem  ferrent^  facilius  et  in  vadls 
cOnsisterent  ^  tutius,  et  ab  aestti  relictae  nihil  saxa  et  caut^s 
timgrent;^  quarum  r^rum  omnium  nostris  navibus  casus  erat 
extimescendus. 

Meeting  of  the  fleets. 

14.  Compl-Qribus  exptignatis  oppidis  Caesar,  ubi  intellSxit 
frtistra  tantum  laborem  sum!,  neque  hostium  fugam  captis  oppi- 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  of  result  after  impersonal  verbs. 

1  887  :  231 :  349.  2  501,  I,  l ;  332,  2  :  553,  4. 


DE  BELLO   GALLICO,   III. 


89 


NAVIS  LONGA. 


dls  repriml  neque  iis  ^  noc6ri  posse,  statuit  exspectandam  classem. 
Quae  ubi  convenit  ac  primum  ab  hostibus  visa  est,  circiter  ccxx. 

naves  eorum  paratis- 
simae  atque  onini 
genere  armorum  oma- 
tissimae  profectae  ex 
portu  nostris  adversae 
constiterunt ;  neque 
satis  Brtito,  qui  classl 
praeerat,  vel  tribunls 
mllitum  centurioni- 
busque,  quibus  sin- 
gulae  navSs  erant  at- 
tributae,  constabat,  quid  agerent  aut  quam  rationem  pugnae 
msisterent.  Eostro  enim  noc6rI  non  posse  cognoverant ;  tur- 
ribus  autem  excitatls,  tamen  has  altittido  puppium  ex  barbarls 
navibus  superabat,  ut  neque  ex  inferiore  loco  satis  commode 
tela  adigl  possent  et  missa  ab  Gallls  gravius  acciderent. 

Tactics  and  victory  of  the  Romans. 

Una  erat  magno  tlsul  rSs  praeparata  a  nostris,  —  falces  praeactl- 
tae  Insertae  adflxaeque  longurils,  nOn  absimilT  forma  muralium 
falcium.^  His  cum  funes,  qui  antemnas  ad  malos  destinabant, 
comprehensi  adductlque  erant,  navigio  remis  incitato  prae- 
rumpebantur.  Quibus  absclsis  antemnae  necessariO  concidebant; 
ut,  cum  omnis  Gallicis  navibus^  spSs  in  v6lls  armamentlsque 
cCnsisteret,  his  ^reptls,  omnis  usus  n avium  uno  tempore  eriper- 
etur.     Eeliquum   erat  certamen  positum   in  virtu te,  qua  nostrl 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  and  dative  with  similis. 


1  801,  1 :  230  :  217.  2  391^  n,  4 :  234,  d :  359,  r.  1. 

8  884,  II,  4,  N.  2 :  236,  a :  350. 


90  CAESAR. 

mllites  facile  superabant,  atque  eo  magis,  quod  in  cOnspecta 
Caesaris  atque  omnis  exercittls  res  gerebatur,  ut  nullum  paulo 
fortius  factum  latere  posset;  omnes  enim  coll6s  ac  loca  supe- 
riora,  unde  erat  propinquus  despectus  in  mare,  ab  exercitu 
ten^bantur. 

15.  DisiectTs,  ut  diximus,  antemnis,  cum  singulis  binae  ac 
ternae  nav6s  circumsteterant,  milit6s  summa  vi  transcendere  in 
hostium  naves  contendebant.  Quod  postquam  barbarl  fieri  ani- 
madvertgrunt,  exptignatTs  compluribus  navibus,  cum  el  rei  nullum 
reperlretur  auxilium,  fuga  salutem  petere  contend6runt.  Ac  iam, 
conversis  in  eam  partem  navibus  quo  ventus  ferebat,  tanta  subito 
malacia  ac  tranquillitas  exstitit,  ut  se  ex  loco  commovSre  non 
possent.  Quae  quidem  r6s  ad  negotium  conficiendum  maximg 
fuit  opportuna:  nam  siiigulas  nostri  consectati  expugnavgrunt, 
ut  perpaucae  ex  omnI  numero  noctis  interventti  ad  terram  per- 
venerint,  cum  ab  hora  fere  quarta  usque  ad  solis  occasum  pugna- 
retur.  '         . 

The  Veneti  are  enslaved, 

16.  Quo  proeliO  bellum  VenetOrum  totiusque  5rae  maritimae 
confectum  est.  Nam  cum  ^  omnis  inventus,  omnes  etiam  gravioris 
aetatis,  in  quibus  aliquid  consilil  aut  dignitatis  fuit,  eo  convene- 
rant,  tum  ^  navium  quod  ubique  f  uerat  unum  in  locum  coegerant ; 
quibus  amlssis,  reliqui  neque  quo  sg  reciperent,^  neque  quem  ad 
modum  oppida  defenderent^  habebant.  Itaque  s6  suaque  omnia 
Caesarl  dediderunt.  In  quos  eo  gravius  Caesar  vindicandum  sta- 
tuit,  quo  dlligentius  in  reliquum  tempus  a  barbarls  ius  legatorum 
conservaretur.  Itaque  omnI  senatti  necato  reliquos  sub  corona 
vendidit. 

Special  Study.  — Use  of  cum  —  tum. 

1  664,  I,  5:   166,  a:  588.  2  503,  1 :  320:  631,  2. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,   IV.  91 

Book  IV. 
Caesar  makes  preparations  to  invade  Britain, 

20.  Exigua  parte  aestatis  reliqua  Caesar,  etsi  in  his  locis,  quod  ^•^- 

55. 

omnis  Gallia  ad  septentriOnfis  vergit,  maturae  sunt  hiemes,  tamen 
in  Britanniam  proficisci  contendit,  quod  omnibus  fer6  Gallicis 
bellis  hostibus  nostrls  inde  subraini strata  anxilia  intelleg^bat  et, 
si  tempus  ann!  ad  bellum  gerendum  deficeret,  tamen  magn5  sibi 
Usui  fore  arbitrabatur,  si  modo  insulam  adlsset,^  genus  hominum 
perspgxisset,  loca,  portas,  aditus  cognovisset;  quae  omnia  ferS 
Gallls  erant  incognita.  Neque  enim  temere  praeter  mercatorSs 
illO  adiit  quisquam,  neque  iis  ipsis  quicquam  praeter  Oram  mari- 
timam  atque  eas  region^s,  quae  sunt  contra  Gallias,  notum  est. 
Itaque  vocatis  ad  s6  undique  mercatoribus,  neque  quanta  esset 
Tnsulae  magnitadO,  neque  quae  aut  quantae  nationgs  incolerent, 
neque  quem  usum  belli  haberent  aut  quibus  institutis  uterentur, 
neque  qui  essent  ad  maiorum  navium  multitudinem  idOnei  portus, 
reperire  poterat. 

He  setxds  Volusenus  ahead  to  report. 

21.  Ad  haec  cognoscenda,  priusquam  perlculum  faceret,  id5- 
neum  esse  arbitratus  Gaium  Volus6num  cum  navl  longa  prae- 
mittit.  Huic  mandat,  ut  exploratis  omnibus  r^bus  ad  se  quam 
primum  revertatur.  Ipse  cum  omnibus  copils  in  Morinos  pro- 
ficiscitur,  quod  inde  erat  brevissimus  in  Britanniam  traiectus. 
Hue  nav6s  undique  ex  finitimls  regionibus  et,  quam  superiore  ^ 
aestate  ad  Veneticum  bellum  effecerat  classem,  iubet  convenlre. 
Interim  consilio  6ius  cognito  et  per  mercatores  perlato  ad  Britan- 

Speclal  Study.  —  Future  conditions  after  past  tenses. 

i609,  N.  3:  307,/:  696,2. 


92  CAESAK. 

nos,  a  compltiribus  insulae  civitatibus  ad  eum  l6gati  veniunt,  qui 
polliceantur  obsides  dare  ^  atque  imperio  populi  Eomanl  obtem- 
perare.  Quibus  auditis,  liberaliter  pollicitus  hortatusque,  ut  in 
ea  sententia  permanerent,  eos  domum  remittit,  et  cum  ils  una 
Commium,  quern  ipse  Atrebatibus  superatis  rggem  ibi  constitu- 
erat,  cuius  et  virttitem  et  consilium  probabat,  et  quem  sibi  tidelem 
esse  arbitrabatur,  ctiiusque  auctoritas  in  his  regionibus  magni^ 
habebatur,  mittit.  Huic  imperat,  quas  possit  adeat  civitat6s, 
horteturque  ut  populi  Roman!  fidem  sequantur,  seque  celeriter  eo 
venttirum  nuntiet.  Yolusenus,  perspectis  regionibus  omnibus, 
quantum  ei  facultatis  dari  potuit,  qui  navi  egredl  ac  se  barbarls 
committere  non  auderet,  quIntO  die  ad  Caesarem  revertitur,  quae- 
que  ibi  perspexisset  renuntiat. 

S'ubmission  of  the  Morini.     Bringing  together  and  assignment  of 

the  ships. 

22.  Dum  in  his  locis  Caesar  navium  parandarum  causa  moratur, 
ex  magna  parte  Morinorum  ad  eum  legati  venerunt,  qui  se  d6 
superioris  temporis  consilio  exctisarent,  quod  homings  barbarl  et 
nostrae  consuetudinis  imperlti  bellum  populo  Eomano  fecissent,^ 
sgque  ea,  quae  imperasset,  fact^rOs^  pollicSrentur,  H5c  sibi 
Caesar  satis  opportune  accidisse  arbitratus,  quod  neque  post 
tergum  hostem  relinquere  volebat,  neque  belli  gerendi  propter 
anni  tempus  facultatem  habebat,  neque  has  tantularum  re  rum 
occupationes  Britanniae  anteponendas  itidicabat,  magnum  ris 
numerum  obsidum  imperat.  Quibus  adductis,  eos  in  fidem  rec6- 
pit.  Navibus  circiter  octoginta  onerariis  coactis  contractlsque, 
quot  satis  esse  ad  duas  transportandas  legiones  existimabat,  quod 

Specisd  Study.  —  Tense  of  infinitive  with  verbs  of  promising. 

637,  N. :  330,  /,  n.  :  531,  n.  4.  2  404 :  252,  a :  380,  1. 

8  516,  II:  321:  541, 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  lY.  98 

praeterea,  navium  longarum  habebat,  quaestori,  Iggatls  praefectis- 
que  distribuit.  Hue  acc6d6bant  octodecim  onerariae  nav6s,  quae 
ex  e5  loco  ab  milibus  passuum  octo  vento  tenebantur,  quominus 
in  eundem  portum  venire  possent:^  has  equitibus  distribuit. 
Reliquum  exercitum  Q.  Titurio  Sabino  et  L.  Aurunculeio  Cottae 
legatis  in  Menapios,  atque  in  eos  pagos  Morinorum  ab  quibus  ad 
eum  legati  non  venerant,  ducendum  dedit;  P.  Sulpicium  Eufum 
legatum,  cum  eo  praesidio  quod  satis  esse  arbitrabatur,  portum 
tenere  iussit. 

Caesar  sets  sail  '  '".  '    ' . 

23.  His  cOnstittltIs  rebus,  nactus  idoneam  ad  navigandum  tem- 
pestatem,  tertia  ferg  vigilia  solvit,  equitgsque  in  ulteriorem 
portum  progredl  et  nav6s  conscendere  et  se  sequi  iussit.  A  qui- 
bus cum  paulo  tardius  esset  administratum,  ipse  hora  circiter  diSi 
quarta  cum  primis  navibus  Britanniam  attigit,  atque  ibi  in  omni- 
bus collibiis  expositas  hostium  copias  armatas  conspexit.  Cuius 
loci  haec  erat  natura,  atque  ita  montibus  angustis  mare  conting- 
batur,  uti  ex  locis  superioribus  in  litus  telum  adigi  posset.  Hunc 
ad  ggrediendum  nSquaquam  idoneum  locum  arbitratus,  dum 
reliquae  naves  eo  convenirent,^  ad  horam  nonam  in  ancoris  exspec- 
tavit.  Interim,  legatis  tribupTsque  mllitum  convocatis,  et  quae 
ex  Yoluseno  cognosset  et  quae  fieri  vellet  ostendit,  monuitque,  ut 
rei  militaris  ratio,  maxime  ut  maritimae  res  postularent  (ut  quae 
celerem  atque  instabilem  motum  babe  rent  ^),  ad  ntitum  et  ad 
tempus  omnes  res  ab  iis  administrarentur.  His  dlmissis,  et  ven- 
tum  et  aestum  uno  tempore  nactus  secundum,  dato  signo  et  sub- 
latis  ancoris,  circiter  milia  passuum  septem  ab  eo  loco  progressus, 
aperto  ac  piano  litore  naves  constituit. 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  with  dum. 

1  497,  II,  2 :  331,  e,  2  :  549.  2  519 .  328 :  572, 

8  517^  3^  1 .  320,  e  :   633, 


94 


CAESAR. 


The  Britons  oppose  his  landing,  but  are  defeated, 

24:.  At  barbari,  consilio  Eomanorum  cognito,  praemisso  equi- 
tatti  et  essedariis,  quo  plSrumque  genere  in  proeliis  titl  consuerunt, 
reliquis  copiis  subsectltT,  nostros  navibus  egredi  probibebant. 
Erat  ob  has  causas  summa  difficultas,  quod  naves  propter  magni- 
tudinem  nisi  in  alto  constitui  non  poterant;  militibus^  autem, 
ignStls  locis,  impeditis  manibus,  magno  et  gravi  onere  armorum 
oppressis,  simul  et  de  navibus  desiliendum  et  in  fluctibus  consis- 
tendum  et  cum  bostibus  erat  ptignandum ;  cum  illi  aut  ex  arido, 
aut  paulum  in  aquam  progress!,  omnibus  membris  expedltis,  no- 
tissimis  locis,  audacter  tela  conicerent,  et  equos  insuefactos  inci- 
tarent.  Quibus  rSbus  nostrl  perterriti,  at  que 
huius  omnino  generis^  ptignae  imperitl,  non 
eadem  alacritate  ac  studio  quo  in  pedestribus 
tlti  proeliis  c5nsu6rant,  titebantur. 

A  standard-bearer's  bravery.    The  Bntons  routed, 

2^.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  animadvertit,  nav6s 
longas,  quarum  et  species  erat  barbarls  inusi- 
tatior  et  motus  ad  usum  expeditior,  paulum 
removerl  ab  onerariis  navibus  et  r6mis  incitari 
et  ad  latus  apertum  hostium  constitui  atque 
inde  fundis,  sagittis,  tormentis  hostes  propelli 
ac  submovgri  iussit;  quae  res  magno  usui  nos- 
tris  fuit.  Nam  et  navium  figtira  et  remorum 
^-  motu  et  intisitato  genere  tormentorum  permoti 
barbari  constiterunt  ac  paulum  modo  pedem 
rettulSrunt.     Atque  nostris  militibus  cunctanti- 

Speclal  Study.  —  Genitive  with  adjectives. 


AQUILIFEB. 


^388:  282:  354, 


):  218,  a:  374. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  IT.  95 

bus,  maxime  propter  altitiidinem  maris,  qui  decimae  legionis 
aquilam  ferebat,  contestatus  deos,  ut  ea  res  legionl  fellciter 
evemret,  "Desilite,"  inquit,  "mllites,  nisi  vultis  aquilam  hostibus 
prodere :  ego  carte  meum  rei  piiblicae  atque  imperatorl  officium 
praestitero."  ^  Hoc  cum  voce  magna  dixisset,  se  ex  navl  proiecit 
atque  in  hostes  aquilam  ferre  coepit.  Tum  nostri  cohortati 
inter  se,  ne  tantum  dedecus  admitteretur,  QniversI  ex  navl 
desiluerunt.  Hos  item  ex  proximis  navibus  cum  conspexissent, 
subsecuti  hostibus  approplnquarimt. 

26.  Pugnatum  est  ab  utrlsque  acriter.  Nostri  tamen,  quod 
neque  ordines  servare  neque  firmiter  Insistere  neque  signa  sub- 
sequl  poterant,  atque  alius  alia  ex  navl,  quibuscumque  signis 
occurrerat,  se  aggregabat,  raagno  opere  perturbabantur ;  hostes 
vero,  notis  omnibus  vadls,  ubi  ex  litore  aliquos  singulares  ex 
navl  egredientes  conspexerant,  incitatis  equis  impedltos  adorie- 
bantur,  plures  paucos  circumsistebant,  alii  ab  latere  aperto  in 
tiniversos  tela  coniciebant.  Quod  cum  animadvertisset  Caesar, 
scaphas  longarum  navium,  item  speculatoria  navigia  mllitibus^ 
complerl  iussit  et,  quos  laborantes  conspexerat,  his  subsidia  sub- 
mittebat.  Nostri,  simul  in  arido  constiterunt,  suls  omnibus  con- 
sectitls  in  hostes  impetum  fecerunt  atque  eos  in  fugam  dederunt, 
neque  longius  prosequi  potuerunt,  quod  equites  cursum  tenere 
atque  Insulam  capere  non  potuerant.  Hoc  unum  ad  pristinam 
fortunam  Caesarl  defuit. 

Timce  with  the  Britons. 

27.  Hostes  proelio  superati,  simul  atque  se  ex  fuga  receperunt, 
statim  ad  Caesarem  legatos  de  pace  miserunt;  obsides  daturos 
quaeque  imperasset  facturos  esse   polliciti  sunt.     Una  cum  his 

Special  Study.  — Use  of  the  future  perfect  tense. 

1  473,  1 :  281,  r.  :  242,  r.  1.  2  421,  n  :  248,  c.  2  .405. 


A.  &  W.  LAT.  R. 7 


96  CAESAR. 

legatis  Commius  Atrebas  venit,  quern  supra  demon  str  aver  am  a 
Caesare  in  Britanniam  praemlssum.  Hunc  illi  e  navl  egressum, 
cum  ad  eos  oratoris  modo  Caesaris  mandata  deferret,  compre- 
henderant  atque  in  vincula  coniecerant :  turn,  proelio  facto,  re- 
mlserunt;  et  in  petenda  pace  eius  rei  culpam  in  multittidinem 
contulerunt,  et  propter  imprudentiam  ut  ignosceretur  ^  petiverunt. 
Caesar  questus,  quod,  cum  ultro  in  continentem  legatis  missis 
pacem  ab  se  petissent,  bellum  sine  causa  intulissent,  ignoscere 
imprudentiae  dixit,  obsidesque  imperavit;  quorum  ill!  partem 
statim  dederunt,  partem  ex  longinquioribus  locis  arcessitam  pan- 
els diebus  sese  dattiros  dixerunt.  Interea  suos  remigrare  in  agros 
iusserunt,  principesque  undique  convenire,  et  se  civitatesque  suas 
Caesari  commendare  coeperunt. 

Destruction  of  part  of  the  fleet, 

28.  His  rebus  pace  confirmata,  post  diem  quartum  quam  est  in 
Britanniam  ventum,  naves  duodecim,  de  quibus  supra  demonstra- 
tum  est,  quae  equites  sustulerant,  ex  superiore  portu  leni  vento 
solverunt.  Quae  cum  approplnquarent  Britanniae  et  ex  castrls 
viderentur,  tanta  tempestas  subito  coorta  est,  ut  nulla  earum  cur- 
sum  tenere  posset ;  sed  aliae  eodem,  unde  erant  profectae,  refer- 
rentur,  aliae  ad  inferiorem  partem  insulae,  quae  est  propius  solis 
occasum,  magno  sui^  cum  perlculo  deicerentur;  quae  tamen, 
ancoris  iactis,  cum  fluctibus  complerentur,  necessariO  adversa 
nocte  in  altum  provectae  continentem  petierunt. 

29.  Eadem  nocte  accidit  ut  esset  luna  plena,  qui  dies  maritimos 
aestus  maximos  in  Oceano  efficere  consuevit,  nostrlsque  id  erat 
incognitum.     Ita  tino  tempore   et  longas   naves,    quibus   Caesar 
exercitum   transportandum   curaverat,   quasque   in   aridum   sub- 
Special  Study. — The  objective  genitive. 

1  301,  1 :  146,  d  :  346,  R.  1.  2  396^  m  .  217  :  363,  2. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  TV,  97 

duxerat,  aestus  compleverat  j  et  onerarias,  quae  ad  ancoras  erant 
deligatae,  tempestas  adflictabat,  neque  ulla  nostrls  facultas.  aut 
administrandi  aut  auxiliandi  dabatur.  Compluribus  navibus  frac- 
tls  reliquae  cum  essent  funibus,  ancorls  reliqulsque  armamentis 
amissis  ad  navigandum  inutiles,  magna,  id  quod^  necesse  erat 
accidere,  totlus  exercitus  perturbatio  facta  est.  Neque  enim  naves 
erant  aliae,  quibus  reportari  possent,  et  omnia  deerant,  quae  ad 
reficiendas  naves  erant  usul,  et,  quod  omnibus  constabat  hiemari 
in  Grallia  oportere,  frumentum  his  in  locis  in  hiemem  provisum 
non  erat. 


The  Britons  conspire,     Caesar  makes  preparations, 

30.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis  principes  Britanniae,  qui  post  proe- 
liura  ad  Caesarera  convenerant,  inter  se  conloctitl,  cum  equites  et 
naves  et  frumentum  Komanis  deesse  intellegerent  et  paucitatem 
mllitum  ex  castrorum  exiguitate  cognoscerent,  quae  hoc  erant 
etiam  angustiora,  quod  sine  impedlmentis  Caesar  legiones  trans- 
portaverat,  optimum  factu  esse  duxerunt  rebellione  facta  frumento 
commeatuque  nostros  prohibere  et  rem  in  hiemem  producere, 
quod  his  superatis  aut  reditu  interclusis  neminem  postea  belli 
inferendl  causa  in  Britanniam  transiturum  confldebant.  Itaque 
rtirsus  coniuratione  facta  paulatim  ex  castrls  discedere  ac  suos 
clam  ex  agrls  dedticere  coeperunt. 

31.  At  Caesar,  etsT  nondum  eorum  consilia  cognoverat,  tamen 
et  ex  eventti  navium  suarum  et  ex  eo,  quod  obsides  dare  inter- 
mlserant,  fore  id,  quod  accidit,  suspicabatur.  Itaque  ad  omnes 
casus  subsidia  comparabat.  Nam  et  frumentum  ex  agrls  cotidie 
in  castra  conferebat  et,  quae  gravissime  adflictae  erant  naves, 
earum  materia  atque  aere  ad  reliquas  reficiendas   titebatur  et, 

Special  Study.  —  Quod  with  indicative  in  causal  clauses. 

1  445,  7  ;  200,  e  :   614,  r.  2. 


98  CAESAR. 

quae  ad  eas  res  erant  usui/  ex  continenti  comportari  iubebat. 
Itaque,  cum  summo  studio  a  mllitibus  adininistraretur,  duodecim 
navibus  amissls,  reliquis  ut  navigarl  commode  posset,  effecit. 

A  legion  engaged  in  reaping  is  surprised, 

32.  Dum  ea  geruntur,  legione  ex  consuetudine  una  frtimenta- 
tum  missa,  quae  appellabatur  septima,  neque  ulla  ad  id  tempus 
belli  suspicione  interposita,  —  cum  pars  hominum  in  agrls  rema- 
neret,  pars  etiam  in  castra  ventitaret,  —  ii  qui  pro  portis  castrorum 
in  statione  erant  Caesari  nuntiaverunt  pulverem  maiorem  quam 
consuettido  ferret  in  ea  parte  videri,  quam  in  partem  legio  iter 
fecisset.  Caesar,  id  quod  erat  suspicatus,  aliquid  novi  a  barbaris 
initum  consilii,  cohortes  qijae  in  stationibus  erant  secum  in  eam 
partem  prolicIscT,  ex  reliquis  duas  in  stationem  cohortes  succe- 
dere,  reliquas  armari  et  confestim  sese  subsequi  iussit.  Cum 
paulo  longius  a  castris  processisset,  suos  ab  hostibus  premi,  atque 
aegre  sustinere,  et  conferta  legione  ex  omnibus  partibus  tela 
conici  animadvertit.  Nam  quod,  omni  ex  reliquis  partibus  de- 
messo  frumento,  pars  una  erat  reliqua,  suspicati  hostes  hue  nos- 
tros  esse  venttiros,  noctti  in  silvas  delituerant ;  tum  disperses, 
depositis  armis,  in  metendo  occupatos,  subito  adorti,  panels  inter- 
fectls,  reliquos  incertis  ordinibus  perturbaverant,  simul  equitatti 
atque  essedls  circumdederant. 

The  British  methods  in  warfare.     Further  engagements. 

33.  Genus  hoc  est  ex  essedls  pugnae.  Primo  per  omnes  partes 
perequitant,  et  tela  coniciunt,  atque  ipso  terrore  equorum  et 
strepitu  rotarum  ordines  plerumque  perturbant ;  et  cum  se  inter 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  or  accusative  and  ad  after  usui. 

1  390,  II,  N.  2  :  233 :  356. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO,  IV.  99 

equitum  turmas  Insinuav6riint,  ex  essedls  desiliunt,  et  pedibus 
proeliantur.  Aurlgae  interim  paulatim  ex  proelio  excedunt,  at- 
que  ita  curriis  conlocant,  uti  si  illi  a  multittidine  hostium  pre- 
mantur,  expedltum  ad  siios  receptum  habeant.  Ita  mobilitatem 
equitum,  stabilitatem  peditum  in  proelils  praestant;  ac  tantum 
usu  cotidiano  et  exercitatione  efficiunt,  utI  in  declivl  ac  praecipiti 
loco  incitatos  equos  sustinere,  et  brevi  moderari  ac  flectere,  et 
per  temonem  percurrere,  et  in  iugo  insistere,  et  se  inde  in  currus 
citissime  recipere  consuerint. 

34.  Quibus  rebus  perturbatls  nostrls  novitate  pugnae,  tempore 
opportunissimo  Caesar  auxilium  tulit:  namque  eius  adventu 
hostes  constiterunt,  nostri  se  ex  timore  receperunt.  Quo  facto  ad 
lacessendum  et  ad  committendum  proelium  alienum  esse  tempus 
arbitratus  suo  se  loco  continuit  et  brevI  tempore  intermlsso  in 
castra  legiones  reduxit.  Dum  haec  geruntur,  nostrls  omnibus 
occupatis,  qui  erant  in  agris  reliquT,  discesserunt.  Sectitae  sunt 
continues  complures  dies  tempestates,  quae  et  nostros  in  castrls 
continerent^  et  hostem  a  pugna  prohiberent.  Interim  bar  ban 
nuntios  in  omnes  partes  dimiserunt  paucitatemque  nostrorum 
militum  suis  praedicaverunt  et,  quanta  praedae  faciendae  atque 
in  perpetuum  sul  llberandi^  facultas  daretur,  si  Romanos  castrls 
expulissent,  demonstraverunt.  His  rebus  celeriter  magna  multi- 
ttidine peditatus  equitattisque  coacta  ad  castra  venerunt. 

35.  Caesar  etsi  idem,  quod  superioribus  diebus  acciderat,  fore 
videbat,  ut,.  si  essent  hostes  pulsl,  celeritate  perlculum  effugerent,^ 
tamen  nactus  equites  circiter  triginta,  quos  Commius  Atrebas,  de 
quo  ante  dictum  est,  secum  transportaverat,  legiones  in  acie  pro 
castrls  constituit.  Commisso  proelio  dititius  nostrorum  militum 
impetum  hostes  ferre  non  potuerunt  ac  terga  verterunt.     Quos 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  of  gerund  with  sui. 

1  600,  1 :  320  :  631,  1.  2  542,  I,  i :  298,  a :  428,  r.  1. 

3537,  3:  288,/:  248. 


100  CAESAR. 

tanto  spatio  ^  seciiti,  quantum  cursu  et  viribus  efficere  potuerunt, 
complures  ex  iis  occiderunt,  delude  omnibus  longe  lateque  aedi- 
ficiis  incensis  se  in  castra  receperunt. 

Peace  is  made,  and  Caesar  returns  to  Gaid. 

36.  Eodem  die  legati  ab  hostibus  missi  ad  Caesarem  de  pace 
venerunt.  His  Caesar  numerum  obsidum,  quem  ante  impera- 
verat,  duplicavit  eosque  in  continentem  adduci  iussit,  quod 
propinqua  die  aequinoctii  mfirmis  navibus  biemi  navigationem 
subiciendam  non  existimabat.  Ipse  idoneam  tempestatem  nactus 
paulo  post  mediam  noctem  naves  solvit ;  quae  omnes  incolumes 
ad  continantem  pervenerunt ;  sed  ex  ils  onerariae  duae  eosdem, 
quos  reliqui,  portiis  capere  non  potuerunt  et  paulo  infra  delatae 
sunt. 

37.  Quibus  ex  navibus  cum  essent  expositl  milites  circiter 
trecenti^  atque  in  castra  contenderent,  Morini,  quos  Caesar  in 
Britanniam  proficiscens  pacatos  reliquerat,  spe  praedae  adducti, 
primo  non  ita  magno  suorum  numero  circumsteterunt,  ac,  si 
sese^  intertici  nollent,  anna  ponere  iusserunt.  Cum  illi^  orbe 
facto,  sese  defenderent,  celeriter  ad  clamorem  hominum  circiter 
milia  sex  convenerunt.  Qua  re  ntintiata,  Caesar  omnem  ex  castrls 
equitatum  suTs  auxilio  misit.  Interim  nostri  milites  impetum 
hostium  sustinuerunt,  atque  amplius  horis  quattuor  fortissime 
pugnaverunt,  et  panels  vulneribus  acceptis  complures  ex  his 
occlderunt.  Postea  vero  quam  equitatus  noster  in  conspectum 
venit,  hostes  abiectis  armis  terga  verterunt,  magnusque  eorum 
numerus  est  occisus. 

38.  Caesar  postero  die  T.  Labienum  legatum,  cum  iis  legioni- 
bus  quas  ex  Britannia  reduxerat,  in  Morinos,   qui  rebellionem 

Special  Study.  —  Direct  and  indirect  reflexives. 

1  879,  2  :  257,  b  :  398,  2.  2  449  .  196,  «,  i ;  520. 


DE  BELLO   GALLICO,  V.  101 

fecerant,  misit.  Qui  cum,  propter  siccitates  paluduin,  quo  se 
reciperent^  non  haberent  (quo  superiors  anno  perfugio  fuerant 
tisl),  omnes  fere  in  potestatem  Labienl  pervenerunt.  At  Q. 
Titurius  et  L.  Cotta  legatl,  qui  in  Menapiorum  fin6s  legi- 
ones  dtixerant,  omnibus  eorum  agrls  vastatis,  frumentis  suc- 
cIsTs,  aedificiis  incensis,  quod  Menapii  se  omnes  in  densissi- 
mas  silvas  abdiderant,  se  ad  Caesarem  receperunt.  Caesar  in 
Belgis  omnium  legionum  hiberna  constituit.  Eo  duae  omnino 
civitates  ex  Britannia  obsides  mlserunt,  reliquae  neglexerunt. 
His  rebus  gestis,  ex  litterls  Caesaris  dierum  viginti  sup- 
plicatio  a  senatu  decreta  est. 


Book  V. 

Caesafs  second  expedition  to  Britain, 

8.  His  rebus  gestis,  Labieno  in  continente  cum  tribus  legioni- 
bus  et  equitum  mllibus  duobus  rellcto,  ut  portus  tueretur  et  rem 
frumentariam  provideret,  quaeque  in  Gallia  gererentur  cognosce- 
ret,  consiliumque  pro  tempore  et  pro  r6  caperet,  ipse  cum  quinque 
legionibus,  et  pari  numero  equitum,  quem  in  continenti  rellquerat, 
ad  solis  occasum  naves  solvit;  et  lenl  Africo  provectus,  media 
circiter  nocte  vento  intermlsso,  cursum  non  tenuit;  et,  longius 
delatus  aestii,  orta  luce,  sub  sinistra  Britanniam  rellctam  con- 
spexit.  Tum  rursus  aestus  commutationem  sectitus,  remis  con- 
teiidit  ut  eam  partem  insulae  caperet,  qua  optimum  esse  egressum 
superiore  aestate  cognoverat.  Qua  in  re  admodum  fuit  mllitum 
virtus  laudanda,  qui  vectorils  gravibusque  navigils,^  non  inter- 
mlsso remigandi  labore,  longarum  navium  cursum  adaequarunt. 
Accessum   est   ad   Britanniam  omnibus  navibus  merldiano   fere 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  gerundive  as  predicate  adjective.       ^ 

1  603,  1 :  320,  a  :   631,  2.  'M30 :  248,  c,  1  :  401. 


102 


CAESAR. 


tempore^  neque  in  eo  loco  hostis  est  visus ;  sed,  ut  postea  Caesar 
ex  captivis  cognovit,  cum  magnae  mantis  eo  convenissent,  multi- 
tudine  navium  perterritae,  quae  cum  annotinis  privatlsque,  quas 
sul  quisque  commodl^  fecerat,  amplius  octingentae  uno  erant 
visae  tempore,  a  litore  discesserant  ac  se  in  superiora  loca  ab- 
diderant. 


He  defeats  the  Britons.     Lijury  to  the  fleet. 

9.  Caesar  exposito  exercitu  et  loco  castris  idoneo  capto,  ubi  ex 
captivis  cognovit,  quo  in  loco  hostium  copiae  consedissent,  cohor- 
tibus  decem  ad  mare  rellctis  et  equitibus  trecentis,  qui  praesidio 
navibus  essent,^  de  tertia  vigilia  ad  hostes  contendit,  eo  minus 
veritus  navibus,  quod  in  litore  molll  atque  aperto  deligatas  ad 
ancoram  relinquebat,  et  praesidio  navibus  Quintum  Atrium  prae- 
fecit.  Ipse  noctu  progressus  milia  passuum  circiter  duodecim 
hostium  copias  conspicatus   est.     Illl  equitatti  atque  essedls  ad 

flumen  progress!  ex  loco 
superiore  nostros  prohi- 
bere   et    proelium    com- 
mittere  coeperunt.     Ee- 
pulsl  ab  equitatu  se  in 
silvas  abdiderunt,  locum 
nacti  egregie  et  nattira 
et  opere  mtinltum,  quem 
domestic!  belli,  ut  videba- 
tur,  causa  iam  ante  prae- 
paraverant :  nam  crebrls 
arboribus  succisis  omnes  introitus  erant  praeclusl.     Ips!  ex  silvls 
ran    propugnabant    nostrosque    intra    munltiones    ingred!    pro- 
Special  Study. —The  testudo. 
isc.  cawsa.  M97,  1:  317,2:  630. 


DE  BELLO   GALLICO,  V.  103 

hibebant.  At  mllites  legionis  septimae  testiidine  facta  et  aggere 
ad  mtinitiones  adiecto  locum  ceperunt  eosque  ex  silvls  expii- 
lerunt  paucis  vulneribus  acceptls.  Sed  eos  fugientes  longius 
Caesar  prosequi  vetuit,  et  quod  loci  iiaturam  Ignorabat,  et  quod 
magna  parte  die!  consumpta  munitioni  castrorum  tempus  relinqui 
volebat. 

10.  Postrldie  eius  diel,  mane,  tripartite  mllites  equitesque  in 
expeditionem  misit,  ut  eos  qui  fugerant  persequerentur.  His 
aliquantum  itineris^  progressis,  cum  iam  extremi  essent  in  pro- 
spectu,  equites  a  Q.  A  trio  ad  Caesarem  venerunt,  qui  nuntiarent 
superiore  nocte,  maxima  coorfca  tempestate,  prope  omnes  naves 
adfllctas  atque  in  lltore  eiectas  esse ;  quod  neque  ancorae  funes- 
que  subsisterent,  neque  nautae  gubernatoresque  vim  tempes- 
tatis  pati  possent.  Itaque  ex  eo  concursu  navium  magnum 
esse  incommodum  acceptum. 

Rapid  repairing  of  the  ships. 

11.  His  rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  legiones  equitatumque  revocari 
atque  in  itinere  desistere  iubet ;  ipse  ad  naves  revertitur :  eadem 
fere,  quae  ex  nuntiis  litterlsque  cognoverat,  coram  perspicit,  sic 
ut,  amis  sis  circiter  quadraginta  navibus  reliquae  tamen  re  fid 
posse  magno  negotio  viderentur.  Itaque  ex  legionibus  fabros 
deligit,  et  ex  continenti  alios  arcessi  iubet;  Labieno  scrlbit  ut 
quam  plurimas  posset,  ils  legionibus^  quae  sunt  apud  eum,  naves 
Instituat.  Ipse,  etsi  res  erat  multae  operae  ac  laboris,  tamen 
commodissimum  esse  statuit,  omnes  naves  subduci  et  cum  castrls 
una  munltione  coniungl.  In  his  rebus  circiter  dies  decem  con- 
stimit,  ne  nocturnis  quidem  temporibus  ad  laborem  mllitum  inter- 
mlssls.     Subductis   navibus   castrlsque  egregie   munitis,  easdem 

Special  Study.  —  Persons  considered  as  means. 

1  397,  3  :  216,  3  :  371.  ^  420 :  248,  c :  401,  R.  1. 


104  CAESAR. 

copias  quas  ante  praesidio  navibus  reliquit;  ipse  eodem  unde 
redierat  proficiscitur.  Eo  cum  venisset,  maiores  iam  undique  in 
eum  locum  copiae  Britannorum  convenerant;  summa  imperii 
bellique  administrandi,  communi  consilio,  permissa  Cassivel- 
launo,  cuius  fines  a  maritimis  civitatibus  flumen  dividit,  quod 
appellatur  Tamesis,  a  marl  circiter  milia  passuum  octoginta. 
Huic  superiore  tempore  cum  reliquis  civitatibus  continentia 
bella  intercesserant ;  sed  nostro  adventu  permoti  BritannI  hunc 
toti  bello^  imperioque  praefecerant. 

Description  of  Britain  and  the  Britons. 

12.  Britanniae  pars  interior  ab  ils  incolitur,  quos  natos  in 
insula  ipsi  memoria  proditum  dicunt;  maritima  pars  ab  iis  qui 
praedae  ac  belli  inferendi  causa  ex  Belgio  transierunt  (qui  omnes 
fere  ils  nominibus  civitatum  appellantur,  quibus  orti  ex  civi- 
tatibus eo  pervenerunt)  et  bello  inlato  ibi  permanserunt  atque 
agros  colere  coeperunt.  Hominum  est  Inflnita  multitude  creber- 
rimaque  aedificia  fere  Gallicis  consimilia,  pecorum  magnus 
numerus.  Utuntur  aut  aere  aut  nummo  aureo  aut  talels  ferrels 
ad  certum  pondus  examinatis  pro  nummo.  Nascitur  ibi  plumbum 
album  in  mediterranels  regionibus,  in  maritimis  ferrum,  sed  ^ius 
exigua  est  copia;  aere  utuntur  importato.  Materia  ctiiusque 
generis,  ut  in  Gallia,  est  praeter  fagum  atque  abietem.  Leporem 
et  galllnam  et  anserem  gustare  fas  non  putant ;  haec  tamen  alunt 
animi  voluptatisque  causa.  Loca  sunt  temperatiora  quam  in 
Gallia,  remissioribus  frigoribus. 

13.  Insula   natura  triquetra,    cuius    tinum    latus    est    contra 
Galliam.     Huius  lateris  alter  angulus,  qui  est  ad  Cantium,  quo 
fere  omnes  ex  Gallia  naves  appelluntur,  ad  orientem  solem,  In- 
Special  Study.  —  Dative  with  compound  verbs. 

1  386  :  228  :  347. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO,   V.  105 

fei'ior  ad  meridiem  spectat.  Hoc  pertinet  circiter  milia  passuum 
qumgenta.  Alterum  vergit  ad  Hispaniam  atque  occidentem 
solem ;  qua  ex  parte  est  Hibernia,  dimidio  minor,  ut  existimatur, 
quam  Britannia,  sed  pari  spatio^  transmissus  atque  ex  Gallia 
est  in  Britanniam.  In  hoc  medio  cursti  est  Insula,  quae  appel- 
latur  Mona;  complures  praeterea  minores  subiectae  Insulae 
existimantur ;  de  quibus  Insulls  nonnulll  scrlpserunt,  dies  con- 
tinues triginta  sub  bruma  esse  noctem.  Nos  nihil  de  eo  per- 
contationibus  reperiebamus,  nisi  certis  ex  aqua  mensurls  breviores 
esse  quam  in  continenti  noctes  videbamus.  Huius  est  longi- 
ttido  lateris,  ut  fert  illorum  opinio,  septingentorum  milium.  Ter- 
tium  est  contra  septentriones ;  cul  parti  nulla  est  obiecta  terra, 
sed  eius  angulus  lateris  maxime  ad  Germaniam  spectat.  Hoc 
mIlia  passuum  octingenta  in  longitudinem  esse  existimatur.  Ita 
omnis  Insula  est  in  circuitu  vicies  centenum  milium  passuum. 

Their  customs. 

14.  Ex  his  omnibus  longe  sunt  humanissimi,  qui  Cantium 
incolunt,  quae  regio  est  maritima  omnis,  neque  multum  a  Gallica 
differunt  consuetudine.  Interiores  plerlque  frumenta  non  serunt, 
sed  lacte  et  came  vivunt  pellibusque  sunt  vestltl.  Omnes  vero 
se  BritannI  vitro  Inficiunt,  quod  caeruleum  efficit  colorem,  atque 
hoc  horridiores  sunt  in  pugna  aspectu ;  capilloque  sunt  promlsso 
atque  omnI  parte  corporis  rasa  praeter  caput  et  labrum  superius. 

Skirmishing  with  the  Britons. 

15.  Equites  hostium  essedarilque  acriter  proelio  cum  equitatu 
nostro  in  itinere  confllxerunt,  tamen  ut  nostrl  omnibus  partibus 
superiores   fuerint   atque   eos   in   silvas  collesque   compulerint; 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  and  ablative  of  quality. 

1  419,  II :  251 :   400. 


106  CAESAR. 

sed  compluribus  interfectis  cupidius  Insectiti  nonnullos  ex 
suis  amiserunt.  At  illi  intermlsso  spatio,  impru- 
dentibus  nostrls  atque  occupatis  in  munltione  cas- 
trorum,  subito  se  ex  silvls  eiecerunt  impettique  in 
eos  facto,  qui  erant  in  statione  pro  castrls  conlocati, 
acriter  pugnaverunt,  duabusque  missis  subsidio  co- 
hortibus  a  Caesare,  atque  his  primis  legionum 
duarum,  cum  hae  perexiguo  intermlsso  loci  spatio 
inter  se  constitissent,  novo  genere  ptignae  perter- 
ritls  nostrls  per  medios  audacissime  perrtiperunt 
seque  inde  incolumes  receperunt.     Eo  die  Quintus 

fLaberius  Durus  tribiinus  mllitum  interficitur.  Illi 
pluribus  submlssis  cohortibus  repelluntur. 
16.  Toto  hoc  in  genere  ptignae,  cum  sub  oculls 
GLADius.  omnium  ac  pro  castrls  dimicaretur,  intellectum  est 
nostros,  propter  gravitatem  armorum,  quod  neque  Insequi  cedentes 
possent  neque  ab  signis  discedere  auderent,  minus  aptos  esse  ad 
htiius  generis  hostem;  equites  autem  magno  cum  periculo  dimi- 
care,  propterea  quod  illi  etiam  consulto  plerumque  cederent,  et 
cum  paulum  ab  legionibus  nostros  remo  vis  sent,  ex  essedis  desili- 
rent  et  pedibus  dispari  proelio  contenderent.  Equestris  autem 
proelii  ratio  et  cedentibus  et  insequentibus  par  atque  idem  per- 
iculum  inferebat.  Accedebat  hue,  ut  numquam  conferti  sed  rarl 
magnisque  intervallis  proeliarentur,^  stationesque  dispositas  habe- 
rent,  atque  alios  alii  deinceps  exciperent,  integrlque  et  recentes 
def atigatis  succederent. 

The  enemy  routed, 

17.   Postero  die  procul  a  castrls  hostes  in  collibus  constiterunt, 
rarique  se  ostendere,  et  lenius  quam  pridie  nostros  equites  proelio 

Special  Study.  —  Se  used  for  reciprocal  pronoun. 

1  601,  I,  1 :  332,  a,  2 :  553,  3. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  V.  107 

lacessere  coeperunt.  Sed  meridie,  cum  Caesar  pabulandi  causa 
tres  legiones  atque  omnem  equitatum  cum  C.  Trebonio  legato 
misisset,  repente  ex  omnibus  partibus  ad  pabulatores  advolave- 
runt,  sic  uti  ab  signis  legionibusque  non  absisterent.  Nostri, 
acriter  in  eos  impetu  facto,  repulenint,  neque  finem  sequendi 
fecerunt,  quoad  subsidio  conflsl  equites,  cum  post  se  legiones 
viderent,  praecipites  hostes  egerunt;  magnoque  eorum  numero 
interfecto,  neque  suT  conligendi  neque  consistendi  aut  ex  essedls 
desiliendl  facultatem  dederunt.  Ex  hac  fuga  protinus  quae  undi- 
que  convenerant  auxilia  discesserunt ;  neque  post  id  tempus 
umquam  summis  noblscum  copils  hostes  contenderunt. 

Caesar  marches  to  the  Thames  against  Cassivellaunus,  tvho  declines 

battle. 

18.  Caesar,  cognito  consilio  eorum,  ad  fiumen  Tamesim  in  fines 
CassivellaunI  exercitum  duxit;  quod  fiumen  uno  omnino  loco 
pedibus,  atque  hoc  aegre,  translri  potest.  Eo  cum  venisset,  ani- 
mum  advertit  ad  alteram  fluminis  ripam  magnas  esse  copias  hos- 
tium  instrtictas ;  rlpa  autem  erat  acutis  sudibus  praefixTs  munita, 
eiusdemque  generis  sub  aqua  d^fixae  sudes  flumine  tegebantur. 
His  rebus  cognitis  a  captlvis  perfuglsque,  Caesar,  praemlsso  equi- 
tatu,  confestim  legiones  subsequi  iussit.  Sed  ea  celeritate  atque 
eo  impetu  mllites  ierunt,  cum  capite  ^  solo  ex  aqua  exstarent,  ut 
hostes  impetum  legionum  atque  equitum  sustinere  non  possent, 
npasque  dimitterent  ac  se  fugae  mandarent. 

19.  Cassivellaunus,  ut  supra  demonstravimus,  omnI  deposita 
sp6  contentionis,  dimissis  amplioribus  copiis,  mllibus  circiter 
quattuor  essedariorum  relictis,  itinera  nostra  servabat;  paulum- 
que   ex   via  excedebat,   loclsque    impeditis   ac  silvestribus   sese 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  degree  of  difference. 

1423:  250:  403. 


108  CAESAK. 

occultabat,  atque  iis  regionibus,  quibus  nos  iter  facttiros  cogno- 
verat,  pecora  atque  homines  ex  agris  in  silvas  compellebat  et, 
cum  equitatus  noster  llberius  praedandi  vastandlque  causa  se 
in  agros  eiecerat,  omnibus  vils  semitisque  essedarios  ex  silvis 
emittebat  et  magno  cum  periculo  nostrorum  equitum-  cum  iis 
confllgebat  atque  hoc  metu  latius  vagarl  prohibebat.  Eelinque- 
batur,  ut  neque  longius  ab  agmine  legionum  disced!  Caesar 
pateretur,^  et  tantum  in  agris  vastandls  incendilsque  faciendls 
hostibus  noceretur,^  quantum  labore  atque  itinere  legionarii  mlli- 
tes  efficere  poterant. 

Several  tribes  surrender.      Caesar  captures  a  stronghold  of  the 

Britons. 

20.  Interim  Trinobantes^  prope  firmissima  earum  regionum 
cTvitas,  ex  qua  Mandubracius  adulescens  Caesaris  fidem  sectitus 
ad  eum  in  continentem  Galliam  venerat,  cuius  pater  in  ea  civitate 
regnum  obtinuerat  interfectusque  erat  a  Cassivellauno,  ipse  fuga 
mortem  vitaverat,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  pollicenturque, 
sese  el  dedituros  atque  imperata  facturos ;  petunt,  ut  Mandubra- 
cium  ab  iniuria  Cassivellauni  defendat  atque  in  civitatem  mittat, 
qui  praesit^  imperiumque  obtineat.  His  Caesar  imperat  obsides 
quadraginta  frumentumque  exercitui  Mandubraciumque  ad  eos 
mittit.  111!  imperata  celeriter  fecerunt,  obsides  ad  numerum 
frumentumque  miserunt. 

21.  Trinobantibus  defensis  atque  ab  omnI  militum  iniuria  pro- 
hibitis,  CenimagnT,  Segontiaci,  Ancalites,  Bibroci,  CassI  legationi- 
bus  missis  sese  Caesarl  dedunt.  Ab  iis  cognoscit,  non  longe  ex 
eo  loco  oppidum  Cassivellauni  abesse  silvis  paltidibusque  mtinl- 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  correlatives  tantum  —  quantum. 

1  501,  I,  1 :  332,  a,  2  :   553,  4.  2  301,  1 :  230  :  217. 

8  497,  1 :  317,  2  :  630. 


Wl^   XHK 


t  TJNIVERSIT 
DE  BELLO  GALLICO,  V.  X^^^^^^k^ 

tiim,  quo  satis  magnus  hominum  pecorisque  numerus  convenerit. 
Oppidum  autem  Britanni  vocant,  cum  silvas  impeditas  vallo  atque 
fossa  munierunt,  quo  incursionis  hostium  vltandae  causa  conve- 
nire  consuerunt.  Eo  proficiscitur  cum  legionibus  :  locum  reperit 
egregie  riatura  atque  opere  munitum ;  tamen  hunc  duabus  ex 
partibus  oppugnare  contendit.  Hostes  paulisper  morati  militum 
nostrorum  impetum  non  tuleruut  seseque  alia  ex  parte  oppidi 
eiecerunt.  Magnus  ibi  numerus  pecoris  repertus ;  multique  in 
fuga  sunt  comprehensi  atque  interfecti. 

Attack  on    the   naval   camp.      The   Britons  submit  and   Caesar 
returns  to  Gaul. 

22.  Dum  haec  in  his  locis  geruntur,  Cassivellaunus  ad  Cantium, 
quod  esse  ad  mare  supra  demonstravimus,  quibus  regionibus 
quattuor  reges  praeerant,  Cingetorix,  Carvilius,  Taximagulus, 
Segovax,  nuntios  mittit,  atque  his  imperat  uti,  coactis  omnibus 
copils,  castra  navalia  de  improviso  adoriantur  atque  oppugnent. 
Il  cum  ad  castra  venissent,  nostri,  eruption e  facta,  multis  eorum 
interfectis,  capto  etiam  nobill  duce  Lugotorige,  suos  incolumes 
reduxerunt.  Cassivellaunus,  hoc  proelio  ntintiato,  tot  detrlmentis 
acceptis,  vastatis  flnibus,  maxim e  etiam  perinotus  defectione  clvi- 
tatum,  legatos  per  Atrebatem  Commium  de  deditione  ad  Caesarem 
mittit.  Caesar  cum  constituisset  hiemare  ^  in  continenti  propter 
repentinos  G-alliae  motus,  neque  multum  aestatis  superesset,  atque 
id  facile  extrahl  posse  intellegeret,  obsides  imperat ;  et  quid  in 
annos  singulos  vectlgalis  populo  Romano  Britannia  penderet  con- 
stituit.  Interdicit  atque  imperat  Cassivellauno,  ne  Mandubracio 
neu  Trinobantibus  bellum  faciat. 

23.  Obsidibus  acceptiSj  exercitum  reducit  ad  mare,  naves  inve- 

Special  Study.  —  Infinitive  with  verbs  of  resolving. 
1498,  1,  X.:  331,  (^:  546,  x.  3. 


110  CAESAR. 

nit  refectas.  His  deductis,  quod  et  captivorum  magnum  nume- 
rum  habebat,  et  nonntillae  tempestate  deperierant  naves,  duobus 
commeatibus  exercitum  reportare  instituit.  Ac  sic  accidit,  uti  ex 
tanto  navium  numero,  tot  navigationibus,  neque  hoc  neque  supe- 
riore  anno  ulla  omnino  navis  quae  mllites  portaret  deslderaretur : 
at  ex  iis  quae  inanes  ex  continenti  ad  eum  remitterentur,  et 
prioris  commeatus  ,^xpositIs  mllitibus,  et  quas  postea  Labienus 
faciendas^  curaverat  numero  sexaginta,  perpaucae  locum  cape- 
rent;  reliquae  fere  omnes  reicerentur.  Quas  cum  aliquamdiu 
Caesar  frtistra  exspectasset,  ne  anni  tempore  a  navigatione 
excluderetur,  quod  aequinoctium  suberat,  necessario  angustius 
milites  conlocavit  ac,  summa  tranquillitate  consectita,  secunda 
inita  cum  solvisset  vigilia,  prima  luce  terram  attigit  omnesque 
incolumes  naves  perdu xit. 

Tnjo  brave  rivals. 

44.  Erant  in  ea  legione  fortissimi  virl,  centuriones,  qui  prlmis 
ordinibus  approplnquarent/  T.  Pulio  et  L.  Vorenus.  Hi  per- 
petuus inter  se  controversies  liabebant  quinam  anteferretur, 
omnibusque  annis  de  locis  summis  simultatibus  contendebant. 
Ex  his  Pulio,  cum  acerrime  ad  munitiones  pugnaretur,  "Quid 
dubitas/^  inquit,  "  Vorene  ?  aut  quem  locum  tuae  probandae 
virttitis  exspectas?  hic  dies  de  nostrls  controversils  iudicabit.^' 
Haec  cum  dixisset,  procedit  extra  munitiones,  quaque  pars 
hostium  confertissima  est  visa,  inrumpit.  Ne  Vorenus  quidem 
tum  sese  vallo  continet,  sed  omnium  veritus  existimationem 
subsequitur.  Mediocrl  spatio  rellcto,  Pulio  pllum  in  hostes 
immittit,  atque  tinum  ex  multitudine  procurrentem  traicit ;  quo 
percusso   et   exanimato,  hunc   scutis   protegunt,  in  hostem  tela 

Special  Study.  —  Relative  clauses  of  characteristic. 

1  644,  N.  2  :  294  (Z :  430.  2  593,  l  :  320  :   631. 


DE  BELLO    GALLICO,   YI.  HI 

universi  coniciunt,  neque  dant  regrediendl  facultatem.  Trans- 
figitur  scutum  PulionI,  et  Temtuni  in  balteo  defigitur.  Avertit 
hic  casus  vaglnam,  et  gladium  educere  conauti  dextram  moratur 
nianum,  impedltumque  hostes  circumsistunt.  Succurrit  inimicus 
illl  Vorenus  et  laborantl  subvenit.  Ad  hunc  se  confestim  a 
Pulione  omnis  multitudo  convertit ;  ilium  veruto  arbitrantur 
occlsum.  Gladio  comminus  rem  gerit  Vorenus,  atque  uno  inter- 
fecto  reliquos  paulum  propellit ;  dum  cupidius  Instat,  in  locum 
delectus  Tnferiorem  concidit.  Huic  rursus  circumvento  fert  sub- 
sidium  Pulio,  atque  ambo  incolumes,  compluribus  interfectis, 
summa  cum  laude  sese  intra  munitiones  recipiunt.  Sic  fortuna 
in  contentione  et  certamine  utrumque  versavit,  ut  alter  alter! 
inimicus  auxilio  salutlque  esset,  neque  dliudicari  posset  uter 
utrl  virtute  anteferendus  videretur. 

Book  VI. 

Customs  of  the  Gauls.     The  classes  of  society :  commons,  priests, 

icarriors. 

13.  In  omni  Gallia  coram  hominum  qui  aliquo  sunt  numero  ^ 
atque  honore  genera  sunt  duo.  Nam  plebes  paene  servorum 
habetur  loco  quae  nihil  audet  per  se,  et  nullo  adhibetur  «onsilio. 
Plerlque,  cum  aut  acre  alieno  aut  magnittidine  tributorum  aut 
iniuria  potentiorum  premuntur,  sese  in  servitutem  dicant  nobili- 
bus.  In  hos  eadem  omnia  sunt  iura  quae  dominis  in  servos. 
Sed  de  his  duobus  generibus  alterum  est  Druidum,  alterum 
Equitum.  Illl  rebus  divlnis  intersunt,  sacrificia  publica  ac  prl- 
vata  procurant,  religiones  interpretantur.  Ad  eos  magnus  adules- 
centium  numerus  discipllnae  causa  concurrit,  magnoque  hi  sunt 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  characteristic. 
1  419,  II :  251  :  402, 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R. 8 


112  CAESAR. 

apud  eos  honore.  Nam  fere  de  omnibus  controversiis  publicis 
privatlsque  constituunt;  et,  si  quod  est  admissum  facinus,  si 
eaedes  facta,  si  de  hereditate,  de  finibus  eontroversia  est,  ildem 
d^cernunt ;  praemia  poenasque  constituunt :  si  qui,  aut  privatus 
aut  populus,  eorum  decreto  non  stetit,  sacrificils  interdlcunt. 
Haec  poena  apud  eos  est  gravissima.  Quibus^  ita  est  interdictum,^ 
hi  numero  impiorum  ac  sceleratorum  habentur ;  his  omnes  dece- 
dunt,  aditum  sermonemque  defugiunt,  ne  quid  ex  contagione 
incommodi  accipiant:  neque  his  petentibus  ius  redditur,  neque 
honos  ullus  commtinicatur.  His  autem  omnibus  Druidibus 
praeest  unus,  qui  sura  mam  inter  eos  habet  auctoritatem.  Hoc 
mortuo,  si  qui  ex  reliquis  excellit  dignitate,  succedit ;  aut,  si 
sunt  plures  pares,  suffragio  Druidum,  nonnumquam  etiam  armis 
de  prlncipatu  contendunt.  Hi  certo  anni  tempore  in  finibus  Car- 
nutum,  quae  regio  totlus  Galliae  media  habetur,  considunt  in 
loco  consecrato :  hue  omnes  undique  qui  controversies  habent 
conveniunt,  eorumque  decrStls  iudiciisque  parent.  Disciplina  in 
Britannia  reperta  atque  inde  in  Galliam  translata  esse  exlstima- 
tur ;  et  nunc,  qui  diligentius  eam  rem  cognoscere  volunt,  plerum- 
que  illo  discendi  causa  proficlscuntur. 

Tlie  Druids  and  their  teachings.     TJie  knights. 

14.  Druides  a  bello  abesse  consuerunt  neque  tributa  una  cum 
reliquis  pendunt,  mllitiae  vacationem  omniumque  rerum  habent 
immunitatem.  Tantis  excitati  praemils  et  sua  sponte  multl  in 
discipllnam  conveniunt  et  a  parentibus  proplnqulsque  mittuntur. 
Magnum  ibi  numerum  versuum  ediscere  dicuntur.  Itaque  annos 
nonnulli  vigintl  in  disciplina  permanent.  Neque  fas  esse  exlsti- 
mant  ea  litterls  mandare,  cum  in  reliquis  fere  rebus,  publicis 

Special  Study.  —  Indirect  object. 

1  384,  5 :  225,  (?,  n.  1 :  390,  2,  n.  3.  2  301,  1 :  146,  d-.  217. 


DE  BELLO   GALLTCO,  Yl,  113 

privatlsque  rationibus,  Graecis  litterls  utantur.^  Id  mihi  duabus 
d6  causis  instituisse  videntur,  quod  neque  in  valgum  disciplTnam 
efferri  velint^  neque  eos,  qui  discunt,  litterls  conflsos  minus 
memoriae  stud^re ;  quod  fere  plerlsque  aceidit,  ut  praesidio  lit- 
terarum  dlligentiam  in  perdiscendo  ac  memoriam  remittant.  In 
primis  hoc  volunt  persuOd^re,  non  interlre^  animas,  sed  ab  aliis 
post  mortem  transire  ad  alios,  atque  hoc  maxime  ad  virtiitem 
excitarl  putant,  metu  mortis  neglScto.  Multa  praeterea  de  slde- 
ribus  atque  eorum  motu,  d6  mundl  ac  terrarum  magnitudine,  de 
r6rum  natura,  d6  deorum  immortalium  vl  ac  potestate  disputant 
et  iuventuti  trOdunt. 

15.  Alterum  genus  est  equitum.  Hi,  cum  est  usus  atque 
aliquod  bellum  incidit  (quod  fer6  ante  Caesaris  adventum  quo- 
tannls  accidere  sol^bat,  uti  aut  ipsi  iniurias  Inferrent  aut  inlatas 
propulsarent),  omn6s  in  bello  versantur,  atque  eorum  ut  quisque 
est  genere  c6piisque  amplissimus,  ita  plurimOs  circum  se  ambactos 
clientesque  habet.     Hanc  unam  gratiam  potentiamque  noverunt. 

TJieir  Huperstitions  and  human  sacrifices. 

IG.  Natio  est  omnium  Gallorum  admodum  dedita  religionibus, 
atque  ob  eam  causam,  qui  sunt  adfecti  gravioribus  morbis  quique 
in  proeliTs  perlculTsque  versantur,  aut  pro  victimTs  homines  immo- 
lant  aut  se  immolaturos  vovent  administrlsque  ad  ea  sacrificia 
Druidibus  tituntur,  —  quod,  pro  vita  hominis  nisi  hominis  vita 
reddatur,  non  posse  deorum  immortalium  numen  placarl  arbi- 
trantur;  publiceque  6iusdem  generis  habent^  instituta  sacrificia. 
Alii  immam  magnitudine  simulacra  habent,  quorum  contexta 
vTminibus  membra  vivis  hominibus  complent;  quibus  succensis, 

Special  Study.  —  Persuadere  with  infinitive  or  subjunctive. 

>  616,  III :  326  :  587.  3  539^  u ,  27O,  n.  1 :  546,  x.  2. 

2  616,  II :  321 :  541.  *  388,  1,  n.:  292,  c:  238. 


114  CAESAR. 

circumventi  flamma  exanimantur  homines.  Supplicia  eoriim  qui 
in  furto  aut  in  latrocinio  aut  aliqua  noxa  sint^  comprehensi, 
gratiora  dils  immortalibus  esse  arbitrantur ;  sed,  cum  eius  generis 
copia  defeeit,  etiam  ad  innocentium  supplicia  descendunt. 

Their  gods.     Measurement  of  time. 

17.  Deiim  maxime  Mercurium  colunt :  huius  sunt  pltirima 
simulacra ;  hunc  omnium  inventorem  artium  ferunt,  hunc  viarum 
atque  itinerum  ducem,  hunc  ad  quaestus  pecuniae  mercaturasque 
habere  vim  max  imam  arbitrantur.  Post  hunc,  Apollinem  et 
Martem  et  lovem  et  Minervam.  De  his  eandem  fere  quam 
reliquae  gentes  habent  opinionem  :  Apollinem  morbos  depellere ; 
Minervam  operum  atque  artificiorum  iuitia  tradere;  lovem  impe- 
rium  caelestium  tenere ;  Martem  bella  regere.  Huic,  cum  proelio 
dimicare  constituerunt,  ea  quae  bello  ceperint  ^  plerumque  devo- 
vent:  cum  superaverunt,  animalia  capta  immolant,  reliquasque 
res  in  tinum  locum  conferunt.  Multis  in  civitatibus  harum  rerum 
exstructos  tumulos  locis  consecratis  conspicari  licet.  Keque  saepe 
accidit,  ut  neglecta  quispiam  religione,  aut  capta  apud  se  occultare 
aut  posita  tollere  auderet;  gravissimumque  ei  rei  supplicium  cum 
cruciatti  constittitum  est. 

18.  Galli  se  omnes  ab  Dite  patre  prognatos  praedicant,  idque 
ab  Druidibus  proditum  dlcunt.  Ob  eam  causam  spatia  omnis 
temporis  non  numero  dierum  sed  noctium  f Iniunt ;  dies  natales 
et  mensium  et  annorum  initia  sic  observant,  ut  noctem  dies  subse- 
quatur.  In  reliquTs  vltae  mstitutls  hoc  fere  ab  reliquls  differunt, 
quod  suos  liberos,  nisi  cum  adoleverunt,  ut  munus  mllitiae  sus- 
tinere  possint,  palam  ad  se  adire  non  patiuntur;  filiumque  paerili 
aetate  in  publico  in  conspectti  patris  adsistere  turpe  ducunt. 

Special  Study.  —  ]\lsi  and  si  non. 

1  524 :  336,  2  :   625,  r.  1.  2  495,  n  :  286,  r.  (end)  :  514. 


DE   BELLO   GALLTCO,  VI. 


115 


Social  customs  of  the  Gauls. 

19.  Virl,  qiiantas  pecimias  ab  uxoribus  dotis  nomine  accepe- 
runt,  tantas  ex  suls  bonis  aestimatione  facta  cum  dotibus  com- 
municant. Hfiius  omnis  pecuniae  coniiinctim  ratio  babetur 
fructusque  servantur;  uter  eorum  vlta^  superavit,  ad  eum  pars 
utrlusque  cum  friictibus  superior um  temporum  per ve nit.  Viri 
in  uxores,  sicuti  in  llberos,  vitae  necisque  habent  potestatem; 


DYING  GAUIi. 


et  cum  pater  familiae  inliistriore  loco  natus  decessit,  eius  pro- 
pTnquI  conveniunt  et,  de  morte  si  res  in  susplcionem  venit^  de 
uxoribus  in  servilem  modum  quaestionem  habent  et,  si  comper- 
tum  est,  igni  atque  omnibus  tormentis  excruciatas  interficiunt. 
Ffinera  sunt  pro  cultil  Gallorum  magnifica  et  sumptuosa;  om- 
niaque,  quae  vlvis^  cordi  fuisse  arbitrantur,  in  ignem  Inferunt, 
etiam  animalia,  ac  paulo  supra  banc  memoriam  servi  et  clientes, 
quos  ab  ils  dllectos  esse  constabat,  iustls  funeribus  confectis 
una  cremabantur. 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  specification. 

1  424 :  253  :  397,  2  390,  1 :  233 :  356, 


116  CAESAR. 

20.  Quae  civitates  commodius  suam  rem  publicam  aclministrare 
existimantur,  habent  legibus  sanctum,^  si  quis  quid  de  re  ptiblica 
a  fmitimis  rumore  aut  fama  acceperit,  uti  ad  magistratum  deferat^ 
neve  cum  quo  alio  communicet,  quod  saepe  homines  temerarios 
atque  imperltos  falsis  rumoribus  terreri  et  ad  facinus  impelll 
et  de  summis  rebus  consilium  capere  cognitum  est.  Magistratus, 
quae  visa  sunt,  occultant,  quaeque  esse  ex  usu  iudicaverunt, 
multitudini  produnt.  De  re  ptiblica  nisi  per  concilium  loqul  non 
conceditur. 

The  customs  of  the  Germans. 

21.  German!  multum  ab  hac  consuetudine  differunt.  Nam 
neque  Druides  habent,  qui  rebus  dlvinis  praesint,  neque  sacrificils 
student.  Deorum  numero  eos  solos  ducunt,  quos  cernunt  et 
quorum  aperte  opibus  iuvantur,  Solem  et  Vulcanum  et  Lunam, 
reliquos  ne  fama  quidem  acceperunt.  Vita  omnis  in  venationibus 
atque  in  studiis  rei  militaris  consistit;  ab  parvulls  laborl  ac 
duritiae  student. 

Their  habits  of  life. 

22.  Agriculturae  non  student ;  maiorque  pars  eorum  vTcttis  in 
lacte,  caseo,  carne  consistit.  Neque  quisquam  agri  modum  cer- 
tum  aut  fines  habet  proprios;  sed  magi  stratus  ac  prlncipes  in 
annos  singulos  gentibus  cognationibusque  hominum,  qui  una  coie- 
runt,  quantum  et  quo  loco  visum  est  agrI  attribuunt,  atque  anno 
post  alio  transire  cogunt.  Eius  rei  multas  adferunt  causas :  ne, 
adsidua  consuetudine  capti,  studium  belli  gerendi  agricultural 
commtitent ;  ne  latos  fines  parare  studeant,  potentioresque  humi- 
liores  possessionibus  expellant ;  ne  accuratius  ad  f rigora  atque  aes- 
ttis  vitandos  aedilicent;  ne  qua  oriatur  pecuniae  cupiditas,  qua 

Special  Study.  —  Construction  with  muto  and  compounds. 

1  888,  1,  N. :  292,  c:  238.  2  493,  1 :  331 :  546. 

3  422,  N.  2  :  252,  c  :  404,  n.  1. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO,   VI.  117 

ex  re  factiones  dissensionesque  nascuntur;  ut  animl  aequitate 
plebem  contineant,  cum  suas  quisque  opes  cum  potentissimis 
aequarl  videat. 

Their  customs  in  war  and  social  virtues, 

23.  Civitatibus  maxima  laus  est,  quam  latissimg  circum  se 
vastatis  flnibus  solitudines  habere.  Hoc  proprium  virtutis  exis- 
timant,  expulsos  agris  fmitimos  cedere,  neque  quemquam  prope 
audere  consistere :  simul  hoc  se  fore  tutiores  arbitrantur,  repenti- 
nae  incursionis  timore  sublato.  Cum  bellum  civitas  aut  inlatum 
defendit  aut  infert,  magistratus  qui  ei  bello  praesint/  ut  vltae 
necisque  habeant  potestatem,  deliguntur.  In  pace  ntillus  est 
communis  magistratus,  sed  principes  regionum  atque  pagorum 
inter  suos  itis  dicunt,  controversiasque  minuunt.  Latrocinia  nul- 
1am  habent  mfamiam  quae  extra  fines  ctiiusque  civitatis  fiunt, 
atque  ea  iuventtitis  exercendae  ac  desidiae  minuendae  causS,  fieri 
praedicant.  Atque  ubi  quis  ex  principibus  in  concilio  dixit,  se 
ducem  fore,  qui  sequi  velint,  prqfiteantur,^  consurgunt  il,  qui  et 
causam  et  hominem  probant,  suumque  auxilium  pollicentur  atque 
ab  multittidine  conlaudantur ;  qui  ex  his  secuti  non  sunt,  in  de- 
sertorum  ac  proditorum  numero  ducuntur,  omniumque  his  ^  rerum 
postea  fides  derogatur.  Hospitem  violare  fas  non  putant;  qui 
quaque  de  causa  ad  eos  venerunt,  ab  iniuria  prohibent,  sanctos 
habent,  hisque  omnium  domus  patent  victusque  commtinicatur. 

Comparison  of  Gauls  and  Germans. 

24.  Ac  fuit  antea  tempus,  cum  Germanos  Galll  virttite  supera- 
rent,  ultro  bella  Inferrent,  propter  hominum  multittidinem  agrlque 

Special  Study.  —  Conditional  relative  clauses. 

1  497,  1 :  317,  2  :  630.  2  523,  m ;  339 :  652. 

3  386,  II,  2  :  229 :  345,  R.  2. 


118  CAESAR. 

inopiam  trans  Ehenum  colonias  mitterent.  Itaqiie  ea,  quae  ferti- 
lissima  Germaniae  sunt,  loca  circum  Hercyniam  silvam,  quam 
Eratostlieni  et  quibusdam  GraecTs  fama  notam  esse  video,  quam 
ill!  Orcyniam  appellant,  Volcae  Tectosages  occupaverunt  atque 
ibi  consederunt ;  quae  gens  ad  hoc  tempus  his  sedibus  sese  con- 
tinet  summamque  habet  iustitiae  et  bellicae  laudis  opinion  em. 
Nunc,  quod  in  eadem  inopia,  egestate,  patientia,  qua  ante,  Ger- 
man! permanent,  eodem  victu  et  cultu  corporis  utuntur,  Gallis 
autem  provinciarum  propmquitas  et  transmarinarum  rerum  noti- 
tia  multa  ad  copiam  atque  iisus  largitur,  paulatim  adsuefacti 
superari  multlsque  victi  proelils  ne  se  quidem  ipsi  cum  illis  virtute 
comparant. 

The  Hercynian  forest;   the  wild  animals  inhabiting  it. 

25.  Huius  Hercyniae  silvae,  quae  supra  demonstrata  est, 
latitudo  novem  dierum  iter  expedlto^  patet;  non  enim  aliter 
finlrl  potest,  neque  mensuras  itinerum  noverunt.  Oritur  ab  Hel- 
vetiorum  et  Nemetum  et  Eauricorum  finibus  rectaque  fluminis 
Danuvil  regione  pertinet  ad  fines  Dacorum  et  Anartium ;  hinc  se 
flectit  sinistrorsus  diversis  ab  flumine  regionibus  multarumque 
gentium  fines  propter  magnitudinem  attingit;  neque  quisquani 
est  huius  Germaniae,  qui  se  aut  adisse  ad  initium  eius  silvae 
dicat^  cum  dierum  iter  sexaginta  processerit,  aut  quo  ex  loco 
oriatur  acceperit.  Multaque  in  ea  genera  ferarum  nasci  con- 
stat, quae  reliquis  in  locis  visa  non  sint:  ex  quibus  quae 
maxime  differant  ab  ceteris  et  memoriae  prodenda  videantur, 
haec  sunt. 

26.  Est  bos,  cervi  figtira,  cuius  a  media  f  route  inter  aures  unum 
cornti  exsistit,  excelsius  magisque  directum  his  quae  nobis  nota 

Special  Study.  — Dative  of  reference. 

1  384,  4,  N.  3  ;  235 :  352.  2  503,  1 :  320,  a  :  631,  2. 


DE  BELLO   GALLICO,  VI.  119 

sunt  cornibus.  Ab  eius  summo  sicut  palmae  ramique  late  diffuii- 
duntur.  Eadeni  est  feminae  marisque  natura,  eadem  forma 
magnitudoqiie  cornuum. 

Method  of  capturing  the  elk. 

27.  Sunt  item,  quae  appellantur  alces.  Harum  est  consimilis 
caprls  figiira  et  varietas  pellium ;  sed  magnitiidine  paulo  ante- 
cedunt,  mutilaeque  sunt  cornibus,  et  crura  sine  nodls  articullsque 
habent ;  neque  quietis  causa  procumbunt,  neque,  sT  quo  adfiictae 
casii  conciderunt,  erigere  sese  aut  sublevare  possunt.  His  sunt 
arbores  pro  cubilibus :  ad  eas  se  applicant,  atque  ita  paulum  modo 
reclinatae  quietem  capiunt.  Quarum  ex  vestigiis  cum  est  animad- 
versum  a  venatoribus  quo  se  recipere  consuerint,  omnes  eo  loco 
aut  ab  radlcibus  subruunt,  aut  accidunt  arbores,  tantum  ut  summa 
species  earum  stantium  relinquatur.  Hue  cum  se  consuetudine 
reclmaverunt,  Tnflrmas  arbores  pondere  adfllgunt  atque  una  ipsae 
concidunt. 

28.  Tertium  est  genus  eorum  qui  uri  appellantur.  Hi  sunt 
magnitiidine  paulo  infra  elephantos ;  specie  et  colore  et  figiira 
tauri.  Magna  vis  eorum  est  et  magna  velocitas  ;  neque  homini 
neque  ferae  quam  conspexerunt  parcunt.  Hos  studiose  fovels 
captos  interficiunt.  Hoc  se  labore  diirant  adulescentes,  atque 
hoc  genere  venationis  exercent ;  et  qui  pliirimos  ex  his  interfece- 
runt,  relatis  in  pablicum  cornibus,  quae  sint  ^  testimonio,  magnam 
ferunt  laudem.  Sed  adsuescere  ad  homines  et  mansuefierl  ne 
parvull  c[uidem  except!  possunt.  Amplitiido  cornuum  et  figura 
et  species  multum  a  nostrorum  bourn  cornibus  differt.  Haec 
studiose  conquislta  ab  labrls  argento  circumcliidunt  atque  in 
amplissimis  epulis  pro  poculis  iituntur. 

Special  Study.  —  Relative  clauses  of  purpose. 

1497,  1  :  317,  2:   630. 


120  CAESAR. 

The  German  Manner  of  Fighting. 

(De  Bello  Gallico,  I,  48.) 

48.  .  .  .  Genus  hoc  erat  pugnae,  quo  se  GermanI  exercuerant. 
Equitum  mllia  erant  sex,  totidem  numero  pedites  velocissiiiii  ac 
fortissimi,  quos  ex  omiii  copia  singuli  singulos  suae  salutis  causa 
delegerant :  cum  his  in  proeliis  versabantur.  Ad  eos  se  equites 
recipiebant:  hi,  si  quid  erat  durius,  concurrebant,  si  qui  gra- 
viore  vulnere  accexDto  equo  deciderat,  circumsistebant ;  si  quo 
erat  longius  prodeundum  aut  celerius  recipiendum,  tanta  erat 
horum  exercitatione  celeritas,  ut  iubis  equorum  sublevati  cursum 
adaequarent. 

The  Customs  of  the  Suebi. 

(De  Bello  Gallico,  IV,  1-2.) 

1.  .  .  .  Sueborum  gens  est  longe  maxima  et  bellicosissima  Ger- 
manorum  omnium.  Hi  centum  pagos  habere  dicuntur,  ex  quibus 
quotannis  singula  milia  armatorum  bellandi  causa  ex  finibus 
educunt.  Reliqui,  qui  domi  manserunt,  se  atque  illos  alunt.  Hi 
rursus  invicem  anno  post  in  armis  sunt,  illi  domi  remanent. 
Sic  neque  agricultura  nee  ratio  atque  usus  belli  intermittitur. 
Sed  privati  ac  separati  agri  apud  eos  nihil  est,  neque  longius 
anno  remanere  tino  in  loco  incolendi  causa  licet.  Neque  multum 
f rtimento,  sed  maximam  partem  ^  lacte  atque  pecore  vivunt,  mul- 
tumque  sunt  in  venationibus ;  quae  res  et  cibi  genere  et  cotidiana 
exercitatione  et  libertate  vitae,  cum  a  pueris  niillo  officio  aut  dis- 
cipline adsuefacti  nihil  omnino  contra  voluntatem  faciant,  et 
vires  alit,  et  immani  corporum  magnitudine  homines  efficit. 
Atque  in  cam  se  consuetudinem  adduxerunt,  ut  locis  frigidissi- 
mis  neque  vestittis  praeter  pelles  haberent  quicquam,  quarum 

Special  Study.  —  Adverbial  accusative. 

1  878,  2  :  240,  h  :  334,  R.  2. 


THE   GAULS'   LOVE  OF   GOSSIP.  121 

propter  exiguitatem  magna  est  corporis  pars  aperta,  et  lavarentur 
in  fliiminibus. 

2.  Mercatoribus  est  aditus  magis  eo,  ut  quae  bello  ceperint 
quibus  vendant  habeant,  quam  quo^  ullam  rem  ad  se  importari 
desiderent.  Quln  etiam  iumentis,  quibus  maxime  Galli  delec- 
tantur,  quaeque  impenso  parant  pretio,  GermanI  importatis  non 
tituntur;  sed  quae  sunt  apud  eos  nata,  parva  atque  deformia, 
haec  cotidiana  exercitatione  summi  ut  sint  laboris  efficiunt. 
Equestribus  proeliis  saepe  ex  equis  desiliunt  ac  pedibus  proeli- 
antur,  equosque  eodem  remanere  vestigio  adsuefecerunt,  ad  quos 
se  celeriter,  cum  iisus  est,  recipiunt;  neque  eorum  moribus  tur- 
pius  quicquam  aut  inertius  habetur  quam  ephippiis  iiti.  Itaque 
ad  quemvis  numerum  ephippiatorum  equitum  quamvis  pauci 
adire  audent.  Vinum  ad  se  omnino  impoi-tarl  non  sinunt,  quod 
ea  re  ad  laborem  ferendum  remollescere  homines  atque  effeminari 
arbitrantur. 

The  Gauls'  Love  of  Gossip. 
(De  BeUo  GaUico,  IV,  5.) 

5.  .  .  .  Est  autem  hoc  Gallicae  consuettidinis, 

uti  et  viatores  etiam  invltos  consistere  cogant 

et,  quid  quisque  eorum  de  quaque  re  audierit 

aut    cognoverit,   quaerant,    et    mercatores    in 

oppidls     vulgus    circumsistat,    quibusque    ex 

regionibus   veniant   quasque   ibi  res   cognove- 

HEAD  of  GAUL.       TUit,    pronuutiarc    cogant.     His    rebus    atque 

auditionibus   permoti  de  summis  saepe   rebus 

consilia  ineunt,  quorum   eos   in   vestigio   paenitere  necesse  est, 

cum    incertls    rilmoribus    serviant   et   plerique    ad    voluntatem 

eorum  ficta  respondeant. 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  with  verbs. 

1  quo  =  €0  quod. 


AULUS   GELLIUS. 

NOCTES    ATTICAE. 

Book  I. 

Fahricius  and  the  Samnite  Gold. 

14.  Itilius  Hyginus  in  libro  De  Vita  Eebusque  Inlustriiim  Viro- 
^^s-  rum  sexto  legates  dicit  a  Samnitibus  ad  C.  Fabricium,  imperato- 
282^  rem  popull  EomanT,  venisse  et  memoratis  multis  magnisque  rebus, 
quae  bene  ac  benevole  post  redditam  pacem  Samnitibus  fecisset, 
obtulisse  dono^  grandem  pecuniam  orasseque,  uti  acciperet  ute- 
returque,  atque  id  facere  Samnltes  dixisse,  quod  viderent  multa 
ad  splendorem  domtis  atque  victus  defieri  neque  pro  amplitudine 
dignitateque  lautum  paratum  esse.  Tum  Fabricium  planas 
manus  ab  auribus  ad  oculos  et  Infra  deinceps  ad  nares  et  ad  os  et 
ad  gulam  atque  inde  porro  ad  ventrem  Tmum  deduxisse  et  legatis 
ita  respondisse :  dxim  illis  omnibus  membris,  quae  attigisset,  ob- 
sistere  atque  imperdre  posset,  numquam  quicquam  defuturum; 
proptered  se  pecuniam,  qud^  nihil  sibi  esset  usus,  ab  his,  quibus^ 
earn  sclret  usui^  esse,  non  accipere. 

Special  Study.  —  Construction  of  usus. 

1  390,  II :  233,  a  :  356.  2  414^  ly :  243,  e  :  406. 

^  122 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  I. 


123 


1 


SOCRATES.    (Rome.) 


Socrates  and  Xanthippe, 

17.  Xanthippe,  Socratis  philosophi 
uxor,  inorosa  admodum  fuisse  fertur 
et  iurgiosa,  irarumque^  et  molesti- 
aruiii  muliebrium  per  diem  perque 
noctem  scatebat.  Has  eius  intem- 
peries  in  maritum  Alcibiades  deniT- 
ratus,  interrogavit  Socraten,  quaenam 
ratio  esset,  cur  mulierem  tarn  acer- 
bam  domo  non  exigeret.  "Quon- 
iam,"  inquit  Socrates,  "cum  illam 
domi  talem  perpetior,  insuesco  et 
exerceor,  ut  ceterorum  quoque  foris 
petulantiam  et  iniuriam  facilius. 
feram.'' 


^  ^-^^^-$. 


The  Sibylline  Books. 
19.    In  antiquls  annalibus  memoria  super  libris  Sibylllnis  haec  b.c. 

534— 

prodita  est.  Anus  hospita  atque  incognita  ad  Tarquinium  Super-  ^^^ 
bum  regem  adiit,  novem  libros  ferens,  quos  esse  dicebat  divlna 
oracula;  eos  velle  venumdare.  Tarquinius  pretium  percontatus 
est.  Mulier  nimium  atque  immensum  poposcit ;  rex,  quasi  anus 
aetate  desiperet,^  derisit.  Turn  ilia  foculum  coram  cum  Ignl 
apponit,  tres  libros  ex  novem  detirit  et,  ecquid  reliquos  sex 
eodem  pretio  emere  vellet,  regem  interrogavit.  Sed  enim  Tar- 
quinius id  multo  risit  magis  dixitque  anum  iam  procul  dubio^ 
dellrare.  Mulier  ibidem  statim  tres  alios  libros  exussit  atque  id 
ipsum  denuo  placide  rogat,  ut  tres  reliquos  eodem  illo  pretio  emat. 

Special  Study.  —  Poetical  use  of  genitive  with  adjectives. 

1  410,  V,  1 :  223  :  383,  1.  2  513^  h  .  312  :  602. 

8  437.2:  261,  h,  s.  :  417,  11. 


124  AULUS   GELLIUS. 

Tarquinius  ore  iam  serio  at  que  attentiore  animo  fit,  earn  constan- 
tiam  confidentiamque  non  msuper  habendam  intellegit,  libros 
tres  reliquos  mercatur  nihilo  minore  pretio  quam  quod  erat 
petltum  pro  omnibus.  Sed  earn  mulierem  tunc  a  Tarquinio 
digressam  postea  nusquam  loci  vlsam^  constitit.  LibrI  tres,  in 
sacrarium  conditi,  Sibyllmi  appellati ;  ad  eos  quasi  ad  oraculum 
quindecimviri  adeunt,  cum  dl  immortales  ptiblice  consulendi  sunt. 

Papirius  Praetextatus. 

23.  Historia  de  Papirio  Praetextato  dicta  scriptaque  est  a  M. 
'  Catone  in  oratione,  qua  usus  est  ad  milites  contra  Galbam,  cum 
multa  quidem  venustate  atque  luce  atque  munditia  verborum. 
Ea  Catonis  verba  huic  prorsus  commentario  indidissem,  si  libri 
copia  fuisset  id  temporis,  cum  haec  dictavi.^  Quod  si  non  virtutes 
dignitatesque  verborum,  sed  rem  ipsam  scire  quaeris,  res  ferme  ad 
hunc  modum  est :  Mos  antea  senatoribus  Romae  fuit,  in  curiam 
cum  praetextatis  filiis  introire.  Tum,  cum  in  senatti  res  maior 
quaepiam  consultata  eaque  in  diem  posterum  prolata  est  placuit- 
que,  ut  cam  rem,  super  qua  tractavissent,  ne  quis  enuntiaret 
priusquam  decreta  esset,  mater  Papiril  puerT,  qui  cum  parente 
suo  in  curia  fuerat,  percontata  est  filium,  quidnam  in  senatu 
patres  egissent.  Puer  respondit,  tacendum  esse  neque  id  dici 
licere.  Mulier  fit  audiendi  cupidior;  secretum  rei  et  silentium 
pueri  animum  eius  ad  inquirendum  everberat :  quaerit  igitur 
compressius  violentiusque.  Tum  puer  matre  urgente  lepidi  atque 
festlvl  mendacil  consilium  capit.  Actum  in  senatu  dixit,  utrum 
videretur  titilius  exque  re  publica  esse,  unusne  ut  duas  uxores 
haberet,  an  ut  una  a]3ud  duos  nupta  esset.  Hoc  ilia  ubi  audivit, 
animus  compavescit,  domo  trepidans  egreditur,  ad  ceteras  ma- 
tronas  adfert.     Pervenit  ad  senatum  postrldie  matrum  familias 

Special  Study.  —  Tenses  in  letters. 

1  sc.  esse.  2  472,  1 :  282  :  252. 


NOCTES   ATTICAE,   HI.  125 

caterva.  Lacrimantes  atque  obsecrantes  orant,  una  potius  ut 
duobus  ntipta  fieret  quam  ut  uni  duae.  Senatores  ingredieiites  in 
curiam,  quae  ilia  mulierum  intemperies  et  quid  sibi  postulatio 
istaec  vellet,  mirabantur.  Puer  Paplrius  in  medium  curiae  pro- 
gressus,,  quid  mater  audire  institisset,  quid  ipse  matrl  dixisset, 
rem,  sicut  fuerat,  denarrat.  Senatus  lidem  atque  ingenium  puerl 
exosculatur,  consultum  facit,  utT  posthac  puerl  cum  patribus  in 
curiam  ne  introeant,  praeter  ille  unus  Paplrius,  atque  puero  postea 
cognomentum  honoris  gratia  inditum  '  Praetextatus '  ob  tacendi 
loquendique  in  aetate  praetextae  prudentiam. 

Book  II. 
The  Difference, 

5.  Favorlnus  de  Lysia  et  Platone  solitus  dicere  est :  "  Si 
ex  Platonis  ''  inquit  "  oratione  verbum  aliquod  demas  mutesve 
atque  id  commodatissime  facias,  de  elegantia  tamen  detraxeris; 
SI  ex  Lysiae,  de  sententia." 

Book  III. 
The  Meaning  of  the  Palm. 

6.  Per  hercle  rem  mirandam  Aristoteles  in  septimo  Prohlema- 
torum  et  Plutarclius  in  octavo  Symposiacorum  dicit.  "  Si  super 
palmae,''  inquiunt,  "  arboris  lignum  magna  pondera  imponas  ^  ac 
tam  graviler  urgeas  oneresque,  ut  magnitudo  oneris  sustineri  non 
queat,  non  deorsum  palma  cedit  nee  intra  flectitur,  sed  adversus 
pondus  resurgit  et  stirsum  nititur  recurvaturque  " ;  "  propterea,'^ 
inquit  Plutarclius, "  in  certaminibus  palmam  signum  esse  placuit 
victoriae,  quoniam  ingenium  ligni  eiusmodi  est,  ut  urgentibus 
opprimentibusque  non  cedat." 

Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  in  conditions  to  express  general  truths. 

1  508,  5,  2)  :  309,  a  :  595,  3.  ..i^^b  p  ^"^--^ 

y^^\,  ^  B  K  A  A^  ^ 

f  OF  THK 


126  AULUS  GELLIUS. 

Pyrrhus  and  the  Poisoner. 

8.  Cum  Pyrrhus  rex  in  terra  Italia  esset  et  unam  atqne  alte- 
ram piignas  prospere  ptignasset  satisque  agerent  Eomanl  et  ple- 
raqiie  Italia  ad  regem  desclvisset,  turn  Ambracieiisis  quispiam 
Timochares,  regis  Pyrrhi  amicus,  ad  C.  Fabricium  consulem  fiirtim 
venit  ac  praemium  petivit  et,  si  de  praemio  conveniret,  promlsit 
regem  venenls  necare/  idque  facile  esse  factu  dixit,  quoniam 
fllius  suns  pocula  in  couvlvio  regl  ministraret.  Eam  rem  Fabri- 
cius  ad  senatum  scrlpsit.  Senatus  ad  regem  legates  misit  manda- 
vitque,  ut  de  Timochare  nihil  proderent,  sed  monerent,  uti  rex 
circumspectius  ageret  atque  a  proximorum  insidils  salutem  tutare- 
tur.  Hoc  ita,  uti  diximus,  in  Valerii  Antiatis  historia  script  um 
est.  Quadrigarius  autem  in  libro  tertio  non  Timocharem,  sed 
Niciam  adisse  ad  consulem  scrlpsit,  neque  legates  a  senatti  missos, 
sed  a  coiisulibus,  et  Pyrrhum  populo  Romano  laudes  atque  gratias 
scripsisse  captivosque  omnes,  quos  tum  habuit,  vestivisse  et 
reddidisse. 
^^g'  Consules  tum  fuerunt  C.  Fabricius  et  Q.  Aemilius.  Lit- 
teras,  quas  ad  regem  Pyrrhum  super  ea  causa  miserunt,  Claudius 
Quadrigarius  scrlpsit  fuisse  hoc  exemplo:  "Consules  Eoniani  salu- 
tem dlcunt  Pyrrho  regi.  Nos  pro  tuis  iniuriis  continuis  animo 
tenus  commoti  inimiciter  tecum  bellare  studemus.  Sed  commu- 
nis exempli  et  fidel  ergo  vlsum,^  ut  te  salvum  velimus,  ut  esset, 
quenr  armis  vincere  possemus.^  Ad  nos  venit  Nicias  familiaris 
tuus,  qui  sibi  praemium  a  nobis  peteret,  si  te  clam  interfecisset. 
Id  nos  negavimus  velle,  neve  ob  eam  rem  quicquam  commodi 
exspectaret,  et  simul  visum  est,  ut  te  certiorem  faceremus, 
ne  quid  eiusmodi,  si  accidisset,  nostro  consilio  civitates  putarent 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  the  latter  supine. 

1  537,  N.  1)  :  830,  /,  n.  :   531,  n.  4.  ^  gc.  est. 

3  503,  1:  320:   631,  1. 


NOCTES  ATTIC AE,  IV.  127 

factum,  et  quod  nobis  non  placet  pretio  aut  praemio  aut  dolls 
pftgnare.     Ta,  nisi  caves,  iacebis." 


Book  IV. 
Scipio^s  Haughty  Sjyirit. 

18.  Sclpio  Africanus  antlquior  quanta  virtutum  gloria  prae- 
stiterit  et  quain  f uerit  altus  aninil  *  atque  magnificus  et  qua  sui 
conscientia  subnixus,  pluriinis  rebus,  quae  dixit  quaeque  fecit, 
declaratum  est.  Ex  quibus  sunt  haec  duo  exempla  eius  fiduciae 
atque  exsuperantiae  ingentis: 

Cum  M.  Naevius  tribunus  plebis  accusaret  eum  ad  populum 
diceretque,  accepisse  a  rege  Antiocho  pecuniam,  ut  condicionibus 
gratiosis  et  mollibus  pax  cum  eo  populi  RomanI  nomine  fieret,  et 
quaedam  item  alia  crIminT  ^  daret  indigna  tall  viro,  tum  Sclpio 
pauca  praefltus,  quae  dignitas  vitae  suae  atque  gloria  postulabat, 
"  memoria,"  inquit  "  Quirltes,  repeto,  diem  esse  hodiernum,  quo  b.c. 
Hannibalem  Poenum  imperio  vestro  inimicissimum  magno  proelio  ^^^• 
vIcT  in  terra  Africa  pacemque  et  vTctoriam  vobls  peperl  spec- 
tabilem.  ^^on  igitur  simus  adversum  deos  ingrati  et,  censeo, 
relinquamus  nebulonem  hunc,  eamus  hinc  protinus  lovl  optimo 
maximo  gratulatum."  ^  Id  cum  dixisset,  avertit  et  Ire  ad  Capito- 
lium  coepit.  Tum  contio  universa,  quae  ad  sententiam  de  Scipione 
ferendam  convenerat,  rellcto  tribuno  Sclpionem  in  Capitolium 
comitata  atque  inde  ad  aedes  eius  cum  laetitia  et  gratulatione 
sollemni  prosecuta  est.  Fertur  etiam  oratio,  quae  videtur  habita 
eo  die  a  Scipione,  et  qui  dicunt  eam  non  veram,  non  eunt  infitias,* 
quin  haec  quidem  verba  fuerint,  quae  dixl,  Sclpionis. 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  of  purpose. 

1  399,  III,  1 :  218,  c,  r.  :  374,  6.  3  543  :  302  :  435. 

2  390 :  233  a  :  356.  *  380,  2,  3)  ;  258,  6,  r.  ;  333,  2,  r. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  —  9 


128  AULUS   GELLTUS. 

B.C.  Item  aliud  est  factum  eius  praeclarum.  Petilii  qiiidam  tri- 
^^^'  buni  plebis  a  M.,  ut  aiiint,  Catone,  inimico  Sclpionis,  comparati 
in  eum  atque  immissT,  deslderabant  iu  senatii  instantissime,  ut 
pecuniae  Antiochinae  praedaeque  in  eo  bello  captae  rationem 
redderet:  fuerat  enim  L.  ScipionT  Asiatico,  fratrl  suo,  imperatorl 
in  ea  provincia  legatus.  Ibi  Sclpio  exsurgit  et,  prolato  e  sinu 
togae  libro,  rationes  in  eo  scriptas  esse  dixit  omnis  pecuniae 
omnisque  praedae ;  adlatum,  ut  palam  recitaretur  et  ad  aerarium 
deferretur.  "Sed  enim  id  iam  non  faciam''  inquit  "nee  me  ipse 
adficiam  contumelia,"  eumque  librum  statim  coram  discidit  suis 
manibus  et  concerpsit,  aegre  passus,  quod,  cuT  salus  imperii  ac 
reipublicae  accepta  ferri  deberet,  rationem^  pecuniae  praedatae 
posceretur. 

Book  V. 

Bucephalus. 

2.  Equus  Alexandri  regis  et  capite  et  nomine  ^Bticephalas' 
fuit.  Emptum  Chares  scrlpsit  talentis  tredecim  et  regi  Philippo 
donatum;  hoc  autem  aeris  nostri  summa  est  sestertia  trecenta 
duodecim.  Super  hoc  equo  dignum  memoria  visum,  quod,  ubi 
ornatus  erat  armatusque  ad  proelium,  hand  umquam  inscendT 
sese  ab  alio,  nisi  ab  rege,  passus  sit.  Id  etiam  de  isto  equo  memo- 
ratum  est,  quod,  cum  Insidens  in  eo  Alexander  bello  Indico  et 
facinora  faciens  fortia,  in  hostium  cuneuni  non  satis  sibi  provi- 
dens  immlsisset  coniectlsque  undique  in  Alexandrum  tells,  vul- 
neribus  altis  in  cervice  atque  in  latere  equus  perfossus  esset, 
moribundus  tamen  ac  prope  iam  exsanguis  e  mediis  hostibus 
regem  vivacissimo  cursu  rettulit  atque,  ubi  eum  extra  tela  extule- 
rat,  Ilico  concidit  et,  dominl  iam  superstitis  securus,  quasi  cum 

Special  Study.  —  Construction  of  posco. 

1  374,  1 :  239,  c.  r.  :  339,  n.  4.  \ 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  V.  129 

senstis  humani  solacio  animam  exsplravit.  Turn  rex  Alexander, 
parta  eius  belli  victoria,  oppidum  in  Isdem  locis  condidit  idque 
ob  equi  honores  ^Bucephalon'  appellavit. 

HannibaVs   Witty  Answer, 

5.  In  librls  veterum  memoriarum  scrlptum  est,  Hannibalem 
Carthaginiensem  apud  rSgem  Antiochum  facetissime  cavillatum 
esse.  Ea  cavillatio  huiuscemodl  fuit :  Ostendebat  el  Antiochus 
in  campo  copias  ingentes,  quas  belliim  populo  Romano  facturus^ 
comparaverat,  eonvertSbatque  exercitum  Inslgnibus  argentels  et 
aurels  florentem ;  inducebat  etiam  curriis  cum  falcibus  et  ele- 
phantos  cum  turribus  equitatumque  frenis,  ephippils,  monlli- 
bus,  phaleris  praefulgentem.  Atque  ibi  r6x,  contemplatione  tanti 
ac  tam  ornati  exercitus  gloriabundus,  Hannibalem  aspicit  et 
"  putasne,"  inquit,  "  confer rl  posse  ac  satis  esse  Romanis  baec 
omnia  ?  "  Tum  Poenus,  eludens  Ignaviam  inbelliamqiie  mllitum 
eius  pretiose  armatorum :  "  Satis,  plane  satis  esse  credo  Eomanis 
haec  omnia,  etiarasi  avarissimi  sunt."  Nihil  prorsum  neque  tam 
lepide  neque  tam  acerbe  did  potest :  r6x  de  numero  exercitus  sul 
ac  de  aestimanda  aequiperatione  quaeslverat,  respondit  Hannibal 
de  praeda. 

The  Roman  Crowns. 

6.  Mllitares  coronae  multae,  variae  sunt.  Quarum  quae  nobilis- 
simae  sunt,  has  ferme  esse  accepimus :  triumphalem,  obsidionalem, 
civicam,  muralem,  castrensem,  navalem.  Est  ea  quoque  corona, 
quae  '  ovalis '  dicitur,  est  item  postrema  '  oleaginea,'  qua  titi 
Solent,  qui  in  proelio  non  fuerunt,  sed  triumphum  procurant. 

Special  Study.  — Future  participle  denoting  purpose. 

1  649,  3 :  293,  h.  2  :  438,  n. 


130 


AULUS  GELLIUS. 


TRIUMPHAL  CROWN. 


Ti'iumphales  coronae  sunt  aureae,  quae  imperatoribus  ob  bono 
rem  triumphi  mittuutur.     Id  vulgo  dicitur  '  aurum  coronarium.' 

Haec  antiquitus  e  lauru  erant,  post  fieri 
ex  auro  coeptae.^ 

Obsidionalis  est,  quam  il,  qui  llberati 
obsidione  sunt,  dant  ei  duel,  qui  llbe- 
ravit.  Ea  corona  graminea  est,  obser- 
varlque  solitum,  ut  fieret  e  gramine, 
quod  in  eo  loco  natum  esset,^  intra 
quern  clausl  erant,  qui  obsidebantur. 
Hanc  coronam  gramineam  senatus  po- 
pulusque  Romanus  Q.  Fabio  Maximo 
dedit  bello  Poenorum  secundo,  quod 
urbem  Eomam  obsidione  hostium  llberasset. 

Clvica  corona  appellatur,  quam  civis  civl,  a  quo  in  proelio 
servatus  est,  testem  vltae  salutisque  percep- 
tae-dat.  Ea  fit  e  fronde  quernea,  quoniam 
cibus  victusque  antlquissimus  quercus  capl 
solitus ;  fuit  etiam  ex  ilice,  quod  genus 
superiorl  proximum  est,  sicuti  scrlptum  est 
in  quadam  comoedia  Caecilil :  "  Advehun- 
tur,"  inquit,  "cum  Illgnea  corona.''  Masu- 
rius  autem  Sablnus  in  undecimo  librorum 
Memorialium  civicam  coronam  tum  darl 
solitam  dicit,  cum  is,  qui  civem  servaverat,  eodem  tempore  etiam 
hostem  occlderat  neque  locum  in  ea  pugna  rellquerat ;  aliter  ius 
civicae  coronae  negat  concessum.  Tiberium  tamen  Caesarem  con- 
sul tum,  an  civicam  coronam  capere  posset  qui  cIvem  in  proelio 
servasset  et  hostes  ibidem  duos  interfecisset,  sed  locum,  in  quo 
ptignabat,  non  retinuisset  eoque  loco  hostes  potltl  essent,  rescrlp- 


CIVIC  CROWN. 


Special  Study.  —  Subjunctive  of  integral  part. 
1  297,  1 :  143,  a  :  423,  n.  3.  2  529,  H;  342:  663,  1. 


:N^0CTES  ATTICAE,  V.  131 

sisse  dicit,  eum  quoque  civica  dignum  videi%  quod  appar^ret,  e 
tarn  inlquo  loco  civem  ab  eo  servatum,  ut  etiam  a  fortiter  ptig- 
nantibus  retinerl non  quiverit.  Hac  corona^  civica  L.  Gellius,  vir 
censorius,  in  senatii  Ciceronem  consulem  donarl  a  republica  cen- 
suit,  quod  eius  opera  esset  atrocissima  ilia  Catilinae  coniuratio 
detecta  vindicataque. 

Muralis   est   corona,  qua   donatur  ab   imperatore  qui  primus 
mtirum  subiit  inque  oppidum  hostiuin  per  vim  ascendit ;  idcirco 


MURAL  CROWN.  NAVAL  CROWN. 

quasi  muri  pinnis  decorata  est.  Castrensis  est  corona,  qua  donat 
imperator  eum,  qui  primus  hostium  castra  pugnans  introlvit ;  ea 
corona  Insigne  valll  habet.  Navalis  est,  qua  donarl  solet  mari- 
timo  proelio  qui  primus  in  hostium  navem  vl  armatus  transiluit ; 
ea  q^asi  navium  rostrls  Inslgnlta  est.  Et  muralis  autem  et 
castrensis  et  navalis  fieri  ex  auro  solent. 

Ovalis  corona  murtea  est ;  ea  titebantur  imperatores,  qui 
ovantes  urbem  introlbant. 

Ovandl  ac  non  triumphandl  causa  est,  cum  aut  bella  non  rite 
indicta  neque  cum  iusto  hoste  gesta  sunt,  aut  hostium  nomen 
humile  et  non  idoneum  est,  ut  servorum  piratarumque,  aut, 
deditione  repente  facta,  impulverea,  ut  did  solet,  incruentaque 
victoria  obvenit.  Cul  facilitati  aptam  esse  Veneris  frondem  credi- 
derunt,  quod  non  Martins,  sed  quasi  Yenerius  quidam  triumphus 
foret.     Ac  murteam  coronam  M.  Crassus,  cum  bello  fugitlvorum  b.c. 

71. 
Special  Study.  —  Construction  of  dono. 

1384,  II,  2:  226,  d:  348,  R.  1. 


132  AULUS  GELLIUS. 

confecto  ovans  redlret,  Insolenter  aspernatus  est  senatusque 
consultum  faciendum  per  gratiam  curavit,  ut  lauro,  non  murto, 
coronaretur. 

Marcirs  Cato  obicit  M.  Fulvio  Nobiliorl,  quod  milites  per 
ambitum  coronis  de  levissimis  causis  donas  set.  De  qua  re  verba 
ipsa  apposui  Catonis :  '^  lam  principio  quis  vidit  corona  donari 
quemquam,  cum  oppidum  captum  non  esset  aut  castra  hostium 
non  incensa  essent  ?  '^  Fulvius  autem,  in  quern  hoc  a  Catone 
dictum  est^  coronis  donaverat  milites^  quia  vallum  curaverant, 
aut  qui  puteum  strenue  foderant. 

Praetereundum  non  est,  quod  ad  ovationes  attinet,  super 
quo  dissensisse  veteres  scriptores  accipio.  Partim  enim  scrlp- 
serunt,  qui  ovaret,  introire  solitum  equo  vehentem^;  sed  Sablnus 
Masurius  pedibus  ingredi  ovantes  dicit,  sequentibus  eos  non 
militibus,  sed  tiniverso  senatu. 


Book  VI. 

The  Sacredness  of  Roynan  Oaths. 

18.    Itisiurandum  apud  K/Omanos  inviolate  sancteque  habitum 
servatumque  est.      Id  et  moribus  legibusque  multls  ostenditur, 

Special  Study.  —  Quasi  with  words  and  phrases. 

1  See  Vocabulary. 


NOCTES   ATTICAE,   VI.  133 

et  hoc,  quod  dicemus,  ei  rei  iion  tenue  argumeiitum  esse  potest. 
Post  proelium  Cannense  Hannibal,  Carthaginiensium  imperator,  ^^^^ 
ex  captivis  nostris  electos  decern  Komam  mlsit  mandavitque  eis 
pactusque  est,  ut,  si  populo  Romano  videretur,  permtitatio  fieret 
captivorum  et  pro  his,  quos  alterl^  pltires  acciperent,  darent 
argent!  pondo  libram  et  selibram.  Hoc  priiisquam  proficisceren- 
tur  iusiurandum  eos  adegit,  redituros  esse  in  castra  Poenica,  si 
Roman!  capt!vos  non  permiitarent. 

Veniunt  Romam  decem  capt!v!.  Mandatum  Poem  impera- 
toris  in  senatu  exponuut.  Permutatio  senatu!  non  placita.  Pa- 
rentes,  cognat!  adf!nesque  capt!vorum  amplex!  eos  postllminio 
in  patriam  red!sse  dicebant  statumque  eomni  integrum  incolu- 
memque  esse,  ac  ne  ad  hostes  redire  vellent  orabant.  Turn  octo 
ex  his  postliminium  itistum  non  esse  sibi  responderunt,  quoiiiam 
deiurio  vinct!  forent,  statimque,  ut!  iurati  erant,  ad  Hannibalem 
profect!  sunt.  Duo  reliqu!  Romae  manserunt  solutosque  esse  s6 
ac  liberates  religione  dicebant,  quoniam,  cum  egress!  castra  hos- 
tium  fuissent,  commentlcio  consilio  regress!  eodem,  tamquam  s! 
ob  aliquam  fortultam  causam,  Issent  atque  ita  iureitirando  satis- 
facto  rursum  iniurati  ablssent.  Haec  eorum  fraudulenta  calliditas 
tam  esse  turpi s  existimata  est,  ut  contempt!  vulgo  discerptlque  sint 
censoresque  eos  postea  omnium  notarum  et  damnls  et  ignominiis 
adfecerint,  quoniam,  quod  facttiros  deieraverant,  non  fecissent. 

Cornelius  autem  Nepos  in  libro  exemplorum  quinto  id  quoque 
litterls  mandavit,  multls  in  senatu  placuisse,  ut  hi,  qu!  redire 
nollent,  datis  custodibus  ad  Hannibalem  deducerentur,  sed  eam 
sententiam  numero  plurium,  quibus  id  non  videretur,  superatam ; 
eos  tamen,  qui  ad  Hannibalem  non  redlssent,  usque  adeo  intes- 
tabiles  invlsosque  fuisse,  ut  taedium  vltae  ceperint  necemque 
sibi  consciverint. 

Special  Study.  —  Tenses  after  verbs  of  swearing, 

^  alterutri  =  either  one  of  the  two  parties. 


134 


AULUS   GELLIUS. 


Book  VII. 


A  Snake  Story. 


BALLISTA. 


3.  Tubero  in  historils  scrip- 
turn  rellquit,  bello  piimo 
Poenico  Atilium  Regulum 
consulem  in  Africaj  castrls 
apud  Bagradam  flumen  posi- 
tis,  proelium  grande  atque 
acre  fecisse  adversus  unum 
serpentem  in  illis  locis  sta- 
bulantem  invisitatae  immani- 
tatis,  eumque  magna  totlus 
exercittis  confllctione  ballistis 
atque  catapultis  diu  opptigna- 
tum,  eiusque  interfecti  ^  co- 
rium  longum  pedes  centum  et 
vTgintI  Romam  misisse. 


Some  Early  Libraries. 

17.  Libros  Athenis  disciplinarum  liberalium  publice  ad  legen- 
dam  praebendos^  primus  posuisse  dicitur  Pisistratus  tyrannus. 
Deinceps  studiosius  acctiratiusque  ipsi  Athenienses  auxerunt;  sed 
omnem  illam  postea  librorum  copiam  Xerxes,  Athenarum^  potltus, 
urbe  ipsa  praeter  arcem  incensa,  abstulit  asportavitque  in  Persas. 
Eos  porro  libros  tini versos  multls  post  tempestatibus  Seleucus  rex, 
qui  Nicator  appellatus  est,  referendos  ^  Athenas  ctiravit. 

Special  Study.  —  Gerund  and  gerundive  denoting  purpose. 


1  549,  5 :  292,  r.  :  664,  r.  1.  2  544^  2,  n.  2  :  294,  d :  430. 

3410,  V,  3:  223,  a:  407,  x.  h  h. 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,   IX. 


135 


Ingens  postea  numerus   librorum   in  Aegypto   ab   Ptolemaels  "c 
regibus  vel  conqulsltus  vel  coufectiis  est  ad  milia  ferme  voltimi- 
num  septingenta ;   sed  ea  omnia  bello  priore  Alexandrlno,  dum 
dlripitur  ea  civitas,  non  sponte  neque  opera  consulta,  sed  a  mlli- 
tibus  forte  auxiliarils  incensa  sunt. 


Book  IX. 


Some  Barbarous  Superstitions. 

4.  .  .  .  Erant  igitur  in  illls  librls  scrlpta  huiuscemodi*:  Scythas 
illos  penitissimos,  qui  sub  ipsis  septentrionibus  aetatem  agunt, 
eorporibiis  honiinum  vesci  eiusque  victus  alimento  vltam  diicere 
et  anthropophagos  nominari ;  item  esse  homines  sub  eadem  regione 

caeli  ununi  oculum  in  frontis 
medio  habentes,  qui  appellan- 
tur  Arimaspl,  qua  f uisse  facie 
Cyclopas  poetae  ferunt;  alios 
item  esse  homines  apud  ean- 
dem  caell  plagam  singulariae 
v6locitatis,  vestigia  pedum  ha- 
bentes retro  porrecta,  non,  ut 
ceterorum  hominum ;  praeter- 
ea  traditum  esse  memoratumque,  in  ultima  quadam  terra,  quae 
'Albania'  dieitur,  gignl  homines,  qui  in  pueritia  canescant  et 
plus  cernant  oculls  per  noctem  quam  interdiu;  item  esse  com- 
pertum  et  creditum,  Sauromatas,  qui  ultra  Borysthenen  flu- 
vium  longe  colunt,  cibum  capere  semper  diebus  tertils,  medio 
abstinere. 

Id  etiam  in  Isdem   librls   scrlptum   offendimus,  quod   postea 

Special  Study.  —  Force  of  enclitic  ce. 


THE  CYCLOPS  BLINDED  BY  ULYSSES. 


I  186,  1  :  101,  footnote:  104,  n.  1. 


136  AULUS   GELLIUS. 

in  libro  quoque  Pllnil  Secundi  Naturalis  Historiae  septimo  legi, 
esse  quasdani  in  terra  Africa  liominum  familias  voce  atque  lingua 
effascinantium,  qui  si  impeusius  forte  laudaverint  pulchras  arbo- 
res,  segetes  laetiores,  infantes  amoeniores,  egregios  equos,  pecu- 
des  pastu  atque  cultu  opimas,  emoriantur  repente  haec  omnia, 
nulli  aliae  causae  obnoxia.  Oculis  quoque  exitialem  fascina- 
tionem  fieri  in  isdem  librls  scrlptum  est,  traditurque  esse  homi- 
nes in  Illyrils,  qui  interim  ant  videndo  quos  dititius  IratI  viderint, 
eosque  ipsos  mares  feminasque,  qui  vlsti  ita  nocenti  sunt,  pupil- 
las  in  singulis  oculis  binas  habere.  Item  esse  in  montibus  terrae 
Indiae  homines  canlnis  capitibus  et  latrantibus  eosque  vesci  avium 
et  ferarum  venatibus ;  atque  esse  item  alia  apiid  ultimas  orientis 
terras  miracula  homines,  qui  ^monocoll'  appellentur,  singulis 
cruribus  saltatim  currentes,  vivacissimae  pernlcitatis ;  quosdam 
etiam  esse  nuUls  cervicibus,  oculos  in  humerls  habentes.  lam 
vero  hoc  egreditur  omnem  modum  admlrationis,  quod  Idem  illl 
scrlptores  gentem  esse  aiunt  apud  extrema  Indiae,  corporibus 
hirtis  et  avium  ritu  plumantibus,  nullo  cibatu  vescentem,  sed 
splritu  florum  naribus  hausto  victitantem ;  Pygmaeos  quoque 
haud  longe  ab  his  nasci,  quorum  qui  longissimi  sint,  non  longiores 
esse  quam  pedes  duo  et  quadrantem. 

How  Corvinus  got  his  Name. 

11.    De  Maximo  Valerio,  qui  Corvinus  appellatus  est  ob  auxil- 

ium  propugnatiOnemque  corvl  alitis,  haud  quisquam  est  nobilium 

scriptorum,  qui  secus  dlxerit.^     Ea  res  prorsus  miranda  sic  pro- 

'»-^.  fecto  est  in  librls  annalibus  memorata :    Adulescens  tall  genere 

■  editus,  L.  Furio,  Claudio  Appio  consulibus  fit  tribunus  mllitaris. 

Atque  in  eo  tempore  copiae  Gallorum  ingentes  agrum  Pomptinum 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  and  ablative  of  quality. 

1503,  1:  320,  (f:   031,  2. 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  X. 

Tns6derant  instru6banturque  acifis  a  consulibus  de  vi  ac  multi- 
tiidine  hostium  satis  agentibus.  Dux  iuterea  Galloium,  vasta  et 
ardua  proceritate  armisque  auro  praefulgentibus,  grandia  ^  ingre- 
di6ns  et  raanii  telum  reciprocSjis  iuc6d6bat  perque  contemptuin  et 
superbiain  eircumspiciens  dCspiciensque  omnia,  venire  iubet  et 
congredl,  si  quis  pugnfire  s6cum  ex  onml  Romano  exercitii  aud6- 
ret.  Tiun  Valerius  tribflnus,  ceteris  inter  metum  pudoremque  am 
biguis,  impetrilto^  prius  a  consulibus,  ut  in  Galium  tam  inaniter 
adrogantem  pugnare  sfisC  permitterent,  progreditur  intrepidfi 
modesteque  obviani;  et  congrediuntur  et  consistunt  et  conser6- 
bantur  iam  maiu'is.  Atque  ibi  vis  quaedam  divlna  lit:  corvus 
repente  imprOvIsus  advolat  et  super  galeam  tribuni  Insistit  atque 
inde  in  adversarl  6s  atque  oculOs  pQgnare  incipit;  Insillbat,  obtur- 
babat  et  unguibus  manum  laniabat  et  prOspectum  alls  arc6bat 
atque,  ubi  satis  saevierat,  revolabat  in  galeam  tribuni.  Sic  tri- 
bQuus,  spectante  utroque  exercitQ,  et  sua  virtiite  nixus  et  opera 
alitis  propQgnatus,  ducem  hostium  fer6cissimum  vicit  interfe- 
citque  atque  ob  banc  causam  cognomen  habuit  Corvlnus.  Id 
factum  est  annis  quadringentis  quinque  post  Komam  con- 
ditam. 

Statuam  CorvInO  isti  divus  Augustus  in  foro  suo  statuendam 
caravit.  In  6ius  statuae  capite  corvl  simulacrum  est,  rel  pug- 
naeque,  quam  diximus,  monumentum. 

Book  X. 

Claudia's  Impudence. 

6.  N6n  in  facta  modo,  sed  in  voces  etiam  petulantiores  publicfi 
vindicatum  est ;  ita  enim  dfibSre  esse  visa  est  Romanae  discipllnae 

Special  Study.  —  Cognate  accusative. 

>  871,  U  :  238:  333,  I.  «  431,  j,.  1 ;  260,  b :  410,  n.  4. 


138 


AULUS   GELLIUS. 


dignitas  inviolabilis.  Appii  namque  illTus  Caecl  filia,  a  ludls  quos 
spectaverat  exiens,  turba  undique  confluentis  fluctuantisque  populi 
iactata  est.  Atque  inde  egressa,  cum  se  male  habitam  diceret: 
"quid  me^  nunc  factum  esset/'  inquit,  "quantoque  artius  pres- 
249*  siusque  conflictata  essem,  si  P.  Claudius,  f rater  mens,  navali 
proelio  classem  navium  cum  ingenti  civium  numero  non  per- 
didisset?  Certe  quidem  maiore  nunc  copia  populT  oppressa 
intercidissem.  Sed  utinam,"  inquit,  "revlvlscat  frater  aliam- 
que  classem  in  Siciliam  ducat  atque  istam  multittidinem  per- 
ditum  ^  eat,  quae  me  nunc  male  miseram  convexavit !  '^  Ob 
haec  mulieris  verba  tam  improba  ae  tarn  inclvllia  C.  Funda- 
nius  et  Ti.  Sempronius,  aedlles  plebel,  multam  dixerunt  el 
aeris  gravis  vlginti  quTnque  mllia. 


The  Ring  Finger. 

10.  Veteres  Graecos  anulum  habuisse  in 
digito  accepimus  sinistrae  manus,  qui  minimo 
est  proximus.  Eomanos  quoque  homines  aiunt 
SIC  plerumque  anulis  usitatos.  Causam  esse 
huius  rei  Apion  in  librls  Aegyptiacis  hanc  dicit, 
ANULus.  quod  insectls  apertlsque  humanis  corporibus,  ut 

mos  in  Aegypto  fuit,  quas^  Graecl  ^anatomas' 
appellant,  repertum  est,  nervum  quendam  tenuis- 
simum  ab  eo  uno  digito,  de  quo  diximus,  ad  cor 
hominis  pergere  ac  pervenTre;  propterea  non  in- 
scltum  visum  esse,  eum  potissimum  digitum  tall 
honore  decorandum,  qui  continens  et  quasi  co- 
nexus  esse  cum  prlncipatti  cordis  videretur. 


Special  Study.  —  Concord  of  relative  pronoun. 


1  415,  III,  N.  1  :  244,  d. :  401,  n.  7.  2  543,  2  :  302,  R. :  435,  n.  3. 

3  445^  4  .  199 .   Q24,  K.  3,  &. 


NOCTES  ATTICAE,  X. 


189 


War  or  Peace  f 

27.    In  litterls  veteribiis  memoria  exstat,  quod  par  quondam 

fuit  vigor  et  acritudo  amplitiidoque  popull  RomanI  atque  Poenl. 
Neque  immerito  aestimatum.  Cum  alils  quidem 
populTs  de  unluscuiusque  republica,  cum  Poems 
autem  de  omnium  terrarum  imperio  decertatum. 

Eius  rel  specimen  est  in  illo  utrlusque  popull 
verbo  factoque:  Q.  Fabius,  imperator  Eomanus, 
dedit  ad  Carthaginienses  epistulam.  Ibi  scrip-  b.c. 
tum  fuit,  populum  Romanum  misisse  ad  eos 
hastam  et  caduceum,  signa  duo  belli  aut  pacis, 
ex  quTs^  utriim  vellent  6ligerent;^  quod  elegis- 
sent,  id  unuin  ut  esse  missum  exlstimarent.^ 
Carthaginienses  responderunt,  neutrum  sese  eli- 
gere,  sed  jiosse,  qui   attulissent,  utrum   mallent 

relinquere ;  quod  rellquissent,  id  sibi  pro  el^cto  futurum. 

M.  autem  Varro  non  hastam  ipsam   neque   ipsum   caduceum 

missa  dicit,  sed  duas  tessei-ulas,  in  quarum  altera  caduceum,  in 

altera  hastae  simulacra  fuerint  inclsa. 


219. 


CADUCEUS. 


Tlie  Ages  of  Man. 

28.  Tubero  in  Historiarum  primo  scrlpsit,  Servium  Tullium  re- 
gem,  popull  RomanI  cum  illas  quinque  classes  seniorum  et  iunio- 
rum  census  faciendl  gratia  Institueret,  ^  pueros '  esse  existimasse, 
qui  minores  essent  annis  septem  decem,  atque  inde  ab  anno 
septimo  decimo,  quo  idoneos  iam  esse  reipublicae  arbitraretur, 
mllites  scrlpsisse,  eosque  ad  annum  quadragesimum  sextimi 
*  iuniores '  supraque  eum  annum  ^  seniores '  appellasse. 

Special  Study.  —  Relative  clauses  of  purpose. 

^  187,  footnote  6  {end)  :  104,  d:  105,  n.  2.  2  497.  317.  qsq^ 


140  AULUS   GELLIUS. 

Earn  rem  propterea  notavi,  ut  disorimina,  quae  fuerint 
iudicio  moribusque  maiorum  ^  pueritiae/  4uveiitae/  ^senectae/ 
ex  ista  censione  Servii  Tullii,  prtidentissimi  regis,  noscerentur. 

Book  XV. 

A  Strange  Death. 

^'^-  16.  Milo  Crotoniensis,  athleta  inlustris,  quern  in  chronicis  scrip- 
turn  est  Olympiade  sexagesima  secunda  primum  coronatum  esse, 
exitum  habuit  e  vita  miserandum  et  mirandum.  Cum  iam  natu 
grandis  artem  athleticam  desTsset  iterque  faceret  forte  solus  in 
locis  Italiae  silvestribus,  quercum  vidit  proxime  viam  patulls  in 
parte  media  rlmis  liiantem.  Tum  experirl,  credo,  etiam  tunc 
volens,  an  ullae  sibi  reliquae  vires  adessent,  immissis  in  cavernas 
arboris  digitis,  didticere  et  rescindere  quercum  conatus  est.  Ac 
mediam  quidem  partem  discidit  divellitque;  quercus  autem  in 
duas  diducta  partes,  cum  ille,  quasi  perfecto  ^  quod  erat  conixus, 
mantis  laxasset,  cessante  vi  rediit  in  nattiram  manibusque  eius 
retentis  inclusisque  stricta  denuo  et  cohaesa,  dilacerandum  homi- 
nem  feris  praebiiit. 

Second  Sight. 


B.C. 

48. 


18.  Quo  C.  Caesar  et  Cn.  Pompeius  die  per  civile  bellum  sTgnis 
conlatis  in  Thessalia  confiixerunt,  res  accidit  Patavii  in  Transpa- 
dana  Italia  memorari^  digna.  Cornelius  quidam  sacerdos,  et 
nobilis  et  sacerdotii  religionibus  venerandus  et  castitate  vitae 
sanctus,  repente  mota  mente  conspicere  se  procul  dixit,  pugnam 
acerrimam  pugnari,  ac  deinde  alios  cedere,  alios  urgere,  caedem, 
fugam,  tela  volantia,  instaurationem  piignae,  impressionem,  gemi- 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  absolute  with  a  clause. 

1  431,  N.  1 :  265,  b :  410,  n.  4.  2  593,  n,  2  :  320,  /.  n.  :  552,  R.  2. 


NOCTES  ATTICA E,  XV.  141 

tus,  vulnera,  proinde  ut  si  ipse  in  proelio  versaretur,  coram  videre 
ses6  vociferatus  est  ac  posted  subito  exclamavit,  Caesarem  vicisse. 
Ea  Cornelil  sacerdotis  hariolatio  levis  turn  quidem  visa  est  et 
vecors.  Magnae  mox  admlrationi  fuit,  quoniam  non  modo  ptigiiae 
dies,  quae  in  Thessalia  pugnata  est,  neqne  proelil  exitus,  qui  erat 
praedictus.  Idem  fuit,  sed  oranes  quoque  ptignandi  reciprocae 
vices  et  ipsa  exercit^ium  duorum  confllctatio  vaticinantis  motti 
atque  verbis  repraesentata  est. 

The   White  Deer, 

22.  Sertorius,  vir  acer  egregiusque  dux,  et  utendl  regendlque 
exercittis  perltus  fuit.  Is  in  temporibus  difficillimis  et  mentie- 
batur  ad  mllites  si  mendacium  prodesset,  ^  et  litteras  compositas 
pro  verls  legebat  et  somnium  simulabat  et  falsas  religiones  con-  »•^• 
ferebat,  si  quid  istae  res  eum  apud  mllitum  animos  adiuvabant.  72. 
lUud  adeo  Sertoril  nobile  est :  Cerva  alba  eximiae  pulchrittidinis 
et  vivacissimae  celeritatis  a  Lusitano  el  quodam  dono  data  est. 
Hanc  sibi  oblatam  divlnitus  et  Instinctam  Dianae  numine  conloqui 
secum  monereque  et  docere,  quae  utilia  factu  essent,  persuadere 
omnibus  Institit  ac,  si  quid  durius  videbatur,  quod  imperandum 
militibus  foret,  a  cerva  sese  monitum  praedicabat.  Id  cum  dlxe- 
rat,  universi,  tamquam  si  deo,  libentes  parebant.  Ea  cerva  quo- 
dam  die,  cum  incursio  esset  hostium  nimtiata,  festlnatione  ac 
tumultu  consternata  in  fugam  se  prorupit  atque  in  palude 
proxima  delitiiit  et  postea  requlslta  perlsse  cr^dita  est.  Neque 
multls  diiebus  post  inventam  esse  cervam  Sertorio  nuntiatur. 
Tum,  qui  nuntiaverat,  iussit  tacere  ac,  ne  cul  palam  diceret, 
interminatus  est  praecepitque,  ut  eam  postero  die  repente  in  eum 
locum,  in  quo  ipse  cum  amicis  osset,  immitteret.  Admlssis  de- 
Special  Study.  —  Force  of  imperfect  tense. 
1  628,  1 :  341 :   663,  2. 


142 


AULUS   GELLIUS. 


inde  amicls  postridie,  visum  sibi  esse  ait  in  quiete  cervam,  quae 
perisset,  ad  se  revert!  et,  ut  prius  consuerat^  quod  opus  esset 
facto  praedlcere;  turn  servo  quod  imperaverat  significat,  cerva 
emissa  in  cubiculum  Sertorii  introrupit^  clamor  factus  et  orta 
admiratio  est. 

Eaque  hominum  barbarorum  credulitas  Sertorio  in  magnis 
rebus  magno  usul  fuit.  Memoria  prodita  est,  ex  his  nationibus, 
quae  cum  Sertorio  faciebant,  cum  multls  proelils  superatus  esset, 
neminem  umquam  ab  eo  descivisse,  quamquam  id  genus  hominum 
esset  mobilissimum. 


REMAINS  OF  ROMAN   CAMP. 


MARCUS   TULLIITS   CICERO. 


DE    NATURA    DEORUM. 


Book  II. 


The  gods  appear  to  men. 


tunt  in  dies  maiorgs  atque  meliores. 


2.  Vidimus  ceteras  opi- 
nioiies  fictas  atque  vanas 
diuturnitate  extabuisse. 
Quis  enim  liippocentau- 
rum  f  uisse  aut  chimaeram 
putat  ?  quaeve  anus  tarn 
excors  invenlri  potest, 
quae  ilia,  quae  quondam 
credebantur,  apud  inferos 
portenta  extimgscat  ^  ? 
opTnionis  enim  eommenta 
delet  dies,  naturae  indicia 
conflrmat.  Itaque  et  in 
nostro  populo  et  in  ceteris 
deorum  cultus  religio- 
numque  sanctitates  exsis- 
Idque  evenit  non  temere 


nee  casu,  sed  quod  et  praesentes  saepe  di  vim  suam  declarant,  ut 
Special  Study.  —  Relative  clause  of  characteristic. 


1  600: 

A.  &  \V.  LAT.  R.  —  10 


319,  2:   631,  1. 
143 


144 


CICERO. 


B.C.  et  apud  Eegillum  bello  Latmorum,  cum  A.  Postumius  dictator 
^^^-  cum  Octavio  Mamilio  Ttisculano  proelio  dimicaret,  in  nostra  aci6 
Castor  et  Pollux  ex  equls  ptignare  visl  sunt ;  et  recentiore  memo- 
ria  idem  Tyndaridae  Persen  victum  ntintiaverunt.  P.  enim 
Yatlnius,  cum  Romam  venienti  noctti  duo  iuvenes  cum  equls  albls 
dixissent  regem  Persen  illo  die  captum,  senatuTque  ntintiavisset, 
primo  quasi  temere  de  reptiblica  locutus  in  carcerem  coniectus 
est,  post  a  Paulo  litterls  adlatis,  cum  idem  dies  constitisset,  et 
agro  a  senatu  et  vacatione  donattis  est.  Atque  etiam  cum  ad 
fluvium  Sagram  Crotoniatas  Locri  maximo  proelio  devlcissent,  eo 
ipso  die  auditam  esse  eam  ptignam  ludis  Olympiae  memoriae 
proditum  est. 


B.C. 

168. 


Other  proofs  of  divine  existences. 

Saepe  Faunorum  voces  exaudltae,  saepe  visae  formae  deorum 
quemvis  non  aut  hebetem  aut  impium  deos  praesentes  esse  confi- 

teri  coegerunt.  3.  .  .  .  Praedictiones 
vero  et  praesensiones  rerum  futtirarum 
quid  aliud  declarant  nisi  hominibus  ^  ea 
ostendi,  monstrari,  portend!,  praedlci  ? 
ex  quo  ilia  ostenta,  monstra,  portenta, 
prodigia  dicuntur.  Quod  si  ea  ficta 
credimus  licentia  fabularum,  ne  do- 
mesticis  quidem  exemplls  docti  ntimen 

ill'  "^^flh" "  ^  — ^  II       '    ^^^^^^  comprobabimus  ?  nihil  nos  P. 

i    ,|[  J!  Claudii  bello  Punico  primo  temeritas 

LLJ  Is  movebit,   qui   etiam   per   iocum  deos 

SACRED  CHICKENS.  mrideus,  cum  cavea  liberati  pulli  non 

pascerentur,  mergi  eos  in  aquam  iussit,  ut  biberent,  quoniam  esse 

nollent  ?   qui  risus  classe  devicta  multas  ipsi  lacrimas,  magnam 

Special  Study.  —  Force  and  position  of  7ie  —  quidem. 


1  sc.  divinitus. 


DE   NATURA  DEORUM,  11.  145 

populo  Romano  cladem  attulit.  Quid  ?  conlega  eius  lunius  eodem  b.c. 
bello  nonne  tempestate  classem  amisit,  cum  auspicils  non  paruis-  ^^^* 
set  ?  Itaque  Claudius  a  populo  condemnatus  est,  lunius  necem 
sibi  ipse  conscivit ;  C.  Flaminium  Caelius  religione  neglecta  ceci- 
disse  apud  Trasumenum  scrlbit  cum  magno  reipublicae  vulnere : 
quorum  exitio  intellegl  potest,  eorum  imperils  rempublicam 
ainplificatam,  qui  religionibus  paruissent.  Et  si  conferre  volumus 
nostra  cum  externls,  ceteris  rebus  aut  pares  aut  etiam  Inferiores 
reperiemur,  religione,  id  est  cultu  deorum,  multo  superiores. 

Hie  chief  deities. 

25.  Saturnum  eum  esse  voluerunt,  qui  cursum  et  conversionem 
spatiorum  ac  temporum  contineret :  Saturnus  autem  est  appella- 
tus,  quod  saturaretur  annis ;  ex  se  enim  natos  comesse  fingitur 
solitus,  quia  consumit  aetas  temporum  spatia  annlsque  praeteritis 
Insaturabiliter  expletur.  Vinctus  autem  a  love,  ne  immoderatos 
cursus  haberet  atque  ut  eum  siderum  vinculls  adligaret. 

Sed  ipse  luppiter,  id  est  luvdns  Pater,  a  poetis  '  pater  divtim- 
que  hominumque'  dicitur,  a  maioribus  autem  nostrls  ^optimus 
maximus.'  Hunc  igitur  Ennius,  ut  supra  dixl,  nimcupat  ita 
dicens : 

"Aspice  hoc  sublime  candens,  quem  invocant  omnes  lovem." 

Hunc  etiam  augures^  nostrl,  cum  dicunt  ^love  fulgente,  tonante'; 
dicunt  enim  'caelo  fulgente,  tonante.' 

26.  Aer  autem  interiectus  inter  mare  et  caelum  lunonis  no- 
mine consecratur,  quae  est  soror  et  coniunx  lovis.  Effeminarunt 
autem  eum  Itinonlque  tribuerunt,  quod  nihil  est  eo  mollius.  Sed 
Kmonem  a  iuvando  credo  nominatam. 

Special  Study.  —  Etymology  of  Saturnus,  luppiter j  luno. 

1  sc.  nuncupant. 


146  .  CICERO. 

Aqua  restabat  et  terra,  ut  essent  ex  fabulis  tria  regna  divisa : 
datum  est  igitur  NeptunOj  alterl  lovis  fratri,  maritimum  omne 
regnum,  nomenque  productum,  ut  Porttinus  a  portUj  sic  N eptunus 
a  nandOj  paulum  primis  litterls  immutatls. 

Terrena  autem  vis  omnis  atque  natiira  Diti  patri  dedicata 
est,  qui  Dives/  ut  apud  Graecos  'Flutbn^  quia  et  recidunt 
omnia  in  terras  et  oriuntur  e  terrls.  Cui  nuptam  dicunt  Pro- 
serpinam ;  ea  est  quam  friigum  semen  esse  volunt  abscon- 
ditamque  quaerl  a  matre  fingunt.  Mater  autem  est  a  gerendls 
frugibus  Ceres,  tamquam  '  Geres ^  casuque  prima  littera  itidem 
immutata. 

lam  qui  magna  verteret  Mavors;^  Minerva^  autem,  quae  vel 
minueret  vel  minaretur. 

27.  Cumque  in  omnibus  rebus  vim  haberent  maximam  prima 
et  extrema,  principem  in  sacrificando  lanum  esse  voluerunt,  ex 
quo  fores  in  llminibus  profanarum  aedium  ianuae  nominantur. 
lam  Vestae  nomen  a  Graecis  est,  —  ea  est  enim,  quae  ab  illls 
^Hestia^  dicitur,  —  vis  autem  eius  ad  aras  et  focos  pertinet.  Nee 
longe  absunt  ab  hac  vl  dl  Penates.  lam  Apollinis  nomen  est 
Graecum,  quem  Solem  esse  volunt ;  Dianam  autem  et  Ltinam 
eandem  esse  putant.  Quae  autem  dea  ad  res  omnes  venlret 
Venerem  nostri  nominaverunt,  atque  ex  ea  potius  '  venustas ' 
quam  ^Venus'  ex  venustate. 

The  earth  a  ivitness. 

39.  Ac  principio  terra  universa  cernatur,  locata  in  media  sede 
mundi,  solida  et  globosa  et  undique  ipsa  in  sese  nutibus  suls 
conglobata,  vestlta  floribus,  herbls,  arboribus,  frugibus,  quorum 
omnium  incredibilis  multitudo  Insatiabill  varietate  distinguitur. 

Special  Study.  —  Etymology  of  Neptunus^  Ceres,  etc. 

1  sc.  appellatus  (a)  est. 


DE  NATURA  DEORUM,  11.  147 

Adde  hue  fontium  gelidas  perennitates,  liquores  perlucidos  am- 
nium,  riparuui  vestitus  viridissimos,  speluncaruni  concavas  ampli- 
tudines,  saxorum  asperitat^s,  impendentium  montium  altittidines, 
immensitatesque  cam po rum ;  adde  etiam  reconditas  aurl  argen- 
tique  venas  infinltamque  vim  marmoris.  Quae  vero  et  quam  varia 
genera  bestiarum  vel  cicurum  vel  ferarum  !  qui  volucrium  lapsus 
atque  cantiis  !  qui  pecudum  pastus  !  quae  vita  silvestrium !  Quid 
iam  de  hominum  genere  dicam  ?  ^  qui  quasi  cultores  terrae  con- 
stituti  non  patiuntur  eam  nee  immanitate  beluarum  efferarl  nee 
stirpium  asperitate  vastarl,  quorumque  operibus  agri,  insulae 
lltoraque  conlucent  distincta  tectis  et  urbibus.  Quae  si,  ut  ani- 
mis,  sic  oculls  videre  possemus,  nemo  cunctam  intuens  terrain  d6 
divlna  ratione  dubitaret.  At  vero  quanta  maris  est  pulchritudo  ! 
quae  species  iiniversl !  -  quae  inultitudo  et  varietas  Insularum ! 
quae  amoenitates  orarum  ac  lltorum !  quot  genera  quamque  dispa- 
ria,  partim  submersarum,  partim  fluitantium  et  innantium  belua- 
rum, partim  ad  saxa  natlvis  testis  inhaerentium ! 

The  wonders  of  the  heavens. 

40.  Restat  iiltimus  et  a  domicilils  nostris  altissimus  omnia 
cingens  et  coercens  caeli  complexus,  qui  Idem  aether  vocatur, 
extrema  ora  et  determinatio  mundl,  in  quo  cum  admirabilitate 
maxima  Igneae  formae  cursus  ordinatos  definiunt.  E  quibus  sol, 
cuius  magnitudine  multls  partibus  terra  superatur,  circum  eam 
ipsam  volvitur,  isque  oriens  et  occidens  diem  noctemque  conficit 
et  modo  accedens,  turn  autem  recedens,  binas  in  singulis  annis 
reversiones  ab  extremo  contrarias  facit,  quarum  in  intervallo  tum 
quasi  tristitia  quadam  contrahit  terram,  tum  vicissim  laetificat,  ut 
cum  caelo  hilarata  videatur.     Luna  autem,  quae  est,  ut  ostendunt 

Special  Study.  — Deliberative  subjunctive. 

1  484,  V  :  208 :  465-6.  2  gc.  vians. 


148  CICERO. 

mathematici,  maior  quam  dimidia  pars  terrae,  isdem  spatils  va- 
gatur,  quibus  sol,  sed  turn  congrediens  cum  sole,  turn  degrediens, 
et  earn  Iticem,  quam  a  sole  accepit,  mittit  in  terras  et  varias  ipsa 
lucis  mutationes  habet,  atque  etiam  turn  subiecta  atque  opposita 
soli  radios  eius  et  lumen  obscurat,  tum  ipsa  incidens  in  umbram 
terrae,  cum  est  e  regione  solis,  interpositu  interiecttlque  terrae 
repente  deficit.  Isdemque  spatils  eae  stellae,  quas  vagas  dicimus, 
circum  terram  feruntur  eodemque  modo  oriuntur  et  occidunt, 
quarum  motus  tum  incitantur,  tum  retardantur,  saepe  etiam  In- 
sistunt;  quo  spectaculo  nihil  potest  admirabilius  esse,  nihil 
pulchrius.  Sequitur  stellarum  inerrantium  maxima  multitudo, 
quarum  ita  descrlpta  distinctio  est,  ut  ex  notarum  figurarum 
similitudine  nomina  invenerint. 

Book  HI. 

The  gods  do  not  always  punish  'the  wicked. 

34.  Diogenes  quidem  Cynicus  dicere  solebat  Harpalum,  qui 
temporibus  illis  praedo  felix  habebatur,  contra  deos  testimonium 
dicere,  quod  in  ilia  fortuna  tam  diu  vlyeret. 
B.C.  Dionysius,  de  quo  ante  dixi,  cum  fanum  Proserpinae  expila- 
gg^~  visset,  navigabat  Syractisas,  isque  cum  secundissimo  vento  cursum 
teneret,  ridens  '  videtisne,'  inquit  ^  amicT,  quam  bona  a  dis  immor- 
talibus  navigatio  sacrilegis  detur  ? '  Idque  homo  acutus  cum 
bene  planeque  percepisset,  in  eadem  sententia  perseverabat :  qui 
cum  in  fanum  venisset  lovis  Olympil,  aureum  ei  ^  detraxit  amicu- 
lum  grand!  pondere,  quo  lovem  ornarat  e  manubils  Carthaginien- 
sium  tyrannus  Gelo,  atque  in  eo  etiam  cavillatus  est  aestate  grave 
esse  aureum  amiculum,  hieme  frigidum,  eique  laneum   pallium 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  quality. 

1385,  2:  229:  345,  R.  1. 


DE   DIVINATIOXE,  I.  '  149 

iniecit,  cum  id  esse  ad  omne  aiml  tern  pus  aptura  diceret.  Idem- 
que  Aesculapii  Epidauri  barbam  auream  demi  iussit :  neque  enirn 
con  venire  barbatum  esse  f  ilium,  cum  in  omnibus  fanis  pater  ^  im- 
berbis  esset.  Etiam  mensas  argenteas  de  omnibus  deliibrls  iussit 
auferri,  in  quibus  cum  more  veteris  Graeciae  inscrlptum  esset 
BONORVM  DEORVM,  uti  86  corum  bouitatc  velle  dicebat.  Hunc 
igitur  nee  Olympius  luppiter  fulmine  percussit  nee  Aescula- 
pius misero  diuturnoque  morbo  tabescentem  interemit,  atque  in 
suo  lectulo  mortuus  in  rogum  inlatus  est,  eamque  potestatem, 
quam  ipse  per  scelus  erat  nactus,  quasi  iustani  et  legitimam 
hereditatis  loco  filio  tradidit. 


DE   DIVINATIONE. 

Book  I. 

Natural  and  artificial  divination.     Thunderbolts. 

6.  Duo  sunt  enim  divmandi  genera,  quorum  alterum  artis^ 
est,  alterum  naturae.^  Quae  est  autem  gens  aut  quae  civitas,  quae 
non  aut  extispicum  aut  monstra  aut  fulgora  interpretantium  aut 
augurum  aut  astrologorum  aut  sortium  —  ea  enim  fere  artis  sunt 
—  aut  somniorum  aut  vaticinationum — haec  enim  duo  naturalia 
putantur  —  praedictione  moveatur  ? 

10.  Quid  ?  de  fulgurum  vl  dubitare  num  possumus  ?  nonne  cum 
multa  alia  mirabilia,  tum  illud  in  primis :  cum  Summanus  in 
fastigio  lovis  optimi  maximi,  qui  tum  erat  flctilis,  e  caelo  ictus 
esset  nee  usquam  eius  simulacrl  caput  invenlretur,  hartispices  in 
Tiberim  id  depulsum  esse  dixei-unt,  idque  inventum  est  eo  loco, 
qui  est  ab  haruspicibus  demonstratus. 

Special  Study.  —  Predicate  genitive. 

1  SC.  Jpollo.  2  401 :  214,  c.  :  366,  . 


150  CICERO. 

13.  Casii,  iijquis.  Itane  vero  ?  Quattuor  tali  iacti  casu  Vene- 
rium efficiunt:  num  etiam  centum  Venerios,  si  quadringentos 
talos  ieceris,  casu  futuros  putas  ?  Aspersa  temere  pigmenta  in 
tabula  oris  iTneamenta  efficere  possunt :  num  etiam  Veneris  Coae 
pulchritudinem  effici  posse  aspersione  fortuita  putas?  Sus  rostro 
si  liumi  A  litteram  impresserit,  num  propterea  suspicari  poteris 
Andromacham  Ennil  ab  ea  posse  descrlbl  ?  Fingebat  Carneades 
in  Chlorum  lapicldlnls  saxo  diffisso  caput  exstitisse  PaniscI: 
credo  aliquam  non  dissimilem  tiguram^  sed  certe  non  talem,  ut 
cam  factam  a  Scopa  diceres.  Sic  enim  se  profecto  res  habet,  ut 
numquam  perfecte  veritatem  casus  imitetur. 

Augury.     Attus  Navius. 

16.  Quis  veterum  scrlptorum  non  loquitur,  quae  sint  ab  Atto 
Navio  per  lituum  facta  ?  Cum  vicini  omnes  ad  eum  de  rebus 
suls  referrent,  erat  in  magno  nomine  et  gloria.  Ex  quo  factum 
est  ut  eum  ad  se  rex  Priscus  arcesseret ;  cuius  cum  temptaret 
scientiam  auguratus,  dixit  el  cogitare  se  quiddam ;  id  possetne 
fieri  consuluit:  ille,  augurio  acto,  posse  respondit.  Tarquinius 
autem  dixit  se  cogitasse  cotem  novacula  posse  praecldl ;  tum 
Attum  iussisse^  experlrl:  ita  cotem  in  comitium  adlatam  Inspec- 
tante  et  rege  et  populo  novacula  esse  discissam.  Ex  eo  evenit  ut 
et  Tarquinius  augure  Atto  Navio  uteretur  et  populus  de  suls 
rebus  ad  eum  referret.  Cotem  autem  illam  et  novaculam  defos- 
sam  in  comitio  supraque  impositum  puteal  accepimus. 

Portents.     Dreams. 

18.  Ti.  GracchuSj  Publil  filius,  qui  bis  consul  et  censor  fuit 
itemque   et   summus   augur  et   vir   sapiens  civisque   praestans, 

Special  Study.  —  Future  perfect  in  protasis. 

1  sc.  scriptum  est. 


DE   DIVINATIOXE,   I.  151 

nonne,  ut  C.  Gracchus,  fllius  eius,  scriptum  reliquit,  duobus 
anguibus  clomi  compreliensis  haruspices  convocavit  ?  qui  cum 
respondissent,  si  marem  emlsisset,  uxorl^  brevi  tempore  esse  mori- 
endum,  si  feminam,  ipsi,  aequius  esse  censuit  se  maturum  oppe- 
tere  mortem  quam  F.  African!  filiam  adulescentem :  feminam 
emisit,  ipse  panels  post  diebus  est  mortuus. 

24.  Redeamus  ad  somnia.  Hannibalein  Caelius  scribit,  cum 
columnam  auream,  quae  esset  in  fano  lunonis  Laclniae,  auferre 
vellet  dubitaretque,  utrum  ea  solida  esset  an  extrlnsecus  inaurata, 
perterebravisse,  cumque  solidam  invenisset  statuisse  tollere ;  ei 
secundum  quietem  vlsam  esse  lunonem  praedlcere  ne  id  faceret 
minarlque,  si  fecisset,  se  curaturam  ut  eum  quoque  oculum,  quo 
bene  vid^ret,  amitteret,  idque  ab  homine  acuto  non  esse  neglec- 
tum :  itaque  ex  eo  auro,  quod  exterebratum  esset,  buculam  curasse 
faciendam  et  eam  in  sum  ma  columna  conlocavisse.  Hoc  item  in 
SllenI  Graeca  historia  est :  Hannibalem,  cum  cepisset  Saguntum, 
visum  esse  in  somnls  a  love  in  deorum  concilium  vocarl ;  quo  cum 
venisset,  lovem  imperavisse  ut  Italiae  bellum  Inferret  ducemque 
el  tinum  e  concilio  datum,  quo  ilium  ^  utentem  cum  exercitil  pro- 
gredi  coepisse  ;  tum  el  -  duceni  ilium  praecepisse  ne  respiceret, 
ilium  ^  autem  id  diiitius  facere  non  potuisse  elatumque  cupiditate 
respexisse ;  tum  vlsam  beluam  vastam  et  immanem  circumplica- 
tam  serpentibus  quacumque  incederet  omnia  arbusta,  virgulta, 
tecta  pervertere,  et  eum^  admlratum  quaesisse  de  deo,  quodnam 
illud  esset  tale  mon strum,  et  deum  respondisse  Vdstitdtem  esse 
Italiae,  praecepisseque  ut  pergeret  protinus;  quid  retro  atque  a 
tergo  fieret  ne  laboraret. 

Special  Study.  —  Disjunctive  indirect  questions. 

1  388  :  232  :  335.  2  ^  Hannibalem. 


TITUS   LIVIUS. 

HISTORIAE. 

Book  I. 

Kings  of  Alba  Longa. 

3.  Inter  Laviiiium  et  Albam  Longam  deductam^  coloniam  tri- 
ginta  ferme  interfuere  anni.  Tantum  tamen  opes  creverant, 
maxime  ftisis  EtrtiscTs,  ut  ne  morte  quidem  Aeneae  movere  anna 
aut  Mezentius  Etmsclque  aut  ulll  alii  accolae  ausi  sint.  Pax  ita 
convenerat,  ut  Etruscis  Latimsque  fluvius  Albula,  quern  nunc 
Tiberim  vocant,  finis  esset.  Silvius  deinde  regnat,  Ascanii  filius, 
casti  quodam  in  silvis  natus.  Is  Aeneaiu  Silvium  creat ;  is  deinde 
Latlnuni  Silvium.  Ab  eo  coloniae  aliquot  deductae,  Prisci  Latini 
appellatl.  Mansit  Silvils^  postea  omnibus  cognomen,  qui  Albae 
regnaverunt.  Latino  Alba  ortus,  Alba  Atys,  Atye  Capys,  Capye 
Capetus,  Capeto  Tiberlnus,  qui  in  traiectu  Albulae  amnis  sub- 
mersus  celebre  ad  posteros  nomen  flumini  dedit.  Agrippa  inde 
Tiberinl  filius,  post  Agrippam  Eomulus  Silvius  a  patre  accepto 
imperio  regnat.  Aventino  fulmine  ipse  ictus  regnum  per  manus 
tradidit.  Is  sepultus  in  eo  coUe,  qui  nunc  pars  Eomanae  est  urbis, 
cognomen  colli  fecit.  Proca  deinde  regnat.  Is  Numitorem  atque 
Amulium  procreat ;  Numitorl,  qui  stirpis  maximus  erat,  regnum 

Special  Study.  —  Dative  with  nomen  est  and  similar  expressions. 

1  649,  5,  N.  2  :  292,  a  :   664,  2.        ^  2  337^  n.  1 :  231,  h  :  349,  5. 

152 


HISTORIAE,  I. 


153 


vetustum  Silviae  gentis  legat.  Plus  tamen  vis  potuit  quam 
voluntas  patris  aut  verecundia  aetatis.  Pulso  fratre  Amtilius 
regnat.  Addit  scelerl  scelus  :  stirpem  f ratris  virllem  interimit ; 
f ratris  f Iliae  ^  Eheae  Silviae  per  speciem  honoris,  cum  Yestalem 
earn  legisset,  perpetua  virginitate  spem  partus  adimit. 


Birth  and  exposure  of  Romulus  and  Remus, 

4.    Sed  debebatur,  ut  opinor,  fatis  tantae  origo  urbis.     Vestalis 
cum  geminum  partum  edidisset,  Martem  incertae  stirpis  patreni 

ntincupat.  Sed  nee  dii 
nee  homines  aut  ipsam 
aut  stirpem  a  crude- 
litate  regia  vindicant ; 
sacerdos  vincta  in  cus- 
todiam  datur,  pueros 
in  profluentem  aquam 
mitti  iubet. 

Forte  quadam  divTni- 
tus  super  ripas  Tiberis 
effiisus  lenibus  stagnis 
nee  adirl  usquam  ad 
iusti  cur  sum  poterat 
amnis,  et  posse ^  quamvis  languida  mergi  aqua  infantes^  spem 
ferentibus  dabat.  Ita  velut  defuncti  regis  imperio^  in  proxima 
adluvie,  ubi  nunc  ficus  E-ummalis  est  —  Eomularem  vocatam 
ferunt  —  pueros  exponunt.  Vastae  tum  in  liTs  locis  solitudines 
erant.  Tenet  fama,  cum  fluitantem  alveum,  quo  expositi  erant 
puerl,   tenuis   in   sicco    aqua    destituisset,   lupam    sitientem    ex 

Special  Study.  —  Present  infinitive  with  expressions  of  hoping. 

1  385,  II,  2  :  229  :  345,  r.  1.  2  535^  I,  3  :  272  :  531,  4. 

3  421,  1 :  249  :  407. 


BRONZE  WOLF. 

{Rome.) 


154  LIVY. 

montibus  qui  circa  sunt  ad  puerilem  vagltum  cursum  flexisse ; 
earn  submissas  Infantibus  adeo  mitem  praebuisse  mammas,  ut 
lingua  lambentem  pueros  magister  regii  pecoris  invenerit.  Faus- 
tulo^  fuisse  nomen  ferunt.  Ab  eo  ad  stabula  Larentiae  uxor! 
educandos  ^  datos. 

Ita  geniti  itaque  educati,  cum  primum  adolevit  aetas,  nee  in 
stabulls  nee  ad  pecora  segnes  venando  peragrare  ^  saltiis.  Hinc 
robore  corporibus  animisque  sumpto  iam  non  feras  tantum  sub- 
sistere,  sed  in  latrones  praeda  onustos  impetus  facere,  pastori- 
busque  rapta  divide  re,  et  cum  his,  crescente  in  dies  grege  iuve- 
num,  seria  ac  iocos  celebrare. 

They  recover  their  kingdom, 

5.  Iam  tum  in  Palatio  monte  Lupercal  hoc  fuisse  ludicrum 
ferunt.  Ibi  Euandrum,  qui  ex  eo  genere  Arcadum  multls  ante 
tempestatibus  tenuerit  loca,  sollemne  adlatum  ex  Arcadia  Insti- 
tuisse,  ut  nudi  iuvenes  Lycaeum  Pana  venerantes  per  lusum  atque 
lasciviam  currerent.  Huic  deditis  ^  ludicro,  cum  sollemne  notum 
esset,  msidiatos  ob  iram  praedae  amissae  latrones,  cum  Eomulus 
VI  se  defendisset,  Eemum  cepisse,  cap  tum  regl  Amulio  tradidisse 
ultro  acctisantes.  Crimini^  maxime  dabant  in  Numitoris  agros 
ab  ils  impetum  fieri;  inde  eos  conlecta  iuvenum  manti  hostllem 
in  modum  praedas  agere.  Sic  Numitorl  ad  supplicium  Eemus 
deditur. 

Iam  inde  ab  initio  Faustulo  spes  fuerat  rSgiam  stirpem  apud 
se   educarl:   nam   et  expositos   iussu   regis   Infantes   sciebat,  et 
tempus,  quo  ipse  eos  sustulisset,  ad  id  ipsum  congruere ;  sed  rem  , 
immattiram  nisi  aut  per  occasionem  aut  per  necessitatem  aperire  ' 

Special  Study.  —  Historical  infinitive. 

1  387,  N.  1 :  231,  h  :  349,  5.  3  535,  l :  275  :   647. 

2  544,  N.  2  :  294,  d  :  430.  4  386 :  228  :  347. 

5  390:  233,  a:  356. 


HISTORIAE,  I.  155 

noliierat.  Necessitas  prior  venit.  Ita  metu  subactiis  Komulo 
rem  aperit.  Forte  et  Numitori/  cum  in  custodia  Kemum  haberet, 
audissetque  geminos  esse  fratres,  comparaiido  et  aetatem  eorum 
et  ipsam  minime  servilem  indolem  tetigerat  animum  memoria 
nepotum  ;  sclscitandoque  eodem  pervenit,  ut  baud  procul  esset, 
quTn  Remum  agnosceret.^  Ita  undique  regl  dolus  neetitur.  Eo- 
mulus  non  cum  globo  iuvenum,  nee  enim  erat  ad  vim  apertam  par, 
sed  alils  alio  itinere  iussis  certo  tempore  ad  regiam  venire  pas- 
toribus  ad  regem  impetum  facit,  et  a  domo  Numitoris  alia 
comparata  manii  adiuvat  Remus.     Ita  regem  obtruncant. 

6.  Numitor  inter  primum  tumultum  hostes  invasisse  urbem 
atque  adortos  rggiam  dictitans,  cum  pubem  Albanam  in  arcem 
praesidio  armlsque  obtinendam  ^  avocasset,  postquam  iuvenes  per- 
petrata  caede  pergere  ad  se  gratulantes  vidit,  extemplo  advocato 
concilio  scelera  in  se  fratris,  orlginem  nepotum,  ut  geniti,  ut 
educati,  ut  cogniti  essent/  caedem  deinceps  tyranni  seque  eius 
auctorem  ostendit.  Iuvenes  per  mediam  contionem  agmine  in- 
gress! cum  avum  regem  salutassent,  seciita  ex  omni  multitudine 
consentiens  vox  ratum  nomen  imperiumque  regl  efficit. 

.     Tlie  city  begun.     Death  of  Remus. 

Ita  Numitorl  Albana  re  permlssa  Romulum  Remumque 
cupido  cepit  in  his  locis  ubi  expositi  ubique  educati  erant,  urbis 
condendae.  Et  supererat  multitude  Albanorum  Latlnorumque ; 
ad  id  pastores  quoque  accesserant,  qui  omnes  facile  spem  face- 
rent  ^  parvam  Albam,  parvum  Lavlnium  prae  ea  urbe,  quae  con- 
deretur,  fore.  Intervenit  deinde  his  cogitationibus  avitum  malum, 
regni  cupido,  atque  inde  foedum  certamen  coortum  a  satis  miti 

Special  Study.  —  Use  of  quin. 

1  384,  4,  N.  2  :  235,  a  :  350,  1.  3  544^  1  .  300 :  427. 

2  504  :  319,  d  :   555,  2.  4  529,  1  :  .334  :  467. 

5  600,  1 :  319,  2  :   631. 


156  LIVY. 

prmcipio.  Quoniam  gemini  essent,^  nee  aetatis  verecundia  dis- 
crlmen  facere  posset/  ut  dil,  quorum  ttitelae  ea  loca  essent, 
auguriis  legerent,  qui  nomen  novae  urbl  daret,^  qui  conditam 
imperio  regeret,^  Palatium  Romulus,  Eemus  Aventlnum  ad 
inaugurandum  templa  capiunt. 

7.  Priori  Remo  augurium  venisse  fertur  sex  vultures,  iamque 
nuntiato  augurio  cum  duplex  numerus  Romulo  sese  ostendisset, 
utrumque  regem  sua  multittido  consaltitaverat.  Tempore  illl 
praecepto,  at  hi  numero  avium  regnum  trahebant.  Inde  cum 
altercatione  congressl  certamine  Irarum  ad  caedem  vertuntur. 
Ibi  in  turba  ictus  Remus  cecidit.  Vulgatior  fama  est  ludibrio 
fratris  Remum  novos  transiluisse  muros ;  inde  ab  Irato  Romulo, 
cum  verbis  quoque  increpitans  adiecisset  "  sic  deinde  quicumque 
alius  transiliet  moenia  mea!"  interfectum.  Ita  solus  potltus 
imperio  Romulus  ;  condita  urbs  conditoris  nomine  appellata. 

Hercules  and  Cacus, 

«<^-  Palatium  primum,  in  quo  ipse  erat  educatus,  muniit.  Sacra 
'  dils  alils  Albano  rltu,^**  Graeco  Herculi,  ut  ab  Euandro  Instituta 
erant,  facit.  Herculem  in  ea  loca  Geryone  interempto  boves 
mira  specie  abegisse  memorant,  ac  prope  Tiberim  fluvium,  qua 
prae  se  armentum  agens  nando  traiecerat,  loco  herbido,  ut  quiete 
et  pabulo  laeto  reficeret  boves,  et  ipsum  fessum  via  procubuisse. 
Ibi  cum  eum  cibo  vinoque  gravatum  sopor  oppressisset,  pastor 
accola  eius  loci  nomine  Cacus,  ferox  viribus,  captus  pulchritudine 
boum  cum  avertere  eam  praedam  vellet,  quia,  si  agendo  armentum 
in  speluncam  compulisset,^  ipsa  vestigia  quaerentem  dominum  eo 
deductura  ^  erant,  aversos  boves,  eximium  quemque  pulchritudine, 

Special  Study.  —  Future  participle  in  unreal  conditions. 

1  616  :  321 :   541.  s  424  :  253,  n.  :  397. 

2  497,  1  :  317,  2  ;   630.  *  510:  308  :   597. 

^^611,  2:  308,  d:   597,  3. 


HISTORIAE,  I.  157 

caudis  in  speluncam  traxit.  Hercules  ad  prlmara  auroram  somno 
excitus  cum  gregem  perlustrasset  oeulTs  et  partem  abesse  numero 
sensisset,  pergit  ad  proximam  speluncam,  si  forte  eo  vestigia 
ferrent.^  Quae  ubi  omnia  foras  versa  vidit  nee  in  partem  aliam 
ferre,  confusus  atque  incertus  animi  ex  loco  Infesto  agere  porro 
armentum  occepit.  Inde  cum  actae  boves  quaedam  ad  deslderium, 
ut  lit,  rellctarum  muglssent,  reddita  inclusarum  ex  spelunca  bourn 
vox  Herculem  convertit.  Qnem  cum  vadentem  ad  speluncam 
Cacus  vl  prohibere  conatus  esset,  ictus  clava  lidem  pastorum 
nequlquam  invocans  morte  occubuit. 

The  death  of  Romulus, 

16.  His  immortalibus  editis  operibus  cum  ad  exercitum  rec6n- 
sendum  contionem  in  campo  ad  Caprae  paludem  haberet,  subito 
coorta  tempestas  cum  magno  fragore  tonitribusque  tam  denso 
regem  operuit  nimbo,  ut  conspectum  eius  contioni  abstulerit. 
Nee  deinde  in  terris  Romulus  fuit.  Romana  pubes  s6dato  tan- 
dem pavore,  postquam  ex  tam  turbido  die  serena  et  tranquilla 
lux  rediit,  ubi  vacuam  sedem  regiam  vIdit,  etsi  satis  credebat 
patribus,  qui  proximi  steterant,  subllmem  raptum  procella,  tamen 
velut  orbitatis  metu  icta  maestum  aliquamditi  silentium  obtinuit. 
Deinde  a  panels  initio  facto  deum  ^  deo  natum,  regem  ^  parentem- 
que  urbis  Romanae  salvere  universi  Romulum^  iubent;  pacem 
precibus  exposcunt,  uti  volens  propitius  suam  semper  sospitet 
progeniem.  Fuisse  credo  tum  quoque  aliquos,  qui  discerptum 
regem  patrum  manibus  taciti  arguerent^  —  manavit  enim  haec 
quoque  sed  perobsctira  fama  — ;  illam  alteram  admlratio  virl  et 
pavor  praesens   nobilitavit.      Et   consilio   etiam   unlus   hominis 

Special  Study.  —  Verbs  governing  two  accusatives. 

1  629,  II,  1,  N.  1 :  .334,  /,  n.:  460. 1,  h.  2  373  .  239,  1,  a  :  340. 

8  503,  1  :  320  :   631,  2. 


158  LTYY. 

addita  rei  dicitur  fides.  Nam  que  Proculus  Iiilius,  sollicita  civi- 
tate  deslderio  regis  et  infensa  patribus,  gravis,  ut  traditur,  quam- 
vis  magnae  rei  auctor  in  contionem  prodit.  "  llomuliis,"  inquit, 
"  Quirltes,  parens  urbis  hfiius,  prima  hodierna  luce  caelo  repente 
delapsus  se  mihi  obvium  dedit.  Cum  perfusus  horuore  venera- 
bundus  adstitissem,  petens  precibus,  ut  contra  intuerl  fas  esset, 
^abl,  ntintia/  inquit,  ^Eomanis,  caelestes  ita  velle,  ut  mea  Eoma 
caput  orbis  terrarum  sit:  proinde  rem  mllitarem  colant/  sciant- 
que  et  ita  posterTs  tradant  nullas  opes  htimanas  armls  Eoma- 
nls  resistere  posse/  Haec/'  inquit,  "locutus  subllmis  abiit." 
Mirum^  quantum  illi  viro  nuntianti  haec  fides  fuerit,  quamque 
desiderium  Komull  apiid  plebem  exercitumque  facta  fide  im- 
mortalitatis  lenitum  sit. 

Reign  of  JSfumcL     The  temple  of  Janus. 

^•^-      19.    Qui^  regno  ita  potltus  urbem  novam,  conditam  vl  et  armls, 

itire  eam  legibusque  ac  moribus  de  integro  condere  parat.     Qui- 

bus  cum  inter  bella  adsuescere  videret  non  posse,  quippe  efferarl 

militia  animos,  mitigandum  ^  ferocem  populum  armorum  desuetu- 

dine  uatus  lanum  ad  infimum  Argiletum  indicem  pacis  bellique 

fecit,  apertus  ut  in  armls  esse  civitatem,  clausus  pacatos  circa 

omnes   populos   significaret.     Bis   deinde   post   Nuinae   regnum 

clausus  fuit,  semel  T.  Manlio  consule  post  Punicum  primum  per- 

fectum  bellum,  iterum,  (quod  nostrae  aetatl  dii  dederunt  ut  vide- 

remus),  post  bellum  Actiacum  ab  imperatore  Caesare  Augusto  pace 

terra  marique  parta.     Clauso  eo  cum  omnium  circa  finitimorum 

societate  ac  foederibus  iunxisset  animos,  positis  externorum  perl- 

culorum  curls,  ne  Itixuriarent  otio  animi,  quos  metus  hostium  dis- , 

I 
Special  Study.  —  Hortatory  subjunctive. 

1  484,  II :  260  :  263,  3.  3  i.e.  Mima. 

2  305,  N.  4  :  834,  g  :  407,  2,  n.  (eiid).  *  234  :  294,  h  :  251. 


HISTORIAE,  L 


169 


ciplinaque  mllitaris  continuerat,  omnium  primum  deorum  raetum 
iniciendum  ratus  est.  Qui  cum  descendere  ad  animOs  sine  aliquo 
commento  miracull  non  posset,  simulat  sibi  cum  dea  Egeria 
congressus  nocturnes  esse ;  6ius  s6  monitti,  quae  acceptissima 
dils  essent,  sacra  Instituere,  sacerdot^s  suos  cuique  deorum 
praeficere. 

Reform  of  the  calendar.     The  Vestal  Virgins. 

Atque  omnium  primum  ad  cursas  lUnae  in'duodecim  menses 

descrlbit  annum;  quern,  quia  tric6- 
nos  dies  singulis  mensibus  luna  non 
explet,  desuntque  dies  solido  anno, 
qui  solstitial!  circumagitur  orbe,  in- 
tercalarils  mensibus  interponendls  ^ 
ita  dispensavit,  ut  vicesimo  anno  ad 
metam  eandem  solis,  unde  orsi  es- 
sent, plenis  omnium  annorum  spatiis 
dies  congruerent.  Idem  nefastos 
dies  fastosque  fecit,  quia  aliquando 
nihil  cum  populo  agl  ^  utile  f uturum 
erat. 

20.  Turn  sacerdotibus  creandls^ 
animum  adiecit,  quamquam  ipse  plti- 
rima  sacra  oblbat,  ea  maxime  quae 
nunc  ad  Dialem  flaminem  pertinent. 
Sed  quia  in  civitate  bellicosa  plures 
Romull  quam  Numae  similes  reges 
VESTAL  VIRGIN.  putabat    fore,    iturosque    ipsos    ad 

Special  Study.  —  Ablative  of  gerund  and  gerundive. 


1  642,  IV,  544 :  301,  1 :  431.  2  533.  27O:  422. 

3  644,  2 :  299,  a  :  429. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  —  11 


160  I^IVY. 

bella,  Ti6  sacra  rggiae  vicis  d^sererentur,  flaminem  lovT  adsiduum 
sacerdotem  creavit,  mslgmque  eum  veste  et  curull  regia  sella 
adornavit.  Huic  duos  flamings  adieeit,  Marti  unum,  alterum 
Quirlno;  virginesque  Vestae  legit,  Alba  oriundum  sacerdotium 
et  genti  conditoris  haud  alienum.  lis,  ut  adsiduae  templl  anti- 
stitSs  essent,  stipendium  de  publico  statuit,  virgiuitate  aliisque 
caerimoniis  venerabilSs  ac  sanctas  fecit. 

Book  II. 

Horatius  at  the  bridge. 

10.  Cum  hostes  adessent,  pro  se  quisque  in  urbem  ex  agris 
demigrant,  urbem  ipsam  saepiunt  praesidils.  Alia  inuris,  alia 
Tiber!  obiecto  videbantur  tuta.  Pons  Sublicius  iter  paene  hosti- 
bus  dedit,^  ni  unus  vir  fuisset  Horatius  Codes :  id  munlmentum 
illo  die  fortuna  urbis  Eomanae  habuit.  Qui  positus  forte  in 
statione  pontis,  cum  captum  repentino  impetu  laniculum  atque 
inde  citatos  decurrere  hostes  vidisset,  trepidamque  turbam  suo- 
rum  arma  ordinesque  relinquere,  reprehensans  singulos,  obsistens 
obtestansque  detim  et  hominum  fidem  testabatur,  nequlquam  de- 
serto  praesidio  eos  fugere.  Si  transitum  pontem  a  tergo  reliquis- 
sent,^  iam  plus  hostium  in  Palatio  Capitolioque  quam  in  laniculo 
fore.  Itaque  monere  praedicere,  ut  pontem  ferro  ignl,  quacumque 
vl  possint,  interrumpant :  se  impetum  hostium,  quantum  cor  pore 
lino  posset  obsisti,excepturum.  Vadit  inde  in  primum  aditum  pon- 
tis, insignisque  inter  conspecta  cedentium  pugnae  ^  terga,  obversis 
comminus  ad  ineundum  proelium  armis,  ipso  miraculo  audaciae 
obstupefecit  hostes.  Duos  tamen  cum  eo  pudor  tenuit,  Sp.  Lar- 
cium  ac  T.  Herminium,  ambos  claros  genere  factisque.     Cum  his 

Special  Study.  —  Indicative  in  unreal  conditions. 

1  611,  1 :  308,  h  :  597,  R.  3.  2  509,  n.  3  :  307,  /:  596,  2. 

8  880,4,2:  229,  c:  845,^.  I, 


HISTORIAE,   V.  161 

primam  periculi  procellam  et  quod  turaultuosissimum  ptlgnae 
erat  parumper  sustinuit.  Deinde  eos  quoque  ipsos,  exigua  parte 
pontis  relicta,  revocantibus  qui  rescindebant,  cedere  in  tutum 
coegit.  Circumferens  inde  truces  minaeiter  oculos  ad  proceres 
Etruscorum  nunc  singulos  provocare,^  nunc  increpare  omnes,  ser- 
vitia  regum  superborum,  suae  iTbertatis  immemores  alienam  op- 
pugnatum^  venire.  CunctatI  aliquamdiu  sunt,  dum  alius  alium,  ut 
proelium  incipiant,  circumspectant.  Pudor  deinde  commovit 
aciem,  et  clamore  sublato  undique  in  tinum  hostem  tela  coniciunt. 
Quae  cum  in  obiecto  ctincta  sctito  haesissent,  neque  ille  minus 
obstinatus  ingenti  pontem  obtineret  gradti,  iam  impetti  conaban- 
tur  detrtidere  virum,  cum  simul  fragor  i-uptl  pontis  simul  clamor 
Komanorum,  alacritate  perfecti  operis  sublatus,  pavore  subito 
impetiun  sustinuit.  Tum  Codes  "Tiberine  pater/'  inquit,  "t6, 
sancte,  precor,  haec  arma  et  hunc  militem  propitio  flumine  acci- 
pias  ! "  Ita  sic  armatus  in  Tiberim  desiluit,  multisque  superinci- 
dentibus  tells  incolumis  ad  suos  tranavit,  rem  ausus  plus  famae 
habittiram  ad  posteros  quam  fidel.  Grata  erga  tantam  virtutem 
civitas  fuit:  statua  in  comitio  posita,  agri  quantum  tino  die 
circumaravit  datum.  Privata  quoque  inter  ptiblicos  honores 
studia  eminebant:  nam  in  magna  inopia  pro  domesticis  copiis 
unus  quisque  ei  aliquid  fraudans  sS  ipse  victti  suo  contulit. 


Book  V. 
The  Gauls  at  Rome:  the  Capitol  saved  by  geese. 
47.   Dum  haec  Veils  agebantur,  interim  arx  Eomae  Capitolium-  b.c. 

890 

que   in   ingenti  perlculo   fuit.     Namque   Galll  animadverso   ad 
Carmentis  saxo  ascensu  aequo,  nocte  subltistrl,  cum  primo  iner- 

Special  Study.  —  Genitive  with  adjectives. 

1  586,  1 :  276 :  647.  2  545 .  302 :  435. 


162  LIVY. 

mem,  qui  temptaret^  viam,  praemlsissent,  traderit^s  hide  arma, 
ubi  quid  inlqui  esset,  alterni  innixl  sublevant^sque  in  vicem  et 
trahentes  alii  alios,  prout  postularet  locus,  tanto  silentio  in 
summum  evasere,  ut  non  custodes  solum  fallerent,  sed  ne  canSs 
quidem,  sollicitum  animal  ad  nocturnos  strepitus,  excitarent. 
Anseres  non  f ef ellere,  quibus  ^  sacrls  lunonis  in  summa  inopia  cibi 
tamen  abstinebatur.^  Quae  res  saluti  ^  fuit :  namque  clangore 
eorum  alarum  que  crepitu  excltus  M.  Manlius,  qui  triennio  ante 
consul  fuerat,  vir  bello  egregius,  armis  arreptis  simul  ad  arma 
ceteros  ciens  vadit,  et  dum  ceterl  trepidant,  Galium,  qui  iam  in 
summo  constiterat,  umbone  ictum  d^turbat.  Cuius  casus  prolapsi 
cum  proximos  sterneret,  trepidantes  alios  armisque  omissis  saxa, 
quibus  adhaerebant,  manibus  amplexos  trucldat.  lamque  et  alii 
congregati  tells  missilibusque  saxis  proturbar^  hostes,  rulnaque 
tota  prolapsa  acies  in  praeceps  deferrl.  Sedato  deinde  tumultu 
reliquum  noctis,  quantum  in  turbatis  mentibus  poterat,  quietl 
datum  est.  Luce  orta  vocatis  classico  ad  concilium  mllitibus  ad 
tribunos,  cum  et  r^cte  et  perperam  facto  pretium  debergtur, 
Manlius  primum  ob  virtutem  laudatus  donatusque  non  ab  tri- 
bunls  solum  mllitum  sed  consensu  etiam  mllitarl;  cul  universi 
sellbras  farris  et  quartarios  vinl  ad  aedes  eius,  quae  in  arce  erant, 
contulerunt  —  rem  dictu  parvam,  ceterum  inopia  f ecerat  eam 
argumentum  ingens  caritatis.  Tum  vigiles  eius  loci,  qua  fefelle- 
rat  ascendens  hostis,  citati;  et  cum  in  omnes  more  mllitarl  se 
animadversurum  Q.  Sulpicius  tribunus  mllitum  pronuntiasset, 
consentiente  clamore  mllitum  in  iinum  vigilem  conicientium  cul- 
pam  deterritus  a  ceteris  abstinuit,  reum  baud  dubium  eius  noxae 
approbantibus  cunctis  d6  saxo  deiecit.  Inde  intentiores  utrimque 
custodiae  esse,  et  apud  Gallos,  quia  vulgatum  erat  inter  Veios 

Special  Study. — Ablative  of  separation. 

1  497,  1 :  317,  2  :   630.  3  301 ;   146,  d:  208,  2. 

2  414 :  243  :  390,  2.  '  *  890,  II,  n.  2  :  233,  a  :  356. 


HISTORIAE,  V.  163 

ROmamque   nuntios   commeare,  et   apud  Romanos   ab  nocturni 
periculi  memoria. 

The  Romans  are  weakened  by  famine. 

48.  Sed  ante  omnia  obsidionis  bellTque  mala  fames  utrumque 
exercitum  urggbat,  Gallos  pestilentia  etiam,  cum^  loco  iacente 
inter  tumulos  eastra  habentes  tum  ^  ab  incendiis  torrido  et  vaporis 
pleno.  Quorum  intolerantissima  g6ns  umorlque  ac  f rigori  adsueta, 
cum  aestu  et  angore  vexata  vulgatis  velut  in  pecua  morbis  more- 
rentur,  iam  pigritia  singulos  sepeliendi  promiscue  acervatos  cumu- 
los  hominum  ur^bant ;  bustorumque  inde  Gallicorum  nomine 
inslgnem  locum  fecere.  Indutiae  deinde  cum  Romanis  factae  et 
conloquia  permissu  imperatorum  habita ;  in  quibus  cum  identi- 
dem  Galli  famem  obicerent,  eaque  necessitate  ad  deditionem 
vocarent,  dicitur  avertendae  eius  opinionis  causa  multls  locis 
panis  d6  Capitolio  iactatus  esse  in  hostium  stationgs.  Sed  iam 
neque  dissimularl  neque  ferri  ultra  fam^s  poterat. 

TJiey  buy  peace.     The  insolence  of  the  Gauls. 

Itaque  dum  dictator  dilectum  per  sS  Ardeae  habet,  magistrura 
equitum  L.  Valerium  a  Veils  abducere  exercitum  iubet,  interim 
Capitollnus  exercitus  stationibus  vigiliis  fessus,  superatis  tamen 
humanis  omnibus  malls  cum  famem  tinam  natura  vinci  non 
sineret,  diem  de  die  prospectans,  ecquod  auxilium  ab  dictatore 
appareret,  postremo  spe  quoque  iam  non  solum  cibo  deficiente  et, 
cum  stationes  procederent,  prope  obruentibus  Inflrmum  corpus 
armls,  vel  dedl  vel  redimi  se  quacumque  pactione  possent  iussit, 
iactantibus  non  obscure  Gallis,  baud  magna  mercede  ^  se  adduci 
posse,  ut  obsidionem  relinquant.     Tum  senatus  habitus  tribtinls- 

Special  Study.  —  Force  of  cum  —  tum. 

1  5M,  I,  5  :  107  :   588.  2  422:  252  :  404. 


164  T^TVY. 

que  mllitum  negotium  datum,  ut  paclscerentur.  Inde  inter 
Q.  Sulpicium  tribimum  mllitum  et  Brennum  regulum  Gallorum 
conloquio  transacta  res  est  et  mllle  pondo  aurl  pretium  populi 
gentibus  mox  impevattiri  factum.  Eel  foedissimae  per  se  adiecta 
indignitas  est :  pondera  ab  Gallls  adlata  iniqua,  et  tribtino  recti- 
sante,  additus  ab  msolente  Gallo  ponderl  gladius,  audltaque 
intoleranda  Eomanis  vox :    vae  victis. 

Camillus  rejects  the  disgraceful  terms. 

49.  Sed  dilque  et  homines  proliibuere  redemptos  vivere^Eo- 
manos.  Nam  forte  quadam,  priusquam  Tnfanda  merces  perfice- 
retur^  per  altercationem  nondum  omni  auro  appenso,  dictator 
intervenit,  auferrique  aurum  de  medio  et  Gallos  submoverl  iubet. 
Cum  illl  renltentes  pactos  dicerent  sese,  negat  eam  pactionem 
ratam  esse,  quae,  postquam  ipse  dictator  creatus  esset,  initissu 
suo  ab  inferioris  itiris  magistratu  facta  esset ;  dentintiatque  Gallis, 
ut  se  ad  proelium  expediant.  Suos  in  acervum  conicere  sarcinas 
et  arma  aptare  ferroque,  non  auro,  recuperare  patriam  iubet,  in 
conspectti  habentes  fana  deum  et  coniuges  et  llberos  et  solum 
patriae  deforme  belli  malls  et  omnia,  quae  defend!  repetique  et 
ulciscl  fas  sit.  Instruit  deinde  aciem,  ut  loci  natura  patiebatur  in 
sSmirutae  solo  urbis  et  natura  inaequalT,  et  omnia,  quae  arte  belli 
secunda  suls  eligl  praepararlve  poterant,  provldit. 

The  Gauls  are  routed. 

Galll  nova  re  trepidi  arma  capiunt,  iraque  magis  quam  consilio 
in  Eomanos  incurrunt.  lam  verterat  fortuna,  iam  deorum  opes 
humanaque  consilia  rem  Eomanam  adiuvabant.  Igitur  primo 
concursti  baud  maiore  momento  fusi  Galll  sunt,  quam  ad  Alliam 

Special  Study.  —  Temporal  clauses. 

1  536,  II,  footnote :  331,  e,  2  :  549,  n.  1.  ^  520 :  327  :  577. 


HISTORIAE,  V.  165 

vicerant.  lustiore  altero  deinde  proelio  ad  octavum  lapidem 
Gabina  via,  quo  se  ex  fiiga  contulerant,  eiusdem  ductu  auspicio- 
que  Camilli  vincuntur.  Ibi  caedes  omnia  obtinuit.  Castra 
capiuntur,  et  ne  niintius  quidem  cladis  rellctus.  Dictator  re- 
cuperata  ex  hostibus  patria  triuraphans  in  urbem  redit,  interque 
iocos  militares,  quos  inconditos  iaciiint,  Eomulus  ac  parens 
patriae  conditorque  alter  urbis  hand  vanTs  laudibus  appellabatur. 
Servatam  deinde  bello  patriam  iterum  in  pace  baud  dubie  serva- 
vit,  cum  prohibuit  migrari  Veios  et  tribimis  rem  intentius  agen- 
tibus  post  incensam  urbem  et  per  se  incllnata  magis  plebe  ad 
id  consilium.  Eaque  causa  fuit  non  abdicandae  post  triumphum 
dictattirae,  senatti  obsecrante,  ne  rem  publicam  in  incerto  relin- 
queret  statu. 


LITERATURE. 


The  following  works,  and  those  mentioned  in  the  introductions  to  the  Notes, 
embrace  only  a  limited  selection  from  the  vast  amount  of  useful  literature  on 
the  matters  treated.  With  the  student,  reference  to  too  many  authorities 
defeats  its  own  end,  and  the  teacher  can  easily  extend  the  bibliography  at  his 
pleasure.  The  volumes  starred  should  be  readily  accessible  to  the  student, 
either  in  his  own  possession  or  in  the  school  library. 

Bibliographical  Clue  to  Latin  Literature.    J.  E.  B.  Mayor.    Macmillan  &£o. 

Cruttwell's  Roman  Literature.     Scribners. 

Teuffel's  Roman  Literature.     Scribners. 

*Guerber's  Myths  of  Greece  and  Rome.    American  Book  Co. 

Duruy's  History  of  Rome.     Triibner. 

*Outlines  of  Roman  History.     Pelham.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

*The  Story  of  Rome.     Arthur  Gilman.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

*Plutarch's  Lives  (Translation).    Clough.     Little,  Brown  &  Co. 

*Ancient  Rome  in  the  Light  of  Recent  Discoveries,  and 

*Pagan  and  Christian  Rome.     Rodolfo  Lanciani.     Houghton,  Mifflin  SrCo. 

*Early  Rome  (Epochs  of  History).  W.  Ihne.  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.  Invalu- 
able in  the  study  of  the  early  traditions  of  Rome. 

*Roman  Antiquities  (History  Primer  Series).     Wilkins.    American  Book  Co. 

*A  Companion  to  School  Classics.     Gow.     Macmillan  &  Co. 

*Roman  Life  in  the  Day  of  Cicero.     Church.     Scribners. 

*Becker's  Gallus.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

^Smith's  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities.     Murray. 

*Smith's  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and  Mythology.     Murray. 

*Rich's  Dictionary  of  Roman  and  Greek  Antiquities.     Longmans,  Green  &,  Co. 

Das  Alte  Rom,  a  photogi-aphic  reproduction  of  the  painting  by  Buhlmann  and 
Wagner,  gives  an  excellent  panoramic  view  of  Rome  at  the  time  of  Con- 
atantine, 

166 


NOTES. 


EUTROPIUS. 

Of  the  life  of  Eutropius  little  or  nothing  is  known  with  certainty.  The  single 
statement  which  he  makes  regarding  himself  occurs  in  the  account  of  the  inva- 
sion of  Persia  by  the  Emperor  Julian,  a.d.  363:  "In  which  expedition  I  also 
took  parf  His  history  is  dedicated  to  the  Emperor  Valens,  and  professes  to 
be  written  at  his  command ;  it  ends  with  the  death  of  Jovian,  a.d.  364.  A 
Byzantine  writer  nearly  a  thousand  years  later  states  that  Eutropius  was  a 
secretary  (epistolographos)  under  Constantine  the  Great  (who  died  a.d.  337). 
If  this  is  correct,  then  his  life  must  fall  within  the  limits  of  the  fourth  century. 
It  was  a  period  of  great  change.  Constantine  had  transferred  the  seat  of 
empire  from  Italy  to  Byzantium,  which  he  had  rebuilt  and  called  by  his  own 
name.  Rome  was  swiftly  yielding  to  the  advance  of  Christianity.  More  and 
more  the  empire  was  becoming  a  Greek  Christian  state,  and  the  history  of  the 
eternal  city  was  fading  from  the  memory  of  those  who  called  themselves  by  its 
name.  What  the  religion  of  Eutropius  was  cannot  certainly  be  determined. 
He  makes  no  comments  on  the  paganism  he  describes  ;  Claudius'  and  Flamini- 
nus'  disregard  of  the  omens  is  recorded  precisely  as  it  might  have  been  by  Livy, 
and  various  emperors  are  said  to  have  been  deservedly  enrolled  among  the  gods. 
A  very  late  historian,  indeed,  pronounces  him  a  Hellen  (i.e.  pagan) ,  and  con- 
siders his  testimony  regarding  Constantine  of  peculiar  value.  The  same  writer 
calls  Eutropius  a  contemporary  and  a  partisan  of  Julian,  whose  departure  from 
the  Christian  faith  has  won  for  him  the  name  of  Apostate.  Yet  Eutropius 
calls  the  latter  too  violent  a  persecutor  {nimiiis  insectator)  of  the  Christian 
faith,  the  only  passage  in  which  he  mentions  what  had  become  in  his  time  the 
state  religion. 

The  history  compend,  Breviarium,  is  the  only  extant  work  of  Eutropius. 
In  ten  short  books  he  rapidly  narrates  the  events  from  the  founding  of  Rome 
to  the  accession  of  Valens :  *'  so  that  Your  Serenity's  divine  mind  may  rejoice 
to  know  that  it  has  imitated  the  deeds  of  illustrious  men,  before  it  learned  them 
by  reading,"  as  the  preface  states.  It  was  abridged  from  Livy,  Suetonius,  and 
later  writers ;  though  the  only  authority  mentioned  is  Caelius  Antipater,  a  con- 

167 


168 


XOTES. 


[Page  13. 


temporary  of  the  Gracchi.  In  style  it  is  extremely  plain  and  direct ;  th^re  is 
no  straining  after  effect,  little  or  no  attempt  at  rhetorical  ornament.  There  are 
some  blunders  in  matters  of  fact,  but  none  of  any  moment.  For  the  age  in 
which  it  was  written,  the  diction  is  remarkably  good  ;  it  is  not  to  be  wondered 
at  that  the  book  soon  became,  and  long  remained,  a  favorite  manual.  It  was 
early  translated  into  Greek  ;  one  version  of  it,  by  Paeanius,  written  about  380, 
is  still  extant.  Other  historians  made  extracts  from  it,  and  in  the  eighth  century 
Paul  the  Deacon  made  it  the  basis  of  a  new  history.  He  had  sent  the  book  to 
his  pupil,  Adelperga,  the  Duchess  of  Beneventum  (then  a  Lombard  capital), 
who  seems  to  have  found  it  too  dry  and  too  pagan  for  her  taste.  This  version 
of  Paul's  has  often  been  confounded  with  the  real  work  of  Eutropius.  Since 
the  revival  of  learning,  there  have  been  many  editions  of  Eutropius.  The  edition 
by  H.  Yerheyk  (Ley den,  1793)  contains  a  collection  of  Latin  notes  by  various 
scholars,  as  well  as  the  Greek  translation.  There  are  several  modern  critical 
editions  ;  one  of  the  most  usable  perhaps  is  that  by  O.  Eichert  (Hanover,  1871), 
with  German  notes.  There  is  a  Lexicon  to  Eutropius  by  the  same  writer,  and 
a  selection  for  sight  reading,  edited  by  Professor  Greenough. 

BREVIARIUM. 


Book  I. 

13.  §  1-  uUum  fere  :  sc.  imperimn, 
with  which  minus  and  amplius  agree. 

fHius :  appos.  with  qui. 

quantum  putatus  est  :  '  as  was 
supposed '  ;  note  gender  of  partici- 
ple. 

octodecim  annos  natus  :  '  eight- 
een years  old '  ;  commonly  duo  de  vi- 
ginti.  Cf.  VII,  1.  For' less  common 
ways  of  stating  age,  see  II,  6,  annorum 
trium  et  viginti;  III,  7,  annum  agens 
vicesimum  aetatis.  Nepos,  Atticus  7, 
cum  haberet  annos  circiter  LX.  For 
the  numeral,  cf.  II,  21. 

urbem  exiguam :  on  the  Palatine 
there  are  still  remains  which  are  ordi- 
narily referred  to  this  earliest  settle- 
ment. 

XI  Kal.  Maias :  what  is  the  date 
in  our  reckoning  ?      In   the   Roman 


calendar  it  coincided  with  the  Palilia 
or  the  feast  of  Pales,  the  guardian 
divinity  of  shepherds,  but  it  came 
to  be  celebrated  more  and  more  as 
the  dies  natalitius  ( *  birthday  ' )  of 
Rome. 

Olympiadis  sextae  anno  tertio : 
B.C.  754.  The  dates  given  by  Eutro- 
pius do  not  always  correspond  with 
the  received  chronology  given  in  the 
margin  (from  Smith's  Classical  Dic- 
tionary). According  to  Varro  (see 
Vocabulary)  Rome  was  founded  b.c. 
753.  There  were  many  legends  con- 
cerning that  event,  but  Eutropius  fol- 
lows the  one  which  was  most  widely 
believed.  It  is  related  in  greater  de- 
tail by  Livy  I,  4-6.  Cf.  also  Plutarch, 
Bomulus. 

§  2.  condita  civitate  :  *  when  the  , 
city  had  been  founded ' ;  civitas  =  • 
urbs. 


Pages  13-15.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


169 


Romam  vocavit :  it  is  much  more 
likely  that  the  name  Romulus  was 
made  from  the  name  of  the  city.  See 
Lanciani,  Ancient  Rome,  p.  37. 

centum  ex  senioribus :  *  a  hundred 
of  the  elders ' ;  ex  with  abl.  is  regularly 
used  with  numerals  instead  of  the  part, 
gen.  The  number  of  senators  was 
afterwards  increased ;  see  §  6.  For 
several  centuries  it  was  fixed  at  300. 
Julius  Caesar  increased  it  to  900. 
Augustus  diminished  it  to  about  600, 
and  fixed  the  senatorial  age  at  twenty- 
five. 

14.  raptarum:  sc.  virginum;  obj. 
gen.  The  chief  idea  is  in  the  participle : 
*  the  stealing  of  the  maidens,'  not  '  the 
stolen  maidens.'  For  the  story,  cf. 
Ihne,  pp.  33  and  69. 

cingiint :  *  surround '  ;  they  were 
on  the  north  chiefly. 

orta  tempestate  :  what  is  denoted 
by  the  abl.  abs.  ? 

non  companiisset :  '  he  had  dis- 
appeared '  ;  see  definition  of  Litotes, 
637,  VIII:  209,  c:  700.  Cf.  Ihne, 
p.  61. 

per  quinos  dies :  '  (each)  for  five 
days';  cf.  hinorum  hostium,  II,  13. 
When  are  the  distributive  numerals 
used?  174,  2:  95:  97,  R.  2,  3.  For 
per,  cf.  §  8,  annis. 

§  3.  putabantur :  note  use  of  imp. 
tense. 

decern  menses:  twelve  according 
to  Livy  I,  19. 

sine  aliqua :  =  sine  ulla ;  for  cor- 
rect use  of  aliquis,  cf.  Livy  I,  19. 

R5mae  :  why  not  in  Roma  9 

sacra  ac  templa  :  there  was  a  ten- 
dency to  refer  all  religious  institutions 
to  Numa,  just  as  among  the  ancient 


Hebrews  all  laws  were  ascribed  to 
Moses. 

morbo  decessit:  i.e.  he  did  not 
meet  with  a  violent  death  as  so  many 
of  the  kings  did.  Cf.  morbo  mortuo, 
I,  10 ;  fataliter  mortuus,  I,  11 ;  morte 
communis  VII,  8. 

§  4.  miliarid :  cf.  in  octavo  decimo 
miliario,  I,  8.  Which  expression  ac- 
cords with  the  rule  for  this  use  of  the 
abl.  ?  When  paved  roads  were  built 
leading  from  Rome  (see  II,  9),  mile- 
stones at  the  side  marked  the  distance 
from  the  gates  of  the  city.  This  phrase 
means  then  'twelve  miles  from  Rome.' 
For  another  name  for  the  same  object, 
see  Nepos,  Atticus  XXII,  4,  ad  quin- 
tum  lapidem  ;  Livy  V,  49,  ad  octavum 
lapidem. 

alii  .  .  .  alii :  more  accurately  alteri 
.  .  .  alteri.  Why  ?  Cf.  Cicero,  De.  Div. 
1,6. 

adiecto  Caelio  monte:  translate 
'by  annexing  the  Caelian  hill.' 

15.  §  5.  civitatem  supra  mare: 
Ostia,  the  port  of  Rome. 

§  6.  circum  :  the  Circus  Maximus, 
between  the  Palatine  and  the  Aven- 
tine  hills.  It  was  restored  and  orna- 
mented many  times,  until  finally, 
under  the  emperors,  it  was  a  sump- 
tuous inclosure  capable  of  seating 
260,000  people  (Pliny). 

Iud5s  Romanes  :  called  also  magni 
or  cir censes.  They  were  celebrated 
each  year,  Sept.  4-12,  in  honor  of 
Jupiter,  Juno,  and  Minerva,  and  con- 
sisted of  chariot  racing,  sham  battles, 
and  athletic  contests. 

ad  nostram  memoriam:  cf.  note 
on  §  12  ;  they  were  abolished  by  the 
Goths,  A.D.  410. 


170 


XOTES. 


[Pages  15,  16. 


triumphans :  for  a  good  description 
of  a  triumph,  see  Plutarch,  Aemilius 
Faulus. 

cloacas :  see  Lanciani,  Ancient 
Borne,  p.  53  ff.  The  Cloaca  Maxima 
(see  cut),  "  built  twenty- five  centuries 
ago,  on  unstable  ground,  under  enor- 
mous practical  difficulties,  which  still 
answers  well  its  purpose,  is  a  work  to 
be  classed  among  the  greatest  triumphs 
of  engineering." 

non  parum:  cf.  7ion  comparuisset, 
§2. 

per  Anci  filios :  in  classical  prose 
the  ace.  with  per  is  used  when  a  person 
is  considered  as  a  means  or  instrument 
(cf.  per  quos,  §  13  ;  per  legatos,  III,  7); 
but  Eutropius  occasionally  substitutes 
it  for  the  abl.  or  dat.  of  agent ;  cf.  per 
se,  §  16 ;  per  Hannihaleyn,  III,  7 ;  per 
hos,  VII,  2.  The  difference  between 
the  two  phrases  is  well  shown  in  IV, 
10,  per  eum  multa  a  consulihus  pros- 
pere  gesta  sunt. 

§  7.  fossas  circa  murum :  Livy 
I,  44,  aggere  et  fossis  et  muro  cir- 
cumdat  urhem.  The  Servian  wall  was 
the  chief  defense  of  Rome  for  many 
centuries.  Portions  of  it,  as  well  as 
of  the  rampart  {agger) ,  are  still  to  be 
traced. 

censum :  not  a  mere  counting  of 
the  citizens,  but  an  enrollment  accord- 
ing to  property  for  purposes  of  taxa- 
tion and  military  service. 

orbem  terrarum:  the  usual  Latin 
expression  for  '  the  world,'  cf.  VI,  21 ; 
orbe  alone,  I,  1 ;  VI,  25. 

incognitus  erat:  the  constitution 
of  Solon  at  Athens  was  essentially  a 
census,  and  dates  from  this  same 
period. 


capitum :  cf.  capita,  II,  18. 

16.   §  8.   Gabios  civitatem :  '  the 

city  Gabii ' ;  notice  that  an  appositive 
agrees  in  case  only. 

Capitolio  :  in  §  6  it  meant  the  tem- 
ple ;  here  the  hill  on  which  the  temple 
stood.  The  building  was  dedicated  by 
the  consul  Horatius  Pulvillus. 

oppugnans :  *  while  he  was  be- 
sieging.' Such  circumstances  are 
commonly  expressed  in  Latin  by  sub- 
ordinate clauses  with  dum  or  cum. 
Cf.  dum  .  .  .  optat,  VII,  7. 

et  ipse :  '  also,  likewise ' ;  cf .  parens 
et  ipse,  below,  and  note  on  §  20.  The 
explanation  would  have  been  more 
helpful  in  the  case  of  Collatinus  (cf. 
§  9).  The  word  iunior  was  probably 
added  in  a  mistaken  effort  to  make  the 
matter  clearer.  Cf.  Africanus  iunior^ 
IV,  12. 

stuprasset :  '  had  offered  violence 
to,'  '  had  dishonored. ' 

marito  et  patri :  see  §§9,  10. 

questa  fuisset :  '  had  complained.' 
Cf.  II,  9,  datus  fidsset,  *had  been 
given.'  Except  in  these  two  places 
Eutropius  (in  these  selections)  employs 
esset,  etc.,  not  fuisset  in  the  plup.  pass, 
subj.  On  the  other  hand,  in  the  plup. 
ind.  he  ordinarily  has  fuerat,  etc.,  not 
erat.  See  I,  10,  fuerat  expulsus  ;  1, 20, 
datum  fuerat,  etc.  (but  II,  6,  subacti 
erant).  In  the  perfect /z«',  etc.,  do  not 
occur.  Epr  the  classical  usage  of  such 
forms,  cf .  Caesar  IV,  38  ;  Livy  I,  19 ; 
Gellius  VI,  18. 

parens  et  ipse:  *a  relative  like- 
wise', i.e.  as  well  as  Collatinus.  Ac- 
cording to  Livy  he  was  the  son  of 
Tarquinia,  the  sister  of  Tarquinius 
Superbus, 


Pages  16-18.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


171 


eum,  qui:  a  misleading  arrange- 
ment ;  eum  is  the  king,  while  the  ante- 
cedent of  qui  is  exercitus. 

veniSnsque :  cf.  oppugnans^  above. 

rSgnatum  est :  *  there  was  a  regal 
form  of  government.'  On  the  mythi- 
cal character  of  these  stories  of  the 
kings,  cf.  Ihne,  pp.  66-91. 

annis:  strictly  speaking,  the  abl. 
denotes  the  time  within  which,  but, 
even  in  classical  prose,  it  may  include 
both  extremities,  and  thus  replace  the 
ace.  of  duration.  It  is  common  in 
Eutropius  and  other  late  writers.  In 
II,  9,  per  annos;  I,  10,  per  annum; 
what  is  expressed  by  per? 

§  9.  coepere :  cf .  references  on 
coepta  sunt,  Nepos,  Hannibal  11. 

eum:  the  object  of  coerceret :  why 
placed  here  ? 

civilgs :  cf .  VII,  8,  civilissime  vixit 
(said  of  the  Emperor  Augustus),  and 
note. 

17,  ab  expulsis  rSgibus :  abl.  of 
separation  ;  for  the  participle,  cf .  rap- 
tarum,  §  2 ;  for  the  meaning  of  the 
phrase,  cf.  post  regesexactos,  §  11 ;  post 
reges  eiectos,  §  15. 

mtzime  Sgerat  ut :  *  had  done  most 
to.' 

ne  quisquam :  why  not  ut  nemo? 

§  10.  fuerat  expulaus :  cf .  questa 
fuisset,  §  8. 

in  vicem  s§  :  what  is  the  literal 
translation?  The  Latin  had  no  re- 
ciprocal pronoun  and  various  awkward 
expressions  were  used  instead,  com- 
monly inter  se.  Cf.  Caesar  III,  6 ; 
Nepos,  Arist.  I.  Cf.  also  alius  alium 
circumspectant,  JjiYy  II,  10. 

per  annum  :  cf .  annis,  §  8  ;  and 
annum  luxerunt,  §  11. 


quo  morbo  mortuo  :  '  and  when 
he  had  died.'  The  Latin  relative  is 
very  often  best  translated  by  and  to- 
gether with  a  personal  pronoun.  For 
morho  cf.  morbo  decessit,  §  3. 

18.  §  11.  Porsena:  king  of  Clu- 
sium  in  Etruria.  The  Tarquins  were 
said  to  have  come  from  Tarquinii  in 
Etruria. 

Tusciae :  these  traditions  are 
thought  to  disguise  the  fact  that  Rome 
was  conquered  by  the  Etruscans.  See 
Ihne,  p.  89.  **  They  were  far  advanced 
in  civilization,  in  architecture  and  the 
other  arts,  in  trade,  navigation,  and 
manufactures,  when  the  Romans  were 
still  half  barbarians." 

Romam  paene  cepit :  see  the  story 
of  Horatius  Codes,  Livy  II,  10 ;  Ma- 
caulay's  Lays  of  Early  Home. 

dS  his :  *  over  them ' ;  de  is  regu- 
larly used  with  triumpho.  Cf.  de 
Samnitibus  II,  9. 

fStaliter  mortuus  est:  'died  a 
natural  death.'    Cf.  morbo  decessit,  §  3. 

habuerit :  see  footnote ;  a  favorite 
sequence  in  Xepos  and  late  writers. 

§  12.  gener  Tarquinii:  Mamilius 
Octavius  of  Tusculum.  For  an  anec- 
dote of  this  war,  cf.  Cicero,  De  Nat. 
Deor.  II,  2. 

soceri :  objective  genitive. 

ad  iniuriam  vindicandam:  *to 
avenge  the  wrong ' ;  notice  that  the 
noun  is  not  the  object  of  the  verb  in 
Latin. 

dictatura :  this  office  had  existed 
in  other  Latin  tribes  before  this  time. 
At  Rome  it  was  a  device  for  lodging 
supreme  power  (except  over  the  treas- 
ury) in  the  hands  of  one  man.  It  was 
generally  resorted  to  in  times  of  ex- 


172 


NOTES. 


[Pages  18,  19. 


treme  danger  ;  yet  a  dictator  might  be 
appointed  to  perform  certain  duties 
when  no  such  crisis  existed.  The 
office  was  created  for  six  months,  but 
was  often  resigned  before  that  term 
had  expired. 

magister  equitum:  his  functions 
are  not  clearly  understood. 

Tranquillitas  Vestra :  'Your  Se- 
rene Highness.'  Eutropius  addressed 
his  history  to  Valens,  Emperor  of  the 
East,  who  reigned  a.d.  364-378. 

sub  dictaturae  nomine :  after  hold- 
ing the  office  several  times,  Caesar  was 
finally  (b.c.  45)  made  dictator  for  life. 
Augustus,  however,  declined  the  title. 
Cf .  note  on  YII,  2. 

§  13.  tamquam  .  .  .  premeretur: 
'  as  though  it  were  oppressed. '  Eutro- 
pius does  not  mean  to  question  the 
fact ;  in  late  Latin  tamquam  is  used  in 
the  sense  of  quod.    Cf.  also  quasi,  §  20. 

tribunes :  these  officers  should  be 
distinguished  from  the  tribuni  militumy 
who  were  military  officers  in  command 
of  legions.  The  civil  magistrates  here 
referred  to  were  specially  charged  with 
the  protection  of  their  fellow  plebeians 
against  the  patricians.  Their  power 
of  vetoing  any  legislative  action  was 
of  immense  importance.  This  First 
Secession,  as  it  was  called,  was  the  first 
act  in  a  long  struggle  which  was  ended 
only  by  granting  complete  political 
equality  to  the  plebeians. 

19.   Psr  quos :  =  ut  per  eos. 

§15.  Q.Marcius:  surnamed  Cori- 
olanus  from  the  city  which  he  had  con- 
quered. For  his  story,  see  Plutarch, 
Coriolanus;  Shakespeare's  Coriolanus. 

oppugnaturus  .  .  .  nisi  venissent : 
*  would  have  attacked  ...  if  they  had 


not  come ' ;  this  use  of  the  fut.  part,  is 
late. 

secundus  post  Tarquinium :  i.e. 
he  was  the  second  and  Tarquin  was 
the  first.  In  giving  rank  in  a  series, 
the  Latin  usually  (not  always)  in- 
cluded the  starting  point. 

§  16.  cdnsulibus :  the  Romans 
regularly  dated  events  by  giving  the 
name  of  the  consuls  for  the  year. 
Later  they  reckoned  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  city.  See  I,  18  ;  II,  18 ; 
V,  4.  In  IV,  10 ;  VI,  15,  both  are 
used. 

Veientes :  the  powerful  city  of  Veil 
in  Etruria,  about  twelve  miles  from 
Rome,  was  finally  conquered  by  Camil- 
lus  B.C.  396  ;  see  §  20. 

implendum :  sc.  esse.  The  con- 
struction is  doubtful.  Verbs  of  prom- 
ising regularly  take  fut.  infin.  Cf .  II, 
14  ;  Caesar  IV,  21.  In  late  Latin  the 
gerundive  is  used  as  a  fut.  pass.  part.  ; 
in  that  case  implendum  esse  takes  the 
place  of  impletum  iri  (cf.  Nepos,  Atti- 
cus  13,  visum  iri)  or  futurum  ut  4-  suhj. 
(cf.  Caesar  II,  17).  For  the  regular 
gerundive  construction  (with  dat.  of 
agent) ,  see  Caesar  II,  20. 

unus:  the  later  Fabii,  a  powerful 
gens  at  Rome,  were  said  to  be  descend- 
ants of  this  youth.  A  Fabius  appears 
on  the  list  of  consuls  ten  years  after 
this  event,  and  on  that  account,  if  for 
nothing  else,  the  story  is  suspected. 
Why? 

§  17.  Sequent!  anno  :  i.e.  after  the 
census. 

obsideretur  exercitus :  the  Aequi- 
ans  had  attacked  the  Roman  camp. 

agnim :  *  called  the  Quintian  Mead- 
ow,' Livy  III,  26. 


Pages  1^22.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


173 


togam  praetextam :  for  the  gar- 
ment, see  Yocab.,  and  cf.  Gellius  I, 
28.  Cincinnatus  had  laid  aside  his 
robe,  as  was  commonly  done  in  any 
active  employment,  but  puts  it  on 
out  of  respect  to  the  messengers  of 
the  Senate.  Eutropius  speaks  as 
though  they  had  brought  him  an 
official  robe. 

20.  §  18-  altero :  often  used  for 
secundo. 

ab  urbe  condita  :  '  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  city ' ;  cf .  urbis  conditae, 
V,4. 

decemviri :  on  the  demand  of  the 
plebeians  ten  commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed, after  a  long  struggle,  to  revise 
the  laws  and  reduce  them  to  writing. 
Their  work,  the  celebrated  code  known 
as  the  Twelve  Tables,  was  the  founda- 
tion of  Roman  law  for  a  thousand 
years. 

cum :  concessive. 

Virginii :  gen.  limiting  filiam. 

honestis  iam  stipendiis :  '  already 
(in)  honorable  campaigns.'  Cf.  Nepos, 
Cato  1,  stipendium  meruit. 

quam  :  =  et  earn.     Cf.  quOj  §  10. 

§  20.    Veientani :  cf .  Veientes,  §  16. 

ipsos :  Eutropius  frequently  uses 
ipse  for  is. 

diu  obsidens :  ten  years,  according 
to  the  legend. 

et  Faliscos :  in  good  prose  etlam  ; 
cf.  hie  etiam,  VI,  23 ;  for  Falisci,  see 
the  interesting  story  of  the  treacher- 
ous schoolmaster  in  Plutarch,  Camil- 
lus. 

quasi  .  .  .  divisisset :  cf .  tam- 
quam,  §  13. 

21.  victos  Romanes :  why  does 
the  writer  not  use  an  abl.  abs.  ? 


a  Roma  :  in  expressions  of  distance 
the  preposition  with  names  of  towns 
is  regular. 

apud  flumen  Alliam :  one  of  the 
memorable  defeats  in  Roman  history. 
July  16,  dies  Alliensis,  was  henceforth 
an  unlucky  day  in  the  calendar. 

datum  fuerat :  cf .  questa  fuisset^ 
§  10.  For  the  events,  see  Livy  V, 
47-49. 

et  ipse  :  *  likewise '  ;  "is  used  when 
a  new  subject  [  Camillus']  takes  an  old 
predicate  [^conditor^.''''    Cf.  §  8. 

Book  II. 

§  6.  qui  modus  :  '  a  force  which.' 

quae :  =  et  eae  (legiones) . 

tribunus  militum  :  cf .  note  on  ^n- 
hunos.,  I,  13. 

ne  .  .  .  posset :  note  that  the  mirac- 
ulous raven  had  a  purpose. 

Corvus  :  or  Corvinus  ;  see  the  same 
story,  Gellius  IX,  11. 

22.  amiorum  :  gen.  of  quality  ;  cf . 
note  on  annos  natus,  I,  1.  By  a  law 
passed  b.o.  181,  the  legal  age  for  the 
consulship  was  fixed  at  forty-three. 
For  exceptions,  see  IV,  12  ;  VII,  2. 

§  9.  dedecore  vicerunt:  at  the 
famous  Caudine  Forks,  a  mountain 
pass  east  of  Campania. 

ipsis  :  —  eis  ;  cf .  I,  20. 

facta  fuerat:  cf.  questa  fuisset^  I,  8. 

aquami  Claudiam :  better  aqua 
Appia  to  distinguish  it  from  one  built 
by  the  Emperor  Claudius ;  between 
seven  and  eight  miles  long,  chiefly 
under  ground.  It  was  the  beginning 
of  the  magnificent  water-supply  sys- 
tem of  Rome.  See  Lanciani,  Ancient 
Bomej  p.  58. 


174 


NOTES. 


[Pages  22-26. 


viam  Appiam  :  see  p.  75  ;  the  first 
and  most  famous  of  the  Roman  roads. 

Q.  Fabium  Maximum :  the  son  of 
the  general  mentioned,  §  8. 

23.  §  11.  Tarentinis :  one  of  sev- 
eral rich  and  powerful  cities  founded 
by  the  Greeks  in  southern  Italy,  a 
region  often  called  Magna  Graecia. 

originem  trahgbat :  royal  families 
commonly  claimed  descent  from  mythi- 
cal heroes  or  from  the  gods. 

incognitos  expaverunt:  contact 
with  the  Carthaginians  (cf.  Ill,  8) 
and  eastern  nations  made  these  ani- 
mals well  known  to  the  Romans. 
Augustus  boasts  in  an  inscription  that 
3600  were  killed  in  the  arena  in  his 
reign. 

iacere  :  the  subject  is  quos :  verbs 
of  perception  (seeing,  etc.)  may  also 
take  the  present  participle. 

sibi .  .  .  contigissent :  '  had  fallen 
to  his  lot. ' 

24.  §  12.  dSredimendiscaptivis: 
'concerning  the  ransom  of  the  cap- 
tives '  ;  cf .  I,  12,  ad  iniuriam  vindi- 
candam. 

voluerit:  for  tense,  cf.  hahuerit,  I, 
11. 

contemptusque :  que  or  et  is  used 
(often  after  a  negative)  where  the 
adversative  conjunction  seems  more 
appropriate  in  English.  Cf.  neque 
occisus  (es^),VII,3  ;  monuitquey  Nepos, 
Them.  8.  For  Fabricius,  see  Gellius 
I,  14. 

ita  ut :  'on  condition  that.' 

§  13.  veterem  statum :  cf .  Bo- 
mannm  esse,  II,  25 ;  Gellius  VI, 
18. 

binonim :  '  two  apiece ' ;  cf .  quinos, 
1,2. 


25.  §  14-  occisurum:  verbs  of 
promising  regularly  take  the  future 
infinitive.  Cf .  I,  16  ;  but  also  Caesar 
IV,  21.  For  this  anecdote,  cf.  Gellius 
III,  8. 

SI  .  .  .  aliquid :  '  if  something '  ; 
probably  used  for  the  less  emphatic 
si  quid. 

a  Tarento  :  cf .  Nepos,  Hannibal  2, 
projiciscens  Carthagine ;  which  is  ac- 
cording to  the  rule  ? 

occTsus  est :  for  full  account,  cf . 
Plutarch,  Pyrrhus.  He  was  a  formid- 
able enemy,  but  the  feeling  of  the 
Romans  toward  him  was  in  curious 
contrast  to  their  hatred  of  Hannibal. 

§  18.  anno  :  sc.  ah  urbe  condita. 

extra  Italiam :  the  Roman  power 
was  now  dominant  throughout  the 
peninsula ;  the  valley  of  the  Po,  how- 
ever, was  still  reckoned  a  part  of  Gaul. 

capita :  lit. '  heads ' ;  civium  capitaj 
a  technical  term,  may  be  translated 
'persons,'  'souls.'  Men  in  full  citi- 
zenship are  meant,  whether  they  lived 
in  Rome  or  not.  Cf.  I,  7,  qui  in  agris 
erant.     See  Census  in  Diet,  of  Antiq. 

contra  Afros:  i.e.  Carthaginians. 
Cf.  Africa  in  Vocab.  Carthage  had 
long  been  an  ally  of  Rome,  but  the 
growing  commerce  of  the  latter  made 
their  interests  hostile,  and  at  length 
brought  on  the  conflict  known  as  the 
Punic  Wars.  See  Carthage  and  the 
Carthaginians,  by  R.  Bosworth-Smith 
(Longmans). 

rege  Siciliae :  i.e.  of  Syracuse  and 
its  dependencies.  Carthage  had  exten- 
sive possessions  in  the  western  part  of 
the  island.    Cf.  Nepos,  Hamilcar  1. 

26.  §21.  primam  Clypeam :  'the 
first  (city  was)  Clypea.' 


Pages  26-28.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


175 


in  deditionem  .   .   .  accgpenint: 

'  accepted  the  surrender  of.' 

decern  et  octo :  generally  dnode- 
viginti,  sometimes  octodecim. 

Regulus  mansit :  cf.  Gellius  VII,  3. 

in  fidem  accepit :  '  took  under  his 
protection,'  a  euphemism  common  in 
Caesar. 

a  Lacedaemoniis :  the  Spartans 
were  famous  for  their  military  quali- 
ties. In  much  the  same  way  Syracuse 
was  delivered  from  the  Athenians  b.c. 
412. 

§  25.  haec  mala  :  Paulus  and  Me- 
tellus  had  defeated  the  Carthaginians 
after  the  capture  of  Kegulus. 

ilia  die  :  in  the  singular  the  gender 
is  'common.'     Cf.  illo  die,  VI,  20. 

Romanum  esse  desiisse :  'had 
ceased  to  be  a  Roman.'  By  Roman 
law  a  citizen  captured  in  war  (and 
thereby  made  a  slave)  lost  all  his  civil 
rights  (status)  at  Rome.  Theoreti- 
cally (cf.  uxorem  a  complexity  even  his 
marriage  was  dissolved.  Cf.  Caput  in 
Diet,  of  Antiq.  ;  Gellius  VI,  18,  and 
note  on  postliminium.  For  a  special 
arrangement  concerning  returned  cap- 
tives, cf.  II,  13. 

et  senem  :  '  an  old  man  too. '  Cf . 
et  Faliscos,  I,  20. 

27.  capti  fuerant:  since  explana- 
tions about  past  events  are  apt  to  use 
the  pluperfect  tense  (cf.  Nepos,  Them. 
5,  quern  fecerat) ,  there  is  apparently  a 
mechanical  tendency  in  Eutropius  to 
leave  that  tense  unassimilated  in 
clauses  depending  on  an  infinitive  or 
subjunctive.     Cf.  V,  5. 

nullus  admisit :  '  did  not  admit 
(to  the  senate),'  i.e.  would  not  listen 
to  them. 

A.   &  W.    LAT.  R. —  12 


offerentibusque  .  .  .  ut:  the  im- 
plied notion  of  persuasion  causes  the 
subjunctive  instead  of  the  regular 
infinitive. 

negavit  .  .  .  mSnsurum :  '  said 
that  he  would  not  remain '  ;  in  such 
cases  the  quoting  verb  in  Latin  has 
the  negative.  Cf.  Nepos,  Them.  6,  ne- 
garent  oportere.  Distinguish  between 
negavit  (=  dixit  .  .  .  non),  and  non 
dixit. 

§  27.  nSvem  .  .  .  ascendit:  cf. 
Nepos,  Them.  8,  in  navem  escendit ; 
Hannibal  7,  navem  ascendit.  The  usual 
verb  is  conscendere.    Caesar  IV,  23. 

tenebant :  '  were  (still)  holding.' 
Cf.  servieratj  §  25,  and  notice  mode  of 
tenerentur  below. 

ut  redirent :  iubeo  is  regularly  fol- 
lowed by  a  pass,  infin.  (dari),  but 
**  it  takes  ut  when  it  is  applied  to 
decrees  of  the  senate." 

Book  IIL 

28.  §  7.  nSvibus :  dat.  of  disad- 
vantage; 'committing  piracy  on  the 
ships.' 

Hannibalem  :  for  his  life,  see  Nepos 
XXIII,  p.  58.  For  the  use  of  per,  cf. 
1,6. 

CL  milium:  sc.  militum;  gen.  of 
measure.  For  the  disposition  of  these 
armies,  see  Nepos,  Hannibal  3. 

admittere :  cf .  nullus  admisit,  II, 
25. 

diira  responsa :  cf.  Gellius  X,  27. 

§  8.  Gracchus :  a  mistake ;  see 
Vocab.  Lo7igus,  and  Nepos,  Hannibal  4. 

§  9.  P.  Cornelius  Scipio ;  father 
of  Africanus ;  killed  with  his  brother 
in  Spain  ;  cf.  §  15. 


176 


NOTES. 


[Pages  29-32. 


29.  et  ipse  :  cf .  I,  20. 

multi .  .  .  dediderunt :  Hannibal's 
hope  was  to  destroy  Rome  by  encourag- 
ing the  subject  peoples  in  Italy  to  revolt. 

Flaminiiim  interemit:  at  the  fa- 
mous battle  of  Lake  Trasimenus.  Cf . 
Cic.  I)e  Nat.  Deor.  II,  3. 

differendo :  lit. '  by  postponing,'  i.e. 
by  avoiding  a  pitched  battle.  From  his 
'  Fabian  policy  '  he  was  called  Cuncta- 
tor,  and  he  was  credited  with  the  salva- 
tion of  the  Roman  state. 

§  10.  abiens  :  '•  retiring ' ;  he  had 
been  dictator,  the  last  holder  of  the 
ofidce  for  more  than  a  century. 

monuit  .  .  .  ut :  with  the  infinitive 
moneo  is  a  verb  of  saying  ('warn 
that ')  ;  with  the  (regular)  subjunctive 
it  means  *  warn  to.'  The  two  are  min- 
gled here ;  the  advice  is  more  promi- 
nent than  the  prediction,  non  belongs 
to  aliter. 

callidum :  '  skillful '  ;  cf .  Nepos' 
judgment,  Hannibal  1.  calidum^ 
'fiery,'  would  agree  better  with  the 
other  adjective. 

accept!:  'handled,'  an  ironical 
sense  of  received^  entertained. 

nobiles  viri:  descendants  of  men 
who  had  held  certain  high  offices, 
which,  in  the  later  days,  it  was  diffi- 
cult to  obtain  without  wealth.  Dis- 
tinguish them  from  patricians. 

§  11.  multae  .  .  .  civitates :  cf .  §  9. 
Chiefly  the  Samnites,  and  other  south 
Italian  states.  The  Greek  cities  held  to 
Rome,  and  "not  one  Roman  citizen, 
nor  one  Latin  community,  had  joined 
Hannibal"  (Mommsen). 

obtulit  ut :  cf .  II,  25. 

Snulorum :  on  the  custom  of  wear- 
ing rings,  cf.  Gellius  X,  10. 


30.  §  15.   duobus   Scipionibus: 

the  father  and  the  uncle  of  Africanus. 
P.  Cornelio  {Scipioni),  §  7,  was  their 
cousin. 

fere  primus :  for  the  regard  in 
which  he  was  held,  cf .  §  20,  and  Gellius 
IV,  18. 

Carthaginem  Hispaniae :  called 
Carthago  Nova. 

parentibus  :  cf .  I,  8. 

§  18.  desperans :  '  giving  up  the 
hope.' 

apud  Senam:  one  of  the  critical 
battles  of  the  world's  history.  The 
elder  Cato  rendered  good  service  here  ; 
cf.  Nepos,  Cato  1. 

31.  §  21.  Ms  condicionibus :  abl. 
of  specification  (respect)  ;  the  sub- 
junctives are  final. 

pondo  :  *  by  weight '  ;  sc.  lihrarunij 
cf.  Gellius  VI,  18.  The  terms  were 
not  accepted,  and  peace  was  not  de- 
clared until  the  year  201  b.c.  ;  cf.  Ne- 
pos, Hannibal  6-7. 

Book  IV. 

§  10.  Scipi5  :  the  son  of  Aemilius 
Paulus,  but  adopted  into  the  Scipio 
family. 

32.  HHius :  objective  genitive. 
per  eum :  cf.  I,  6. 
committere :   sc.  pug  nam  or  proe- 

lium ;  the  omission  is  a  rare  and  late 
usage. 

§  11.  per  idem  tempus :  an  equiv- 
alent for  the  abl.  of  time  within 
which;  contrast  it  with  per  annos, 
below. 

§  12.  iuvenis:  for  meaning,  cf.  Gel- 
lius X,  28  ;  for  legal  age  of  consul,  cf. 
II,  6.    Scipio  was  about  thirty-seven. 


Pages  32-35.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


177 


septingentesimo :  traditions  agreed 
in  making  Carthage  older  than  Rome, 
but  there  was  a  wide  diversity  in  the 
dates  assigned. 

Book  V. 

§  4.    urbis  conditae  :  cf .  I,  16,  18  ; 

for  a  similar  use  of  tlie  gen.,  cf.  the 
common  phrase  Anno  Domini. 

C.  Marius :  for  the  story  of  his  re- 
markable career,  cf.  Plutarch,  Marius, 
Sulla. 

Achaiam :  the  Roman  province  in- 
cluded the  states  of  Greece  south  of 
Thessaly.  Cf.  Rom.  xv.  26,  'them  of 
Macedonia  and  Achaia.' 

belli  socialis :  the  Social  War, 
B.C.  90-88,  was  the  last  effort  of 
the  Samnites  and  other  subject  races 
in  Italy  to  assert  their  indepen- 
dence. 

33.  adfectavit  ut :  the  infinitive  is 
commonly  used  with  this  verb. 

§5.  Ponti  rex:  Pontus,  south  of 
the  Black  Sea,  was  his  ancestral  king- 
dom, but  he  extended  his  dominions 
widely.  He  is  said  to  have  been  able 
to  transact  business  in  their  own  lan- 
guages with  twenty-five  peoples. 

mandavit :  equivalent  to  a  verb  of 
saying. 

responsum  est  .  .  .  quod :  the  use 
of  quod  is  late.  For  the  usual  con- 
struction, cf.  Ill,  11 ;  for  an  added 
notion  of  advising,  cf.  respondU  ut, 
Nepos,  Them.  2. 

litteras  misit  ut :  *  gave  order  by 
letters ' ;  cf .  scribentem  ut,  Nepos, 
Arist.  1. 

cives  Romanos  :  80,000  are  said 
to  have  perished 


Book  VI. 

§  12.  dum  . . .  geruntur :  cf .  Nepos, 
Hannibal  2,  dum  conjiciebatur. 

piratae :  a  Greek  word.  Cf .  mari- 
timos  praedones,  Nepos,  Them.  2. 

tuta  non  esset :  for  this  extraordi- 
nary state  of  affairs,  cf.  Plutarch,  Cae- 
sar,  Pompey  ;  Cicero,  Leg.  Manil.  12. 

bellum :  known  as  the  Third  Mithri- 
datic  War ;  it  had  been  carried  on  for 
some  eight  years  by  Lucullus. 

34.  Phamacis :  limits  milites.  He 
had  conspired  against  M.,  and  his  ac- 
complices had  been  put  to  death  (i7i 
suos  saeviret). 

Bospomm :  the  kingdom  north  of 
the  Black  Sea. 

annis  quadraginta :  it  was  not 
more  than  twenty-five. 

§15.  Catilina:  cf.  Sallust's  Cati- 
line, and  Cicero's  famous  orations. 
For  a  departure  from  the  traditional 
view,  see  Beesley's  Catiline,  Clodius, 
and  Tiberius. 

strangulati :  for  another  method  of 
public  execution,  cf.  Livy  V,  47. 

§16.  pompa triumphi :  'triumphal 
procession.'     Cf.  I,  6. 

35.  §  17.  imperavit :  '  was  em- 
peror '  ;  a  late  use. 

decreta  :  for  num.  and  gen.,  see  439 : 
187,  a,  1  :  285-6. 

Helvetios  .  .  .  Sequani :  quite  dis- 
tinct in  Caesar's  time.  See  Vocab. 
Under  late  emperors  they  were  in- 
cluded in  one  province. 

Britannis :  cf.  pp.  91-110. 

quadringenties :  sc.  centena  milia 
sestertium.     Cf.  Vocab.  sestertius, 

stipendiarids :  ' '  the  Britons  suf- 
fered more  than  the  Romans  gained, 


178 


XOTES. 


[Pages  35-38. 


for  there  was  nothing  worth  taking 
from  a  people  who  were  so  poor  and 
lived  in  so  much  wretchedness " 
(Plutarch,  Caesar). 

.German5s :  Caesar  made  two  expe- 
ditions across  the  Ehine  (b.c.  65,  53), 
but  fought  no  battles  there.  He  in- 
flicted some  terrible  defeats  on  Ger- 
mans who  had  crossed  into  Gaul. 

§  19.  fortuna  mutata  est:  i.e. 
from  the  republic  to  the  empire. 

ita,  ut :  '  with  such  effect  that '  ; 
I.e.  by  bribery,  it  is  charged. 

ab  Arimino :  for  the  prep.,  cf.  II, 
14.  "  For  a  proconsul  to  pass  beyond 
the  boundary  of  his  province  was  high 
treason  to  the  state,  and  the  boundary 
here  was  the  little  river  Rubicon.  The 
moment  of  crossing  was  therefore  the 
turning  point  of  his  life"  (Warde- 
Fowler) .    Cf .  also  Plutarch,  Caesar  29. 

36.  §  20.  dictatorem :  with  the 
exception  of  Sulla  there  had  been  no 
dictator  since  the  time  of  the  Second 
Punic  War. 

Primo  proelio :  at  Dyrrachium  in 
Illyria. 

scire  vincere :  '  know  (how)  to 
conquer.' 

illo  tantum  di§  :  i.e.  "that  was  the 
only  day  when  Pompey  had  a  chance  " 
(Greenough).  Possibly,  'that  was  the 
only  chance  he  need  have  had.' 

Palaeopharsalum :  usually  known 
as  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  (the  town) 
or  Pharsalia  (the  district). 

§  21.  arege  :  Ptolemy :  while  nomi- 
nally independent,  Egypt  was  '  occu- 
pied' by  the  Romans.  It  was  made 
a  province  by  Augustus  ;  cf.  VII,  7. 

Quo  conspecto :  '  and  when  C. 
had  seen  it. ' 


tanti  viri:  modern  critics  are  not 
inclined  to  rate  Pompey  as  high  as  his 
contemporaries  did.  Cf.  Cicero,  Leg. 
Manil. 

generi:  when  the  first  triumvirate 
was  formed  b.c.  60,  Pompey  married 
Julia,  the  only  child  of  Caesar. 

37.  §  22.  Cleopatrae  :  the  famous 
queen  whose  fate  is  the  subject  of 
Shakespeare's  Antony  and  Cleopa- 
tra. 

Pompeio  in  auxilium:  the  con- 
struction with  two  datives  is  more 
common. 

vicit  acie  :  cf .  Plutarch,  Caesar : 
"In  the  account  which  he  gave  .  .  . 
he  made  use  of  these  words  only  :  veni, 
vidi,  vici.  Their  having  all  the  same 
form  and  termination  in  the  Roman 
language  adds  grace  to  their  concise- 
ness." 

§  23.  tertio :  even  Cicero  was  in 
doubt  whether  to  use  tei^tio  or  tertium, 
and  advised  Pompey  to  abbreviate  it 
TER. 

ante  annum  :  7iot  ace.  of  duration  ; 
for  another  phrase,  cf.  ante  XII  annis^ 
VII,  8  ;  see  also  post  annum ^  §  24. 

hie  etiam  :  i.e.  as  well  as  Caesar. 
Cf.  generi,  §  21. 

victor  fuit :  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus. 

Cato :  see  Plutarch,  Cato  the 
Younger ;  Addison's  Cato,  a  Tragedy. 

38.  §25.  insolentius:  for  the  com- 
parative, 444,  1 :  93,  a  :  297,  2.  Note 
the  etymology  of  the  word.  It  was 
the  unconstitutionality  of  his  acts  that 
made  them  offensive.  "Never  in  any 
civil  war  has  victory  been  used  with 
such  clemency,  or  enormous  strength 
wielded  so  gently"  (Warde-Fowler). 

honores:  'offices.' 


Pages  39-42.] 


EUTROPIUS. 


179 


39.  tyrannica:  'like  a  usurper.' 
Tyrannus  was  the  Greek  word  for 
a  ruler  who  had  set  aside  the  con- 
stitution. The  meaning  '  tyrannical ' 
was  not  necessarily  attached  to  it  at 
first. 

senatus  die:  'on  the  day  of  the 
senate '  ;  i.e.  when  it  assembled.  It 
was  the  Ides  of  March. 

curiam:  the  regular  senate  house 
was  on  the  north  of  the  Forum.  The 
senate  frequently  convened  in  tem- 
ples elsewhere,  and  on  this  occasion 
assembled  in  a  curia  which  Pompey 
had  attached  to  his  theater  in  the 
Campus  Martins. 

Book  VII. 

§  1.  Caesaris  nepos :  the  grand- 
son of  Caesar's  sister. 

nomen  .  .  .  iusserat:  cf.  fuerat 
adoptatus,  §  2.  See  Vocab.  Caesar 
and  Augustus. 

rerum  potitus :  a  common  phrase. 
Cf .  Alexandrea  potitus,  VI,  22. 

morerentur:  they  were  wounded 
in  battle,  but  their  death  was  so  favor- 
able to  Augustus'  interests  that  he  was 
accused  of  murdering  them. 

40.  §  2.  pacem  fecit:  the  second 
triumvirate,  an  agreement  to  share  the 
power  of  the  state  among  them. 

vicesimo  anno :  cf.  II,  6. 

Senatum  prosciipsit:  300  sena- 
tors and  2000  knights  were  included 
in  the  proscription  or  list  of  enemies  to 
be  killed. 

armis  tenere  :  no  new  office  of  em- 
peror was  created  for  Augustus,  as  for 
Napoleon.  Augustus  had  tribunitial 
power   (cf.   I,   13);   he    was  princeps 


senatus,  chief  of  the  senate  ;  after  b.c. 
13  he  became  pontifex  maximus.  But 
his  real  power  came  from  the  imperium 
or  military  command,  given  him  for 
life ;  hence  the  old  title  imperator 
acquired  a  new  sense  in  the  case  of 
himself  and  his  successors.  Theoreti- 
cally Augustus  was  only  the  '  leading 
citizen,'  practically  he  was  an  autocrat. 

§  3.  neque  occisus :  cf.  note  on 
coutemptusque,  II,  12. 

§  6.  PompSius :  Sextus  ;  he  es- 
caped from  Spain  (VI,  24),  collected 
a  fleet,  and  made  himself  master  of 
the  Mediterranean. 

41.  pro  victo:  'for  conquered,' 
'  as  good  as  conquered. ' 

§  7.  dum  .  .  .  optat :  =  optans,  '  be- 
cause she  hoped. '  Cf .  note  on  oppug- 
nans,  1, 8.  Augustus  and  Antony  would 
doubtless  have  quarreled  without  Cleo- 
patra's influence. 

ex  qua :  what  is  the  gender  of 
Epirus  ? 

§  8.  bellis  .  .  .  confectis :  cf.  Livy 
1,19. 

annis  :  abl.  of  measure  ;  or  cf.  I,  8. 

principatus :  '  leadership '  ;  after- 
wards the  '  sovereignty '  of  the  em- 
perors. , 

morte  communi :  '  a  natural  death.' 
Cf.  I,  3,  11. 

ex  maxima  parte  :  '  in  veiy  many 
respects.' 

civilissime:  'in  a  manner  becom- 
ing a  citizen.'     Cf.  VII,  2  ;  I,  9. 

aequaret  fastigio:  sc.  eos ;  cum 
with  the  abl.  is  also  used,  instead  of 
the  dative. 

42.  §  10.  quas  .  .  .  nominarent : 
qiias  =  ut  eas  ;  the  compliment  was  in 
the  name. 


180 


NOTES. 


[Page  42. 


Tiberio :  the  son  of  Livia,  Augus- 
tus' wife,  by  her  first  husband  Ti. 
Claudius  Nero.  In  11  b.c.  he  married 
Julia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus  and 


the  widow  of  Agrippa.  On  the  death 
of  C.  and  L.  Caesar,  the  sons  of 
Agrippa,  Tiberius  was  adopted  as  the 
successor  of  Augustus. 


NEPOS. 


Cornelius  Nepos  (his  praenomen  is  unknown)  was  born  about  100  b.c.  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul.  The  little  village  of  Ostiglia,  near  Mantua,  long  claimed  the 
honor  of  being  his  birthplace,  and  in  1868  a  statue  was  erected  there  to  his 
memory.  It  has  been  shown,  however,  by  a  modern  scholar  that  in  all  proba- 
bility Pavia  (ancient  Ticinum)  was  the  scene  of  his  birth.  Nepos  was  educated 
in  Rome,  where  he  passed  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in  literary  pursuits.  Of 
its  details  we  are  not  informed.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Cicero,  Catullus, 
Atticus,  and  other  literary  men  of  the  period,  but  apparently  made  no  effort 
to  enter  the  troubled  political  life  of  his  day,  and  held  no  office,  either  civil 
or  military.    He  died  about  24  b.c. 

His  fame  as  an  author  rested  upon  his  historical  works,  of  which  he  produced 
a  not  inconsiderable  number.  The  first,  apparently,  and  the  one  mentioned 
in  the  dedicatory  poem  of  Catullus,  was  an  outline  of  universal  history,  under 
the  title  Chronica  ;  it  is  quoted  by  Gellius  and  other  later  writers.  A  second 
work,  also  quoted  by  Gellius,  was  entitled  Exempla^  and  is  thought  to  have 
been  a  'history  of  morals,'  illustrated  by  anecdotes  from  the  lives  of  famous 
men.  Nepos  also  wrote  a  biography  of  his  friend  Cicero,  and,  at  the  request 
of  Atticus,  a  life  of  the  elder  Cato.  Of  all  these  works  only  the  merest  frag- 
ments now  survive.  There  is  extant  only  a  portion  of  his  last  and  longest  work, 
which  seems  to  have  been  entitled  De  Viris  Inliistribus.  In  this  he  treated 
briefly  of  the  lives  of  famous  men,  not  merely  of  Rome,  but  also  of  Greece  and 
other  foreign  nations.  These  biographies  were  arranged  in  classes,  and  in  each 
class  the  kings,  generals,  historians,  or  grammarians  of  Rome  were  intended 
to  contrast  with  those  of  foreign  nations,  though  no  formal  comparison  was 
added,  as  in  the  case  of  Plutarch's  famous  Lives.  Of  the  sixteen  books  of 
this  work  we  possess  what  is  thought  to  be  the  third,  De  Excellentihus  Ducihus 
Exterarum  Gentium,  from  which  most  of  the  following  selections  have  been 
made,  and  two  biographies  from  the  twelfth,  De  Historicis  Latinis. 

The  inaccuracies  which  are  to  be  found  in  the  work  of  Nepos  may  be  ex- 
plained partly  by  the  difficulty  of  compiling  such  a  work  at  that  age,  and  partly 
by  the  haste  with  which  it  was  composed.  The  historian  has  the  great  merit  of 
impartiality,  and  usually  does  full  justice  to  his  subject,  of  whatever  party  or 


Pages  43,  44.] 


NEPOS. 


181 


nation.  Noticeable,  too,  is  his  desire  to  make  his  work  morally  profitable  to 
his  countrymen  by  holding  up  to  admiration  the  noble  deeds  and  sentiments 
of  those  whose  history  he  is  narrating.  The  style  of  Nepos  is  usually  clear  and 
simple,  though  sometimes  marred  by  archaisms  and  inaccuracies. 

The  popular  interest  m  the  subject  matter  of  Nepos  has  led  to  a  great 
number  of  editions  of  his  work.  For  some  time  after  the  revival  of  learning 
the  parts  now  extant  were  mistakenly  credited  to  Aemilius  Probus.  The  edition 
of  Lambinus  in  1569  was  the  first  to  ascribe  them  to  Nepos.  Of  modern  editions 
may  be  mentioned  those  of  Nipperdey  (a  revision  for  school  use  by  Lupus) 
and  Siebelis,  both  with  German  notes  ;  there  is  an  English  edition  by  Browning 
and  Inge  (Clarendon  Press,  1888),  and  an  American  edition  by  Lindsay  (Ameri- 
can Book  Co.).  A  special  (German)  lexicon  to  Nepos,  by  A.  Haacke,  may  also 
be  mentioned. 

DE  VIRIS   INLUSTRIBUS. 


MiLTIADES. 

43.  §  4.  DarSus :  Darius  had  made 
an  expedition  against  the  Scythians 
beyond  the  Danube  about  508  b.c. 

causam  interserens:  more  com- 
monly intei-ponens,  as  in  Them.  7. 

Sardis:  ace.  plur.  The  lonians 
with  the  help  of  the  Athenians  and 
Eretrians  captured  and  burned  the  city 
499  B.C. 

oppido:  Athens.  Cf.  the  use  of 
astu,  Them.  4. 

44.  hemerodromoe :  a  Greek  word 
from  two  words  meaning  'day'  and 
*  course.'  For  this  incident  see  Brown- 
ing's Pheidippides. 

creant:  historical  present;  notice 
tense  of  the  dependent  verb. 

decern  praetdres :  '  ten  generals ' ; 
they  were  elected  each  year  at 
Athens. 

primd  tempore  :  *  on  the  first  occa- 
sion,' '  as  soon  as  possible.' 

eonim  virtute  :  sua  would  be  more 
in  accord  with  good  usage. 


dSsperari:  like  audei%  dimicari, 
impersonal. 

§  5.  PlataeSnses:  the  Latin  often 
speaks  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  town 
or  country  where  the  English  pre- 
fers the  town  or  country  name.  In 
the  next  sentence  ea  is  used  (i.e. 
ea  civitas)  as  though  Plataea  had  pre- 
ceded. 

mille  :  seldom  used  as  a  noun  ;  milia 
is  regularly  a  noun. 

Quo  factum  est  ut :  '  wherefore  it 
came  to  pass  that,'  a  frequent  formula 
in  Nepos.  See  Them.  1,  3,  6 ;  Arist. 
3.  Quo  is  abl.  of  cause  or  means ; 
valeret  is  sub.  of  result  in  a  substantive 
clause. 

acie  .  .  .  instructa:  'having drawn 
up  their  forces.'  Notice  the  artificial 
arrangement  of  nouns  and  adjec- 
tives. 

non  aequum  :  '  disadvantageous  ' : 
a  predicate  adjective  to  locum. 

e5que  magis,  quod :  '  and  the  more 
because ' ;  eo  is  abl.  to  denote  degree  of 
difference,  or  cause. 


182 


NOTES. 


[Pages  45-48. 


Themistocles. 

45.  §  !•  anteferStur:  notice  the 
tense,  a  common  and  natural  exception 
to  the  rule  of  sequence. 

est  ordiendum :  impersonal :  *  one 
should  begin,'  or  use  the  editorial 
*  we.' 

probatus :  here  an  adj.  '  satisfac- 
tory,' governing  the  dative. 

amicis  famaeque  :  political  friends 
and  reputation  are  meant. 

xnaior:  'of  greater  importance,' 
i.e.  than  ordinary.  The  English  is 
content  with  the  positive.  See  note  on 
insolentius^  Eutrop.  VI,  25. 

opus :  here  the  thing  needed,  quae^ 
is  in  the  nom.  as  the  subject  of 
erant ;  for  another  construction  see 
Milt.  4. 

excogitandis :  sc.  in  rebus, 

§  2.  bello  Corcyraeo:  Neposisin 
error  regarding  this  war  and  the  war 
with  the  pirates.  See  Plutarch,  The- 
mistocles. 

46.  e^  metallis  redibat :  '  accrued 
from  the  mines '  ;  silver  mines  on  the 
promontory  of  Sunium,  the  southern 
extremity  of  Attica.  They  were 
worked  by  gangs  of  slaves,  and  the 
revenue,  it  is  said,  was  distributed 
among  the  citizens. 

cum  .  .  .  turn :  *  not  only '  .  .  . 
'but  also.' 

Nam  cum  XerxSs:  the  principal 
verb  is  miserunt ;  the  words  from 
huius  enim  to  fuerunt  are  parentheti- 
cal, and  a  new  dependent  clause  begins 
with  cuius  de  adventu. 

septingenta :  sc.  milia.  Herodotus 
gives  the  number  as  1,700,000.  The 
total  number  of  persons  in  the  expedi-  ; 


tions  is  estimated  to  have  been  more 
than  five  million. 

respondit  ut:  just  as  a  verb  of 
warning  may  take  the  inf.  when  it  is 
considered  a  verb  of  saying,  so  the  re- 
verse may  take  place.  See  notes  on 
Eutrop.  II,  25 ;  III,  10 ;  and  compare 
persuasit  with  infin.  below. 

id  responsum :  this  episode  is  told 
at  length  by  Herodotus  VII,  140  foil. 

quo  valeret :  the  subject  is  respon- 
sum ;  quo  is  an  adverb  of  place :  '  in 
which  direction  it  had  force,'  i.e.  to 
what  it  tended,  what  it  meant. 

persuasit :  regularly  is  followed  by 
an  lit  clause.  Why  is  the  infinitive 
used  here  ?    Cf.  respondit  above. 

47.  arcem:  the  famous  Acropolis. 
See  cut  on  p.  46,  which  shows  it  as 
adorned  toward  the  end  of  the  fifth 
century. 

§  3.  non  paterentur :  subj.  in  a 
relative  clause  of  purpose.  The  nega- 
tive and  the  verb  are  closely  united ; 
'  to  prevent. '  Hence  the  use  of  que 
.  .  .  non  instead  of  neve.  Cf.  use  of 
neque  .  .  .  parcerenty  §  6. 

edque :  for  the  adversative  force  of 
que  see  Eutrop.  II,  12. 

pariproelio:  'drawn  battle.'  The 
subject  of  the  following  verbs  is,  of 
course,  the  Greeks. 

48.  §  4-  accessit  astu :  the  verb 
is  not  used  with  the  ace.  without  a 
preposition  in  the  most  careful  writers. 
Cf.  ad  ephoros  accessit,  §  7.  Possibly 
astu  is  felt  as  ace.  of  end  of  motion  ;  cf. 
Alcibiades  6,  astu  venit,  and  see  below 
domos  suas,  '  to  their  homes '  ;  also 
Africam  accessit^  Hannibal  8. 

aiebat :  notice  the  tense  of  this  and 
the  following  verbs.     Universos  and 


Pages  48-52.] 


NEPOS. 


183 


disperses  are  contrasted;  they  agree 
with  the  subjects  (eos)  of  esse  and 
perituros  (esse). 

Burybiadi,  regl:  he  was  general, 
but  not  'king.'  Tlie  Spartans  had 
the  leadership  (hegemony)  of  Greece 
at  this  period.    Cf .  Arist.  2. 

vellet :  subj.  by  attraction. 

de  servis  suis :  abl.  instead  of  the 
part.  gen.  Cf.  proximiis  de  iis,  §  9. 
Translate  'the  most  faithful  servant 
that  he  had.'  He  was  a  Persian  cap- 
tive named  Sicinnus. 

suis  verbis  :  '  in  his  (Themistocles) 
words,'  'from  him.' 

confectunun  .  .  .  oppressurum : 
the  subject  eum  (Xerxes)  would  be 
expressed  by  a  more  careful  writer. 

49.  §  5.  male  rem  gesserat :  'had 
suffered  a  reverse.' 

eodem:  Themistocles. 

gradu  dSpulsus :  '  he  was  forced 
from  his  position.'  A  gradus  in  the 
language  of  the  arena  is  the  position 
taken  by  a  fighter.  Cf.  manus  dedis- 
senty  Hamilcar  I. 

id  agi  ut :  'it  was  planned  to.'  The 
dependent  verbs  are  in  the  subj.  of 
purpose.  For  mood  of  feceraU  cf. 
Eutrop.  II,  25. 

qua  . . .  eadem :  adverbs  ;  probably 
via  was  to  be  supplied.  Literally  '  by 
what  (road),' . . . '  by  the  same  (road).' 

mensibus  .  .  .  diebus  :  abl.  of  time 
within  which ;  minus  is  not  necessarily 
followed  by  the  abl.  417,  n.  2  :  247,  c  : 
296,  4. 

50.  §  6.  triplex  .  .  .  portus :  there 
were  three  basins  or  harbors  surrounded 
with  fortifications  and  connected  by 
the  'long  walls'  with  Athens  about 
four  and  a  half  miles  distant. 


causam  qua  neg^rent  oportSre: 

'  a  reason  for  saying  that  no  city 
ought.'  For  the  use  of  nego,  cf. 
Eutrop.  II,  25. 

Athenienses  :  the  object  of  prohi- 
bere,  which  regularly  takes  the  infin. 
(sometimes  ne  with  subj.).  The  parti- 
ciple here  denotes  that  the  action  had 
already  begun. 

51.  principStu  :  '  leadership '  ;  see 
note  on  Euryhiadi,  §  4,  and  Aristides, 
§2. 

sibi :  dat.  of  possess,  with  fore 
{  =  futurum  esse),  of  which  certamen 
is  the  subject. 

neque  ullo  loco  :  dat.,  obj.  of  parce- 
rent.  Neque  is  used  instead  of  neve 
(neu) .  Cf .  neu  perturbarentur,  Caesar 
II,  21,  and  non  paterentur,  §  3. 

§  7.  ephor5s :  the  magistratus 
above.  They  were  a  board  of  five 
men  who  had  full  power  over  all  other 
officers  of  the  state. 

illos :  the  ephors. 

quibus  fides  habgrStur :  '  in  whom 
they  had  confidence,'  a  clause  of  char- 
acteristic. 

gestus  est  ei  mos  :  '  his  suggestion 
was  followed'  ;  the  expression  often 
means  to  humor,  gratify  one^s  whim. 

52.  ut  ne :  is  found  frequently  in- 
stead of  ne ;  the  negative  force  is  felt 
especially  with  prius. 

quo  :  —  uteo  ;  it  is  little  used  except 
to  introduce  a  clause  of  purpose  con- 
taining a  comparative.  Cf .  quo  maiore, 
§  8  ;  quo  facilius,  Caesar  II,  17. 

in  eo  :  'in  doing  so.'  eo  like  qtiod 
above  refers  to  the  clause  Athenienses 
.  .  .  saepsisse. 

oppositum:  takes  its  gender  from 
propugnaculum. 


184 


NOTES. 


[Pages  52-55. 


fecisse  :  why  not  subj.  ?  524,  I,  1 . 
336,  2,  c:  635. 

qui  .  .  .  intuerentur :  a  causal  rela- 
tive. 

§  8.  testulanim  suff  ragiis :  *  ostra- 
cism' (see  Webster's  Diet.). 

Argos  habitatum  :  the  ace.  supine 
with  an  object  is  not  very  common. 
Cf.  Hannibal  6,  patriam  defensum; 
Livy  II,  10,  alienum  oppiignatum. 

proditionis:  for  gen.,  see  409,  II: 
220:  378. 

Corcyram :  the  names  of  small 
islands  are  used  like  names  of  towns. 
Cf.  Kaxum,  below. 

se  .  .  .  iis :  strictly  speaking  we 
should  have  eum  and  sibi,  but  the  pro- 
nouns are  selected  not  with  reference 
to  the  subject  of  ti7nere,  but  of  ani- 
madvertisset. 

hospitium :  distinguish  between  this 
word  and  amicitia.  Nepos  is  mistaken 
in  the  fact,  according  to  Thucydides. 

in  praesentia :  adv.  *  for  a  time '  ; 
also  explained  as  neut.  plur.  Cf .  im- 
praesentiarum,  Hannibal  6. 

receptum:  part,  agreeing  with  se ; 
translate  by  a  verb  co-ordinate  with 
tueretur. 

53.  ill  fidem :  '  under  his  protec- 
tion.' 

tuto  :  adv.  '  safely.'     Cf .  m  tuto,  §  9. 

esset  praesidii:  the  subj.  repre- 
sents th-s  thought  of  Admetus  ;  prae- 
sidii is  the  part.  gen.  with  qitod. 

escendit :  see  note  on  Eutrop.  II,  27. 

gratiam  rettulit :  'requite.'  Cf. 
gratias  agerenty  Hannibal  7,  '  express 
thanks.' 

§  9.  proximus  de  iis  :  cf.  centum 
ex  senioribus,  Eutrop.  I,  2  ;  for  date 
of  Thucydides,  see  Vocab. 


veni  :  epistolary  tense,  472,  1 :  282  : 
252. 

omnium  Graidrum  :  join  with  qui. 

quam  diu  :  '  as  long  as.' 

idem :  agrees  with  the  subject  of 
feci ;  for  meaning,  see  p.  16,  footnote  3. 

ipse  :  sc.  esse  coepi. 

54.  quas :  object  of  conloqui,  which, 
however,  seldom  has  any  object  except 
a  neuter  pronoun ;  de  quibus  would 
be  more  nearly  correct. 

§  10.  eruditus  est :  for  se  erudivit. 

verba  fecisse :  '  to  have  made  a 
speech.' 

illud :  often  used  to  point  out  a 
quotation  either  direct  or  indirect. 

ilium :  the  king. 

muneribus  donatus :  cf .  urbem  ei 
donarat  below ;  for  the  constructions 
possible  with  dono,  see  note  3,  p.  62. 

panem  praeberet :  it  was  the  cus- 
tom of  oriental  rulers  thus  to  assign 
the  revenues  from  certain  districts  to 
members  of  their  families  or  court. 
Thus  the  Ten  Thousand  Greeks  (Anab. 
I,  4,  9)  find  certain  villages  given  to 
the  Persian  queen  'for  her  girdle.' 
Cf.  our  'pin-money.' 

est  sepultus :  ^  was  buried.' 

neque  negat :  '  but  he  admits ' ; 
see  note  on  non  comparuisset,  Eutrop. 
I,  2  ;  for  the  adversative  sense  of  -que, 
cf.  Eutrop.  II,  12. 

ossa  .  ^  .  sepulta :  sc.  esse ;  the 
clause  is  the  object  of  prodidit. 

Aristides. 

55.  §  1.  Themistocli :  dat.  or  gen. 
with  aequalis:  391,  II,  4  :  234,  d:  359, 
K.  1. 

inter  se:  cf.  Eutrop.  1, 10,  in  vicem  se. 


Pages  55-59.] 


NEPOS. 


185 


antistaret  :  although  a  general 
truth,  notice  that  it  follows  the  rule 
for  sequence  of  tenses. 

quern  quidem  nos:  'of  whom  at 
least  we '  ;  de  quo  might  have  been 
expected. 

testula  ilia  :  '  the  famous  vote,'  Le. 
method  of  voting ;  see  note  on  testula- 
rum  suffragiis,  Them.  8. 

ezsilio  :  ablative  of  price  ;  regularly 
used  with  multo.  Cf.  Eutrop.  II,  8, 
capitis  damnatus^  and  footnote. 

scribentem  ut:  cf.  Eutrop.  V,  5, 
litteras  misit  ut.  These  verbs  regularly 
take  the  infin.  ;  but  when  the  notion 
of  commanding,  urging,  etc.,  is  promi- 
nent, they  are  followed  by  the  subj. 
Cf.  respondit  itt,  Them.  2. 

§  2.  liberaretur :  i.e.  before  the 
vote  to  recall  him  was  passed.  He 
joined  the  Athenians  the  night  before 
the  battle. 

praetor:  see  on  decern  praetores^ 
Milt.  4. 

huius  in  re  militari :  '  in  his  mili- 
tary career.' 

inlustre  factum:  'famous  deed,' 
Translate  quam,  'except.' 

quod  .  .  .  factum  est :  '  that  it  was 
brought  about.'  For  this  use  of  quod^ 
540,  IV :  333  :  524.  The  clause  ut .  .  . 
transferretur  depends  upon  factum  est. 

56.  summa  imperil  maritimi :  this 
occurred  at  Byzantium,  b.c.  477.  The 
alliance  referred  to  below  was  known 
as  the  Confederacy  of  Delos.  See 
Plutarch,  Aristides. 

Hamilcar. 

§  1.   male    res    gererentur:     see 

Them.  5,  male  rem  gesserat. 


saepeque  e  contrario  :  '  but  often 
on  the  other  hand.'  For  force  of  gwe, 
cf.  Eutrop.  II,  12. 

a  C.  Lutatio :  sc.  Catulo ;  for  de- 
tails, see  Eutrop.  II,  27. 

sed  ita :  refers  to  pad  serviundum 
putavit. 

donicum:  an  archaic  word;  'till 
that.' 

manus  dedissent :  to  raise  the  hand 
(manum  tollere)  was  in  athletic  con- 
tests a  signal  of  defeat.  Cf.  Them.  5, 
gradu  depulsus. 

negaret  .  .  .  compositurum :  sc. 
se  ;  cf .  Them.  4,  oppressurum  ;  for  nega- 
ret, cf.  Eutrop.  II,  25. 

57.  §  2.  se  habentem  cognovit  • 
'  found  that  it  was.''  Cf.  Caesar  II,  19, 
aliter  se  habebat.  The  participle  (in- 
step of  infinitive)  emphasizes  the 
actuality. 

eo  compulit:  'brought  them  to 
such  a  pass  '  ;  eo  is  an  adv. 

niillum  .  .  .  bellum:  an  exagger- 
ated way  of  speaking ;  cf .  the  same 
expression  in  §  1. 

§  3.   imperator  :  '  as  commander.' 

^  Hannibal. 

58.  §  1-  verum  est  .  .  .  ut :  the 
inf.  usually  follows  verum  est. 

cum  eo  :  i.e.  populus  Bomanus. 

Quod :  ace.  of  specification,  *  in  re- 
gard to  which.'  Translate  '  if  then, he 
had  not.' 

59.  qui  .  .  .  destiterit :  '  since 
he '  ;  a  rel.  causal  giving  the  reason 
for  the  preceding  statement. 

§  2.  cmn  .  .  .  venissent  .  .  .  fe- 
cissent  .  .  .  comperisset :  are  co- 
ordinate ;  the  principal  verb  is  adiit. 


186 


NOTES. 


[Pages  59-65. 


lovi  optimo  maximo:  Hamilcar, 
of  course,  sacrificed  to  a  Phoenician 
god,  probably  Baal.  Optimus  maxi- 
mus  are  very  frequently  joined  thus  in 
dedications  and  inscriptions.  Cf.  Cic. 
De  Nat.  Deorum,  III,  10;  Gellius 
IV,  18. 

dum  coniiciebatur :  cf.  Eutrop. 
VI,  12,  dum  haec  geruntur. 

dederis :  note  tense  ;  '  will  have 
given.'  The  Latin  is  often  more  accu- 
rate than  the  English  in  sequence  of 
future  tenses.  Cf.  feceris,  celaris, 
posueris  below. 

iurare  .  .  .  fore :  verbs  of  swearing 
like  verbs  of  promising  (Eutrop.  1, 16) 
take  the  fut.  inf.  of  ind.  disc. 

60.  §  3.  imperatore:  pred.  abl., 
'  having  been  elected  commander.' 

minor  .  .  .  annis  .  .  .  natus :  usu- 
ally annos  in  spite  of  the  rule. 

foederatam  :  i.e,  with  the  Romans. 

itinera  muniit:  'built  roads,'  the 
usual  expression. 

61.  §  ^-  Homam  prof ectus  est :  in 
211  B.C.,  Hannibal  appeared  before  the 
gates  of  Rome.  Nepos  confuses  events 
in  this  chapter. 

dedit  verba :  a  colloquialism ; 
*  fooled,'  i.e.  gave  words  merely. 

obducta  nocte  :  '  in  the  darkness 
of  night'  ;  sc.  caelo. 

iterum  .  .  .  quinquies:  a  mistake 
in  each  instance  ;  bis  .  .  .  quintum 
would  be  correct. 

62.  §  6.  patriam  defensum :  the 
supine  in  -um  rarely  has  an  object. 
Cf.  Eutrop.  VII,  3,  ad  defendendam 
Italiam. 

impraesentianim :  =  in  praesentia 
rerum,  a  colloquial  adverb.  Cf.  in 
praesentia,  Them.  8. 


milia  passuum  trecenta :  the  real 
distance  was  about  half  as  great. 

§  7.  ad  .  .  .  consules :  '  until  the 
consulship  of. '  The  persons  were  lost 
sight  of :  his  magistratibus  means  prac- 
tically '  in  this  year.'  So  Eutropius 
uses  quibus  (sc.  consulibus)  in  the 
sense  of  '  when. ' 

gratias  agerent :  cf .  Them.  8,  gra- 
tiam  rettulit. 

corona  aurea :  see  Gellius  V,  6. 

non  remissuros :  should  subject  se 
{Bomanos)  be  expressed? 

63.  senatus  daretur :  '  a  hearing 
was  given.' 

§  8.  interfectum  eum  scriptum : 
sc.  esse  with  interfectum,  of  which  eum 
is  the  subject,  scriptum  is  the  object 
of  reliquerunt,  *have  left  a  written 
account  that.'     Cf .  •  Gellius  VII,  3. 

64.  propius  Tiber! :  usually  ace. 
Thermopylis ;  loc.  abl.    Antiochus 

was  defeated  here,  191  b.c.  For  an 
anecdote  of  this  king,  see  Gellius 
V,  5. 

quo :  sc.  proelio. 

§  9.  sui  fecisset  potestatem :  '  ex- 
posed himself.'  Cf.  the  English  col- 
loquialism 'had  given  a  chance  at 
him  (self).' 

avaritiam  Crgtgnsium:  "Cretans 
are  always  liars,  evil  beasts,  idle  glut- 
tons."—Titus  I,  12. 

summas:  adj.;  *  the  tops.'  The 
i  ablatives,  like  omni  sua  pecunia  below, 
are  abl.  of  means. 

in  templ5  :  temples  were  very  com- 
monly used  as  treasuries  and  banks 
by  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

domi :  in  what  case  ? 

65.  §  10-  talem  iniit  rationem : 
cf.  capit  tale  consilium,  §  9. 


Pages  65-68.] 


NEPOS. 


187 


erant  decreturi :  '  were  to  fight '  ; 
the  future  looked  at  from  the  past. 

tantum  satis  habeant:  'should 
consider  (hold)  it  sufficient '  ;  tantum 
belongs  with  defender e. 

consecuturos :  sc.  esse,  depending 
upon  the  idea  of  saying  in  praecepit ; 
so  ?i\^o  facturum  below. 

veheretur:  subj.  in  an  ind.  quest. 
The  passive  of  veho  is  regularly  used 
to  mean  sail^  ride. 

§  11.  dubitabat  quin:  cf.  §  2, 
foot-note  2 ;  note  the  difference  be- 
tween diibito  here  and  below,  commit- 
ter e  non  dubitavit. 

ad  inridendum  eum  pertinerent : 
'  served  to  ridicule  him.' 

66.  praesidia ;  cf.  castra  nautica^ 
below. 

quae  iacta:  translate  by  a  verbal 
noun.  Why  was  not  the  abl.  abs. 
used? 

puppes  vertenint:  of  troops  on 
land  terga  vertere  is  used.  Cf.  Caesar 
lY,  25. 

castra  nautica  :  ships  drawn  up  on 
shore,  and  protected  by  palisades  :  cf. 
Caesar  V,  11,  castra  naval ia. 

pedestribus  copiis  :  equivalent  to 
tara,  in  contrast  with  the  naval  battle 
just  described. 

§  12.  Patres  conscripti :  the  term 
used  in  addressing  the  senate. 

sibique  dederet:  ut  is  to  be  sup- 
plied from  the  preceding  ne.  Sihi  and 
suum  refer  to  patres^  secum  to  rege. 

illud  recusavit  ne  :  '  this  he  urged 
against  them  that  they  should  not,' 
etc.  For  the  following  subj.,  see  505, 
II,  1:  331,  e,  2:  548. 

inventuros :  sc.  esse,  depends  on  the 
idea  of  saying  in  recusavit. 


67.  usu  veniret:  'really  come  to 
pass.'  usu  is  explained  as  an  older 
form  of  the  dative  (iisui)  of  purpose. 

puer:  the  common  word  for  slave 
regardless  of  age.  Cf.  slave  name 
Marcipor^  i.e.  Marci  jp?«er,.and  former 
use  of  '  boy  '  in  slave-holding  states. 

sSnsit  .  .  .  sS :  sc.  Hannibal. 

Cato. 

§  1.  municipio  :  '  country  town ' ; 
its  inhabitants  were  Boman  citizens, 
but  could  not  vote  or  hold  office  at 
Rome.     Hence  Cato's  removal. 

in  foro  :  to  take  part  in  legal  and 
political  business,  most  of  which  was 
transacted  in  or  near  the  forum. 

stipendium  meruit:  for  meaning, 
cf.  Eutrop.  I,  18,  stipendiis  wMita- 
rat. 

decern  septemque 
for  beginning  service, 
seldom  united  by  que. 

tribunus  militiun 
Eutrop.  I,  13. 

castra  secutus :  '  took  the  field 
with ' ;  cf.  Hannibal  2,  in  castra  pro- 
ficisci. 

quaestor  obtigit:  'assigned  (by 
lot)  as  paymaster.' 

pro  sortis  necessitudine  :  '  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  close  relation  of  the 
office.'  Cicero  says  that  the  consul 
should  be  in  the  place  of  a  father  to 
his  quaestor.  For  Cato  and  Scipio, 
see  further  Gellius  IV,  18. 

68.  §  2.  neque  .  .  .  potuit :  'but 
could  not.' 

principatum :  he  was  jmnceps  sena- 
tus,  and  the  most  influential  man  in 
the  state. 


the  usual  time 
Numerals  are 

see    note    on 


188 


JSrOTES. 


[Pages  68-72. 


turn  non  potenti^:  Nepos  is  con- 
trasting Gato's  age  with  his  own. 

censor :  he  was  surnamed  Censori- 
niis  from  the  old-fashioned  vigor  with 
which  he  administered  that  office. 
Note  the  regular  series  of  offices 
through  which  he  passed,  the  so-called 
ciirsus  honorum. 

in  edictum:  the  censor  published 
at  the  beginning  of  his  term  the  prin- 
ciples by  which  he  would  be  guided 
in  his  action. 

A  multis  temptatus :  Plutarch  in 
his  biography  of  Cato  says  that  he 
was  '  impeached '  nearly  fifty  times. 

§  3.  agricola  sellers:  the  only 
surviving  work  of  Cato  is  the  treatise 
De  Re  Bustica.  Cf.  the  discourse 
put  into  his  mouth  by  Cicero,  De 
Senectute,  §§51-54. 

probabilis  orator :  he  left  many 
speeches,  but  Cicero  asks,  '  Who  reads 
Cato  now  ? '    See  Gellius  I,  23. 

senior :  he  began  to  learn  Greek 
at  eighty,  according  to  the  common 
story. 

69.  Origines:  only  fragments  of 
this  work  are  now  extant. 

diripuit  Lusitands  :  after  their  sur- 
render he  massacred  many  and  sold 
the  rest. 

separatim  :  the  book  referred  to  is 
lost ;  the  biography  here  is  only  a  part 
of  the  chapter  De  Latinis  Historicis. 

studios5s :  '  those  especially  inter- 
ested in.' 

Atticus. 

§  1.  ab  origine  ultima :  *  from  the 
remotest  origin  ' ;  the  Pomponian  gens 
claimed  descent  from  Pompo,  a  son  of 
King  Numa. 


perpetuo  obtinuit:  'kept  to  the 
last.'  Like  Maecenas,  the  friend  of 
Horace,  he  did  not  care  for  a  higher 
rank. 

patre  usus  est :  translate  *  he  had.' 
Cf.  §  5,  utehatur  Q.  Hortensio. 

quibus  .  .  .  impertiri :  cf .  note  3, 
p.  62. 

70.  §  5.  testamentd  adoptavit: 
cf.  the  similar  case  of  Augustus, 
Eutrop.  VII,  1. 

ex  dodrante:  'according  to  the 
measure  of  three  fourths  (of  his  es- 
tate).' 

centies  sestertium :  sc.  centena 
milia  ;  about  $410,000. 

§  6.  optimarum  partium :  the  con- 
servatives; for  the  leaders,  see  the  op- 
ponents of  Caesar,  Eutrop.  VI,  19,  23. 

71.  conservatis  legibus,  etc. : 
'without  violating  the  law  amid  the 
corruption  of  such  unrestrained  in- 
triguing,' 

hastam  publicam :  '  public  auc- 
tion ' ;  a  spear  marked  the  place  of 
sale. 

praes  .  .  .  manceps:  the  latter, 
one  who  contracts  to  collect  taxes ; 
the  former,  his  bondsman.  Farming 
the  revenue  was  usually  in  the  hands 
of  the  knights. 

legati  locum:  rarely  held  by  a 
knight. 

§  13.  familias:  an  old  gen.  form, 
occurring  chiefly  in  this  phrase. 

neque  tamen  non :  '  and  yet.' 

Pamphilianam :  from  the  name  of 
the  builder. 

usus  est  familia:  cf.  notes  on  §§1, 
5.    familia^  'household.' 

72.  apprime  boni :  '  excellent ' ; 
the  adv.  is  archaic  and  rare. 


Pages  72-74.] 


NEPOS. 


189 


Elegans,  non  magniiicus :  cf.  the 

advice  of   Polonius  in  Shakespeare's 
Hamlet :  — 

"  Costly  thy  habit  as  thy  purse  can  buy, 
But  not  expressed  in  fancy,  rich,  not  gaudy." 

praeteribo  :  the  object  is  eum  soli- 
turn  (esse), 

expensmn  ferre :  '  to  debit, 
charge '  ;  a  bookkeeping  term,  op- 
posed to  acceptimi  ferre. 

73.   §  14.  vicies  . . .  centies :  cf .  §  5. 

nullam  .  .  .  vUlam :  his  friend  Cic- 
ero, who  did  not  pass  for  a  very  w^ealthy 
man,  had  several  villas  in  different 
parts  of  Italy. 

reditus :  it  might  have  been  well  to 


mention  that  Atticus  lent  money  on 
usury,  copied  books  at  a  profit,  and 
dealt  in  gladiators. 

§  15.  in  ea  re  agi :  translate  *  to 
be  at  stake.' 

74.  §21.  tenesmon:  "In  his  time 
physicians  wrote  their  prescriptions  in 
Greek,  as  they  do  now  in  Latin,  and  it 
was  customary  to  speak  of  ailments 
and  their  cure  by  their  Greek  names." 
Cf.  also  acroama^  ephemeris,  anag- 
nostes. 

nihil  reliqui  fecisse :  object  of  satis- 
fed.     Cf.  Caes.  Ill,  26. 

§22.  temporibus  superesse :  'to 
pass  the  crisis.' 


CAESAR. 


Gaius  Julius  Caesar,  whose  family  traced  its  origin  back  to  the  Trojan 
Aeneas,  was  born  July  12,  100  b.c.  In  the  struggle  between  the  senatorial 
and  popular  parties,  which  began  during  his  early  years,  he  identified  himself 
with  the  democracy  by  his  marriage  with  Cornelia,  daughter  of  Cinna,  at  that 
time  the  leader  of  the  popular  party.  By  this  marriage  he  incurred  the  hostility 
of  the  dictator  Sulla,  who  ordered  him  to  divorce  Cornelia,  and  Caesar  remained 
away  from  Rome  until  Sulla's  death  in  78  b.c.  After  some  time  spent  in 
travel  and  study  he  returned  to  Rome,  and  was  elected  successively  chief  pontiff 
(Pontifex  Maximus),  military  tribune,  and  quaestor.  His  relations  with  the 
people's  party  were  made  closer  by  his  marriage  with  Pompeia,  cousin  of  Pom- 
pey  the  Great,  and  he  was  careful  to  strengthen  his  popularity  by  all  possible 
means.  After  serving  as  propraetor  in  Spain  he  was  made  Consul  (59  b.c), 
and  formed  with  Pompey  and  Crassus  the  First  Triumvirate.  His  growing 
power  excited  the  fears  of  the  Senate,  and  in  order  that  he  might  be  kept  away 
from  Rome,  the  provinces  of  Gaul  and  lUyricum  were  assigned  to  him  for  five 
years.  It  was  in  these  campaigns  that  Caesar's  generalship  and  successes 
gained  for  him  the  title  of  one  of  the  greatest  commanders  of  all  ages.  Crassus 
died  in  battle  (53  b.c.)  when  Caesar's  successes  in  Gaul  had  excited  the  jealousy 
of  Pompey,  and  in  50  b.c.  it  was  proposed  in  the  Senate  that  Caesar  should  give 
up  his  command,  which  had  meanwhile  been  extended  to  ten  years.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  a  resolution  was  passed,  making  him  a  public  enemy  unless  he  should 


1 90  NOTES.  [Pages  76,  77. 

disband  his  army.  This  was  the  beginning  of  civil  war.  Caesar  advanced  to 
Rome,  and  by  his  victory  over  Pompey  at  Tharsalia  (Aug.  9,  48  b.c.)  made  him- 
self master  of  Rome.  Pompey  fled  to  Egypt,  where  he  was  murdered.  Caesar's 
victory  over  his  enemies,  Cato  and  Scipio,  at  Thapsus  (April  6,  46  b.c),  ended 
the  war,  and  he  returned  to  Rome  with  supreme  power.  After  quelling  an  insur- 
rection excited  by  the  sons  of  Pompey  in  Spain,  Caesar  was  free  to  carry  out 
the  work  of  reform  which  he  had  in  mind.  He  corrected  the  calendar,  and 
made  plans  for  righting  abuses  in  the  laws  and  administration  of  the  State,  for 
adorning  the  city  and  extending  the  empire.  These  plans,  however,  he  was 
unable  to  see  completed,  although  many  changes  were  brought  about  in  a  very 
short  time.  His  career  was  closed  by  his  assassination  in  the  Senate  house  on 
March  15,  44  b.c. 

Caesar's  literary  reputation  rests  chiefly  on  his  Commentaries  De  Bella  Gal- 
ileo^ the  best  known  and  most  widely  studied  military  textbook  of  all  ages.  In 
it  he  set  down,  in  simple  language,  a  straightforward  narrative  of  his  campaigns, 
wonderful  in  its  concise  descriptions  of  regions,  peoples,  and  customs,  and  in  its 
revelation  of  the  character  of  the  writer,  his  personal  courage,  his  mastery  of  tac- 
tics, his  resources  in  overcoming  natural  obstacles,  his  indomitable  perseverance. 

His  style  in  the  narrative  portions  of  his  works  presents  few  difiiculties. 
The  vocabulary  contains  only  ^'ords  in  common  use,  and  the  constructions  call 
for  no  special  comment,  being  those  common  to  the  best  writers  of  the  classical 
period. 

There  are  biographies  of  Caesar  by  Froude  (N.Y.,  1884),  Trollope  (London, 
1870),  and  Warde-Fowler  (Putnams,  1892).  His  military  history  may  be 
studied  in  Colonel  Dodge's  volume  Caesar^  in  the  Great  Captains  Series.  Of  the 
standard  histories,  Merivale  treats  most  fully  of  the  life  of  Caesar,  while 
Napoleon's  Caesar  is  of  special  interest  in  connection  with  the  Gallic  campaigns. 
GwizoV^  Popular  History  of  France^  Vol.  I.,  contains  an  account  of  Gaul  and  its 
inhabitants.  Of  interest  are  The  Likenesses  of  Caesar  (J.  C.  Ropes,  Scrihnefs, 
February,  1887)  and  Warfare  and  Writing  of  Caesar  {Atlantic,  Vol.  XLIV.). 
There  are  several  good  American  editions  of  the  Gallic  War  and  a  Lexicon  of 
Caesar's  Latinity  by  E.  G.  Sihler  (N.Y.  1888). 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO 
Book  II. 


76.  §  15.  Eorum :  the  Ambiani,  a 
tribe  mentioned  just  previously. 

§  16.    eSnim :  the  Nervii. 

77.  §  17.  eorum  diSnim :  'during 
those  days  '  ;  limits  itiyieris. 


sarcinis:  difference  between  im- 
pedimenta and  sarcina? 

Adiuvabat :  what  is  the  subject  ? 

incisis :  '  notched.' 

Snatis  :  springing  out  horizontally 
{in  latitudinem) . 

78.     §  18.    quern    locum :    notice 


Pages  77-86.] 


CAESAR. 


191 


repetition  of  antecedent ;  cf .  quam  in 
partem^  IV,  32,  and  quibus  ex  civi- 
tatihus^  V,  12.  "The  main  line  from 
Paris  to  Brussels  skirts  the  battle- 
field as  it  passes  the  station  of  Haut- 
mont." 

adversus  .  .  .  contrarius :  opposite 
and  facing. 

iniimus:  *at  the  foot';  cf.  Nepos, 
Hannibal  9,  summas. 

§  19.  quern  ad  finem :  =  ad  finem 
ad  qnem. 

cedentes:  sc.  hostes. 

prima  :  *  the  first  part  of.' 

quod  .  .  .  convenerat:  what  is  the 
construction  of  the  clause  ? 

79.  adverse  colle :  '  up  the  hill.' 

§  20.  Caesari  .  .  .  agenda :  see 
note  1,  p.  GT.  Note  the  effect  of  omit- 
ting all  connectives  from  this  passage. 
"The  struggle  that  ensued  was  one 
of  the  most  terrible  that  Roman  sol- 
diers ever  had  to  go  through." 

signum :  the  first  signal,  to  fall  in  ; 
the  last,  to  charge. 

quid  fieri  oporteret :  if  the  comma 
is  placed  after  this  clause  instead  of 
before,  what  is  the  construction  ? 

nihil :  emphatic  for  non. 

80.  §  21.  profectus :  what  is  the 
meaning  of  profectus  f 

suls :  sc.  signis. 

§  22.  certa :  because  the  woods  hid 
the  enemy's  movements. 

§  23.  exanimatos :  '  breathless '  ; 
for  another  meaning,  see  VI,  30. 

ea  pars :  i.e.  sinistra  pars  aciei. 

81.  summum  locum :  not  *the  high- 
est point  of  the  camp,'  but  'the  height 
occupied  by  the  camp. ' 

§  24.  dizeram  :  see  §  19  ;  the  plup. 
is  used  colloquially  for  the  perfect. 


clamor  .  .  .  fremitus:  difference 
in  meaning  ? 

82.  §  25.  This  long  and  involved 
sentence  can  best  be  rendered  by 
several  co-ordinate  sentences  in  Eng- 
lish. 

in  angusto :  '  in  a  tight  place.' 
vidit :     repeated    because    of    the 

length  of  the  sentence. 

ab  novissimis  uni  militi :  '  from  a 

soldier  in  the  rear.'     For  the  episode, 

see  Longfellow's    Courtship  of  Miles 

Standish,  II. 

83.  §  26.  nihil  .  .  .  fecerunt: 
=  nihil  reliquerunt. 

§  27.  inermes :  i.e.  not  regularly 
equipped. 

quo  :  in  the  sense  of  '  in  order  that,' 
quo  without  a  comparative  is  rare.  Cf. 
Nepos,  Them.  7.  The  comparative 
idea  may  be  found  in  se  praeferrent. 

84.  §  28.  dizeramus  :  cf.  dixeram^ 
§24. 

misericordia :  for  a  good  example 
of  Caesar's  *  mercy,'  see  III,  16. 

Book  III. 

§  8.  Huius  civitatis:  i.e.  the 
Veneti. 

regioniun  earum :  the  southern 
coast  of  Brittany. 

milgno  .  .  .  aperto  :  hendiadys  f or 
magno  impetu  aperti  maris. 

ut  sunt  .  .  .  consilia :  does  this 
characterization  still  hold  true  ?  Cf. 
IV,  5,  on  p.  121. 

85.  §  9-  concluso  mail :  what  sea 
is  meant  ? 

86.  ex  Britannia :  cf.  IV,  20. 

§  10.  retentorum :  '  done  by  de- 
taining. ' 


A.  &  W.   LAX.  R.  ■ 


•13 


192 


NOTES. 


[Pages  86-104. 


consplr^rent :  what  two  reasons 
for  the  subjunctive  ? 

§  11.  per  vim :  vi  is  not  often  used 
alone ;  of.  summa  I'l,  §  15 ;  Gellius  V, 
6;  Nepos,  Hannibal  3. 

87.  §  12.  operis  :  siege  works  built 
by  the  Romans. 

adaequatis :  equaling  in  height. 
magnis  aestibus:  why  were  they 
strange  to  the  Romans  ? 

88.  §  13.  adigebatur :  could  be 
hurled. 

89.  §14.  quid  agerent:  'what  to 
do.' 

90.  §  16.  sub  corona :  i.e.  as 
slaves.  Prisoners  .  were  exposed  for 
sale  crowned  with  a  garland.  Cf. 
Nepos,  Atticus  6,  publicum  hastam. 

91.  §  20.  subministrata :  a  mere 
pretext  on  Caesar's  part.     Cf.  Ill,  9. 

Book  IV. 

92.  §  21.  dare  :  =  se  daturos  esse. 
Cf .  facturos  poUicerentur^  §  22  and 
Eutrop.  I,  16. 

magni:  cf.  Nepos,  Cato  1,  note  3. 

§  22.  tantularum  :  diminutives  are 
often  contemptuous. 

Britanniae :  '  to  the  invasion  of 
Britain.' 

93.  §  23.  tempestatem :  cf .  this 
meaning  with  that  of  §  28. 

solvit :  cf .  the  fuller  forms  naves 
solverunt,  §  28,  and  7iaves  solvit^  §  36. 

consoendere  :  cf.  Eutrop.  II,  27. 

Britanniam  attigit :  probably  near 
Dover. 

ut  quae  :  =  *  since  they.' 

94.  §  24.  egredi:  'from  disem- 
barking '  ;  with  prohibere  the  infin.  is 
regular.     Cf .  V,  9.     For  another  con- 


struction with  verbs  of  hindering,  see 
note  on  quominus,  §  22. 

prohibebant :  what  is  the  force  of 
the  imperf .  here  ? 

95.  §  25.  qui  .  .  .  ferebat:  sc.  is. 
§  26.    speculatoria  navigia:    the 

boats,  as  well  as  their  sails  and  rig- 
ging, and  the  dress  of  the  sailors,  are 
said  to  have  been  of  a  bluish-green,  in 
order  to  escape  notice. 

96.  §  27.  sine  causa :  only  from 
the  Roman  standpoint. 

§  28.   sui :  '  to  themselves.' 

§  29.   id  erat  incognitum  :  why  ? 

98.  §  31-  ad  eas  res .  .  .  usui : 
cf.  §  25,  mag  no  usui  nostris. 

99.  §  33.  incitatos  :  '  at  full 
speed.' 

brevi :  sc.  spatio  or  tempore. 

§  34.  qui:  =  ei  qui,  i.e.  the  Brit- 
ons. 

sui  liberandi :  do  these  words  agree 
in  number  ? 

100.  §  36-  ^e  aequinoctii :  Sept. 
24.  The  stay  in  Britain  lasted  about 
three  weeks,  and  the  return  to  Gaul 
occurred  probably  about  Sept.  12. 

101.  §  38-  fuerant  usT;  in  the 
compound  passive  tenses,  fui,  fueram, 
fuero   are   used  for  sum,   eram,  ero, 

(1)  when  the  tense  is  emphatic,  or 

(2)  when  the  participle  is  often  used 
as  an  adjective.  Here  '  they  had  used ' 
(but  did  not  on  this  occasion). 

Book  V. 

102.  §  8-  commodi :  sc.  causa. 
104    §  12.  mediterr5neis  regioni- 

bus :   a  mistake,  as  the  principal  tin 
mines  were  and  are  in  Cornwall. 
leporem :  cf.  Levit.  11,6. 


Pages  104-119.] 


CAESAR. 


193 


anserem:  cf.  Livy  V,  47,  anseres 
.  .  .  lunonis. 

§  13.  insula :  Caesar's  description 
of  Britain  in  this  passage,  while  in- 
exact in  some  features,  owing  to  the 
sources  of  his  information,  is  still 
striking  as  the  first  description  of  an 
unknown  country.  It  was  not  until 
100  years  later  that  the  island  was 
circumnavigated  by  Romans,  and  any 
further  information  added  to  the 
scanty  records. 

appelluntur :  not  appellare. 

105.  vergit  ad  Hispaniam:  a 
crude  conception  of  the  fact. 

noctem :  not  true  of  Britain. 

certis  .  .  .  mensuris:  for  a  de- 
scription of  water  clocks,  see  Diet,  of 
Antiq.,  Clepsydra.  Note  Caesar's  in- 
terest in  scientific  details. 

§  14.  Gallica  c5nsuetudine :  see 
the  description  in  VI,  11-20. 

106.  §  16.  dispari :  *  unequal '  = 
with  the  advantage  on  the  side  of  the 
Britons. 

equestris  .  .  .  inferebat:  when 
both  sides  used  cavalry,  the  danger 
was  equalized. 

110.  §  23.  deductis:   cf.  suhduci, 

§11. 
§  44.   quinam  :  =  uter. 

111.  inimicus  :  how  different  from 
hostis?  from  adversarius? 

Book  VI. 

§  13.  aliquo  numero  :  '  of  any  ac- 
count.' 

eadem  iura :  cf .  the  powers  of  the 
husband  in  §  19. 

Druidum :  see  the  article  on  Druid- 
ism  in  the  Encycl.  Brit. 


hi :  the  Druids. 
eos :  the  Gauls. 

113.  §  14-  litteris  :  *  characters, 
alphabet.' 

animts  transire :  a  widespread 
belief  in  both  ancient  and  modern 
times.  See  article  Metempsychosis  in 
Encycl.  Brit. 

114.  §  17.  Mercurium,  etc. :  the 
Gallic  names  of  these  divinities  are  in 
some  cases  uncertain,  the  Roman 
names  being  applied  to  those  gods 
who  seemed  to  correspond  to  the 
Roman  gods.     Cf.  Cic.  De  Nat.  25-27. 

§  18.  noctem  .  .  .  subsequatur : 
cf.  the  Eng.  fortnight^  twelfth  night, 
etc.,  and  the  Jewish  and  Puritan  Sab- 
baths beginning  at  nightfall. 

115.  §  19-  Viri:  'husband.'  In 
Germany  and  some  parts  of  Great 
Britain  'man'  is  still  used  in  this 
sense. 

vitae  .  .  .  potestatem  :  the  Ro- 
man paterfamilias  had  the  same 
powers. 

in  servilem  modum:  slaves  were 
usually  tortured  when  evidence  was 
desired  from  them. 

funera  .  .  .  sumptuosa :  a  custom 
still  maintained  by  the  French  and  Irish. 

supra :  '  before.' 

116.  §21.  Solem:  cf.  Cic.  De 
Nat.  Deor.  27. 

118.  §  26.  Bos  :  reindeer  or  bison. 
The  descriptions  in  this  and  the  follow- 
ing chapters  are  such  evident  errors 
and  misconceptions  that  it  is  sur- 
prising to  meet  them  in  so  careful  a 
writer. 

119.  palmae:  usually  interpreted 
'  palm  tree '  ;  more  probably  the  palm 
of  the  hand ;  '  like  branching  hands,' 


194 


NOTES. 


[Pages  120-122. 


Book  I. 

120.   §  48.   SI  .  .  .  prodeundum : 

*  if  there  was  occasion  to  advance.' 


Book  IV. 

121.   §  5.  For  tliis  description,  cf. 
Caesar  VI,  20. 


AULUS   GELLIUS. 


AuLus  Gellius,  who  lived  hi  the  second  century  a.d.,  was  probably  of 
Roman  birth,  though  nothing  is  known  of  his  personal  life  except  that  he  spent 
a  long  period  at  Athens  in  study.  During  this  time  he  kept  a  note-book  in 
which  he  jotted  down  anything  of  interest  which  was  brought  to  his  attention 
in  conversation  or  in  books.  From  the  material  thus  gathered  he  afterward 
compiled  his  only  work,  the  Nodes  Atticae,  in  twenty  books,  of  which  the  eighth, 
except  the  headings,  has  been  lost.  The  work  is  simply  a  great  scrap  book  of 
unrelated  extracts  from  Roman  and  Greek  authors,  especially  archaic  writers, 
with  his  own  comments.  Its  chief  importance  is  in  the  light  which  it  throws  on 
questions  of  grammar,  history,  and  antiquities,  and  for  the  numerous  quotations 
from  ancient  authors  whose  works  have  been  lost. 

Gellius  was  an  ardent  lover  of  the  archaic  writers,  and  affected  archaic 
constructions  and  vocabulary.  These  have  recently  been  treated  by  Charles 
Knapp  in  Classical  Studies  in  Honour  of  Henry  Drisler  (Macmillan  &  Co., 
1894).  CruttwelPs  remarks  on  Gellius  are  good.  The  chief  edition  *6f  the  text 
is  that  of  Hertz  (Berlin,  1883-5). 

A  useful  selection  is  that  of  A.  H.  Westcott,  Fifty  Stories  from  Gellius 
(Allyn  and  Bacon,  1894). 

There  is  an  English  translation  by  Beloe  (London,  1799). 


NOCTES  ATTICAE. 


Book  I. 


122.  §  14-  Fabricius :  cf .  Eutrop. 
II,  12-14. 

rebus :  *  exploits ' ;  cf .  the  meaning 
in  line  3.  The  uses  of  res  are  so  vari- 
ous that  great  attention  is  needful  in 
the  renderings  selected. 

bene  ac  benevole :  notice  the  al- 
literation and  the  use  of  two  words, 
which  together  mean  little,  if  anything, 
more  than  either  would  mean  alone. 


Gellius  is  extraordinarily  fond  of  such 
pairs  of  words ;  cf .  hospita  atque  incog- 
nita, I,  19 ;  integrum  incolumemque, 
VI,  18  ;  Jluentis  Jluctantisque,  X,  6  ; 
and  find  instances  in  I,  19  ;  I,  23  ;  IX, 
4  ;  X,  10.  The  fondness  for  this  usage 
may  easily  be  illustrated  from  German 
and  English. 
grandem  pecuniam :  '  big  money.'  \ 
lautum  :  etymology  ?  ! 

Fabricium  .   .  .  deduxisse :    ind, 
disc,  after  dicit  above. 


Pages  122-125.] 


GELLIUS. 


195 


defieri :  how  do  compounds  of  facio 
form  the  pres.  pass,  system  ? 

plants  manus:  'flat  or  outspread 
hands ' ;  cf .  the  colloquial  expression 
'  the  flat  of  the  back. ' 

123.  §  17.  admodiun :  etymology 
and  literal  meaning  ? 

scatebat :  force  of  the  tense  ?  The 
figure  is  that  of  a  spring  bubbling  over. 
The  verb  ordinarily  takes  the  abl. 

muliebrium :  contemptuous;  distin- 
guish between  muUer  and  femina. 

per  .  .  .  perque :  such  repetitions  are 
frequent  in  Gellius.  Is  que  regularly 
appended  to  a  prep.  ? 

quaenam  ratio  esset  cur :  =  simple 
cur. 

illam  talem :  '  such  a  shrew  as  that.'' 

ezerceor :  *  I  train  myself ' ;  an  ex- 
ample of  the  'middle'  force  of  the 
passive. 

cgterorum :  how  different  from  alii 
and  alteri  ? 

memoria :  '  narrative ' ;  cf .  memora- 
tis,  I,  14. 

§  19.  Sibyllinis:  for  an  account 
of  the  Sibyls,  see  Guerber's  Myths. 
The  Sibylline  Books  were  in  the  care 
of  special  priests  (quindecimviri) ,  and 
could  be  consulted  only  by  express 
command  of  the  Senate.  They  perished 
in  the  destruction  of  Rome  by  the 
Gauls. 

ecquid :  a  mere  conjunction, 
*  whether.' 

procul  dubio :  ab  is  usually  found 
with  procul  in  classical  prose. 

ibidem:  here  used  of  time  and 
strengthened  by  statim.  Cf.  the  Ger- 
man use  of  da  for  then. 

id  ipsum:  i.e.  the  clause  ut  .  .  . 
curat. 


124.  ore  .  .  .  animo :  abl.  of  quality, 
a  very  favorite  construction  in  Gellius. 

insuper  babendam :  =  contemnen- 
dam. 

nusquaxQ  loci :  for  a  like  superflu- 
ity cf.  the  English  expression  'nowhere 
in  the  world.' 

§  23.  qua  usus  est :  =  quam  ha- 
buit  (dixit);  cf.  oratio  .  .  .  habita^ 
IV,  18. 

contra  Oalbam  :  cf .  Nepos,  Cato  3. 

SI  libri  copia  fuisset :  =  si  liber 
adfuisset.  The  difficulty  of  obtaining, 
or  referring  to,  books  was  a  serious 
bar  to  accuracy  on  the  part  of,  ancient 
writers. 

curiam :  for  an  account  of  the  curia 
cf.  Diet,  of  Antiq.  and  Lanciani,  An- 
cient Borne,  p.  76  foil. 

quaepiam :  rarer  than  aliquis,  but 
with  the  same  degree  of  indefiniteness ; 
it  usually  denotes  something  of  little 
importance. 

ut  .  .  .  ne  quis :  cf .  Nepos,  Them. 
7,  ut  ne  prius,  and  uti  ne  introeant 
below. 

patres :  the  usual  title  of  the  sena- 
tors ;  cf .  Eutrop.  I,  2 ;  Nepos,  Hanni- 
bal, 12. 

ezque  re  publica  :  '  (more)  to  the 
advantage  of;  supply  magis  from  uti- 
lius. 

apud  duos :  cf.  the  dat.  uni  below, 
and  Nepos,  Atticus  5. 

Hoc  ilia :  pronouns  tend  to  run 
together. 

adfert:  sc.  hoc. 

125.  sibi  vellet :  '  meant.' 

rem :  in  apposition  with  the  preced- 
ing clauses. 
praeter:  adverb. 
gratia :  =  causa. 


196 


NOTES. 


[Pages  125-130. 


Book  III. 

§  6.  per  .  .  .  mirandum:  one  word, 
separated  by  Tmesis,  636,  V,  3 :  385, 
I:   705. 

queat :  =  possit.  queo  is  very  com- 
mon in  Gellius. 

intra:  'downwards,'  as  m/m,  I,  14. 

ingenium  :  for  another  meaning,  of. 
1,24. 

126.  §  8-  Pyrrhus :  cf .  Eutrop.  II, 
11-14. 

unam  atque  alteram  pugnas :  '  one 
battle  after  another.' 

satisque  agerent :  '  had  their  hands 
full.' 

quos  habuit:  for  the  mode,  see 
Eutrop.  II,  25. 

super  ea  causa:  =  de  ea  causa; 
super  =  de  over  120  times  in  Gellius ; 
cf.  super  hoc  equo^  V,  2. 

animo  tenus :  '  to  the  bottom  of  our 
hearts.' 

negavimus  velle :  =  diximus  nolle  ; 
cf.  Eutrop.  II,  25.  The  idea  of  saying 
passes  into  that  of  commanding :  hence 
the  use  of  neve  and  the  subjunctive. 

Book  IV. 

127.  §  18-  antiquior  :  usually 
Maior  to  distinguish  him  from  his 
(adopted)  grandson,  who  is  called 
Junior^  Eutrop.  IV,  12,  usually  Minor. 
For  the  character  of  Scipio,  see  Eutrop. 
Ill,  20. 

qua  subnizus :  '  how  he  relied  upon 
his  own  consciousness  (of  power).' 

crimini :  cf .  dono^  I,  14. 

Quirites :  for  the  use  of  this  term, 
cf.  Livy,  I,  16. 

lertur :  '  is  extant.' 


128.  aerarium :  where  was  the 
Treasury  ?  See  Diet,  of  Antiq.  What 
money  had  the  Romans  ?  See  gram- 
mars, and  Gow,  Companion  to  School 
Classics,  p.  148. 

accepta  ferri :  a  book-keeping  term, 
'  to  credit,'  cf.  Nepos,  Atticus  13. 

Book  V. 

§  2.  Bucephalas :  a  Greek  com- 
pound, '  Ox-head.' 

talentis  tredecim :  about  $  15,600. 

Super  hoc  equo :  cf .  de  isto  equo^ 
below. 

visum :  sc.  est ;  the  subject  is  the 
clause  quod  .  .  .  passus  sit,  which  takes 
the  subjunctive  to  show  the  quotation. 

facinora :  '  deeds  ' ;  usually  in  a  bad 
sense.  Distinguish  between  facinus, 
a  deed,  good  or  bad ;  crimen,  a  crime 
against  man ;  nefas,  impiety,  a  crime 
against  the  gods  or  moral  law ;  vitium, 
a  fault ;  scelus,  a  heinous  act  or  sin  ; 
and  flagitium,  an  infamous  deed. 

domini  .  .  .  securus :  *  assured  of 
his  master's  safety '  ;  the  use  of  the 
gen.  is  poetical. 

129.  o^  equi  honores :  cf.  oh  hono- 
rem  triumphi,  V,  6 ;  and  in  honorem 
eiuSy  Eutrop.  VII,  10. 

§  5.  Antiochum:  cf.  Nepos,  Hanni- 
bal 8. 

vertebat :   '  maneuvered.' 

satis  esse  :  =  paria  esse. 

nihil  .  .  .  neque :  for  double  nega- 
tive, see  553,  2  :  209,  a  :  445. 

prorsum  :  with  nihil,  =  omniiio, 
*  nothing  at  all.' 

§  6.   postrema :  =  adv.  *  lastly.' 

130.  eoque  loco :  elsewhere  in 
these  selections  potiri  takes  the  gen. 


Pages  131-135.] 


GELLIUS. 


197 


131.  coniuratdo :  cf .  Eutrop.  VI, 
15,  and  sketch  of  Cicero,  p.  199. 

per  vim :  cf .  vi  below,  and  Caes.  Ill, 
11.  Gellius  often  uses  per  with  the 
ace.  =  instrumental  abl. 

rite :  Livy  I,  32,  describes  the  rites 
necessary  to  a  just  declaration  of  war. 
The  ambassador  coming  to  the  fron- 
tiers of  the  offending  people,  addressed 
a  solemn  appeal  to  Jupiter  and  made 
his  demands.  He  then  crossed  the 
border  and  repeated  the  same  formula 
to  the  first  native  he  met;  the  same 
on  entering  the  town  gate,  and  again 
to  the  magistrates  in  the  forum.  If 
the  demands  were  not  satisfied  within 
thirty  days,  he  turned  to  Rome  and 
made  a  report  of  his  mission.  If  the 
people  and  senate  decided  for  war, 
the  messenger  again  set  forth  for  the 
borders  of  the  hostile  country,  and 
threw  across  the  boundary  a  spear 
pointed  with  iron  or  burnt  at  the  end 
and  dipped  in  blood,  at  the  same  time 
pronouncing  the  declaration  of  war. 
These  rites  are  said  to  have  been  bor- 
rowed by  Numa  from  an  ancient  na- 
tion, the  Aequicolae. 

132.  ovantes  =  eos  qui  ovant. 

133.  §  18-  iusiurandum  eos  ade- 
git:   'bound  them  by  oath.' 

cognati  adfinesque  :  what  is  the 
difference  in  meaning  ? 

postliminio :  a  legal  fiction  by 
which  a  returned  captive  might  recover 
his  lost  civil  rights.    Cf.  Eutrop.  11,25. 

egressi  castra :  '  gone  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  camp '  ;  this  is  the  force 
of  the  ace.  The  stepping  out  of  the 
camp  would  be  expressed  by  the  abl. 
The  usage  is  common  in  the  historians. 

plurium:  *  the  majority.' 


Book  VII. 

134.  §3-  apud  Bagradam:  'near'; 
what  other  ways  of  expressing  the 
same  idea  ? 

unum :  probably  not  emphatic.  Cf. 
the  German  use  of  the  num.  ei;i,  and 
the  French  un  from  unus  (as  indef. 
article) . 

in  illis  locis :  the  in  is  needless, 
though  used  by  Gellius  in  the  majority 
of  such  cases. 

stabulantem :  =  hahitantem;  so  sta- 
buliim  originally  meant  an  abode,  for 
man  or  beast. 

§  17.  multis  post  tempestatibus : 
*  after  a  long  period.' 

Book  IX. 

135.  §  4-  In  illis  libris:  Gellius 
relates  that  on  disembarking  at  Brun- 
disium  (Brindisi)  on  his  return  from 
Greece,  he  noticed  a  number  of  ancient 
Greek  works  offered  for  sale  at  a 
very  low  price.  These  he  purchased, 
skimmed  over  during  the  following 
two  evenings,  and,  as  was  his  custom, 
made  extracts  from  their  contents  in 
his  note-book,  '  so  that  the  reader  may 
not  be  altogether  uninformed  when  he 
hears  such  matters  discussed,'  —  an 
end  which  should  be  more  generally 
kept  in  view  in  the  study  of  Latin. 

corporibus :  for  the  construction, 
see  421,  I:  249:  407.  Cf.  venationi- 
bus  below,  which  shows  clearly  the 
force  of  the  abl. 

Cyclopas  :  for  a  description  of  the 
Cyclops,  see  Guerber's  Myths.  Cf.  a 
translation  of  Vergil's  Aeneid^  III, 
614  foil. 


198 


NOTES. 


[Pages  135-139. 


non  ut  ceterdrum:  sc.  prospec- 
tantia. 

diebus  tertiis :   *  every  third  day.' 

offendimus :  the  '  editorial  we. ' 

136.  laudaverint:  customary  ac- 
tion in  present  time.  Cf.  viderint 
below. 

interimant  videndo :  cf .  the  still 
prevalent  belief  in  the  '  evil  eye.' 

apud  .  .  .  terras :  =  in  terris.  Cf . 
below  apud  extrema  =  in  extremis. 
Note  Gellius'  fondness  for  the  word. 

miracula  homines :  '  For  amongst 
them  are  found  .  .  .  monsters  with 
dogs'  heads  and  without  heads,  who 
have  eyes  in  their  breasts,  at  least  as 
the  Libyans  say.'    Herodotus  IV,  191. 

egreditur  omnem  modum:  *  sur- 
passes all  bounds.'  Cf .  egressi  castra, 
VI,  18. 

Pygmaeos:  the  Pygmies  are  de- 
scribed by  Homer  as  a  race  of  under- 
sized men  dwelling  far  in  the  south 
where  the  cranes  fly  from  the  northern 
winter.  The  battles  between  the  Pyg- 
mies and  cranes  are  often  described. 
Different  writers  located  their  home 
in  various  parts  of  the  world.  Aris- 
totle held  that  they  inhabited  the 
marshes  from  which  the  Nile  was 
thought  to  flow,  and  Herodotus  de- 
scribes a  tribe  of  little  blackmen  by 
whose  city  ran  a  great  river,  flowing 
from  west  to  east  (possibly  the  Niger), 
and  in  it  were  crocodiles.  Within 
recent  years  explorers  have  actually 
discovered  an  undersized  race  of  men 
in  these  regions. 

§  11.  Corvinus :  for  the  same  story, 
see  Eutrop.  II,  6. 

in  eo  tempore  :  what  is  the  ordi- 
nary usage  ? 


137.    satis  agentibus:   cf.  Ill,  8, 

satis  agerent  Bomani. 

perque  contemptum :  =  adv., '  con- 
temptuously.' 

pudorem:   'diffidence.' 

ut  .  .  .  permitterent :  substantive 
clause,  to  be  taken  with  impetrato. 

congrediuntur  .  .  .  consistunt 
.  .  .  conserebantur :  account  for  the 
tenses.  Translate  in  connection  with 
the  following  Atque :  'they  were  just 
joining  battle  when  — .' 

Book  X. 

137.   §  6.   inde  :  =  e  turha. 

male  habitam :  '  ill  used.* 

P.  Claudius:  for  the  event,  see 
Cic.  De  Nat.  Deor.  II,  3. 

utinam  .  .  .  reviviscat :  how  is 
an  impossible  wish  expressed  ?  She 
speaks  here  as  though  it  might  occur. 

multam :  not  the  adj.  ;  see  Vocab. 

§10.  quas:  i.e.  the  cutting  and 
opening  ;  such  attraction  is  frequent. 

videretur:  what  two  reasons  for 
the  subjunctive  ? 

139.  §  27.  quod  :  explanatory  ; 
'that.' 

dedit  ad  .  .  .  epistulam :  '  wrote 
to.'     Whynotdat.? 

ibi :  =  in  ea  epistula. 

scriptum  fuit :  cf.  Caes.  IV,  28. 

pro  elects :  cf .  pro  victo,  Eutrop. 
VII,  6. 

§  28.  Servium  Tullium :  for  his 
census,  cf.  Eutrop.  I,  7  ;  II,  18. 

minores  .  .  .  annis :  cf .  Nepos,  Han- 
nibal 3.  There  is  great  variety  in  the 
expression  of  age  ;  almost  all  forms  of 
the  expression  occur  except  the  full 
form,  minus  quam  XVII  annos  nati. 


Pages  140-142.] 


GELLIUS. 


199 


Book  XV. 

140.  §  16-  n^tu  grandis :  what  is 
the  comparative  ?  Cf .  Caes.  II,  28. 
Magnus  natu  is  not  Latin. 

proxime  vlam:  433,  I:  261,  a: 
416,  22. 

in  naturam:  'to  its  natural  posi- 
tion. ' 

141.  §  18.  dies  idem  fuit :  cf .  Cic. 
De  Nat.  Deor.  II.  2,  where  a  similar 
story  is  related. 

reciprocae  vices :  '  ups  and  downs,' 
'  the  varying  fortunes.' 


§  22.  Sertorius :  see  Plutarch,  Ser- 
torius. 

exercitus  :  gen.  sing,  or  ace.  plur.  ? 

prodesset :  may  also  be  explained 
as  subjunctive  denoting  repeated  ac- 
tion (a  late  construction).  Notice  the 
indie,  below,  adhivabant. 

dono  :  cf.  I,  14,  with  footnote. 

qui  nuntiavferat :  sc.  eum. 

142.  clamor  factus  et  orta  ad- 
miratio  :  such  asyndeton  between 
clauses  is  frequent  in  Gellius. 

cum  Sertorio  faciebant :  '  had  to 
do  with  S. ' 


CICEEO. 


Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  was  born  on  the  third  of  January,  b.c.  106,  at  Arpi- 
num,  a  small  town  in  Latium.  He  was  educated  under  the  best  teachers  at  Rome, 
and  afterwards  studied  philosophy  and  rhetoric  in  Athens  and  the  Greek  cities  of 
Asia  Minor.  His  first  and  only  military  experience  was  a  campaign  in  the 
Social  War,  b.c.  89.  By  his  marked  ability  he  soon  gained  distinction  as  an 
advocate,  and  in  77  he  entered  upon  a  successful  political  career.  After  hold- 
ing in  customary  succession  various  minor  offices  he  became  consul,  b.c  63. 
His  year  of  office  was  marked  by  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  an  event  which 
Cicero  has  made  forever  famous  by  his  well-known  orations.  His  own  services 
in  suppressing  the  conspiracy  were  conspicuous  and  afforded  him  endless  satis- 
faction. Cicero,  though  a  novus  homo,  sympathized  with  the  constitutional  or 
senatorial  party,  and  by  his  conduct  at  this  crisis  he  roused  the  resentment  of 
the  popular  faction.  In  58  he  went  into  voluntary  banishment  to  escape  an 
indictment  brought  against  him  by  his  bitter  opponent  Clodius,  but  in  57  he  was 
enabled  to  return  to  Rome.  When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  between  Caesar 
and  Pompey  in  49,  Cicero  sided  with  the  latter,  but  easily  made  his  peace  with 
the  victor.  His  political  activity  was  suspended  during  Caesar's  ascendency  ; 
but  on  the  assassination  of  the  dictator,  Cicero  emerged  from  retirement.  By 
fiercely  denouncing  Mark  Antony,  who  was,  in  a  measure,  Caesar's  political  heir, 
he  incurred  his  lasting  resentment,  and  was  put  to  death  in  43  with  the  many 
other  victims  of  the  Second  Triumvirate.  Cicero's  political  career  is  best 
studied  in  connection  with  his  orations,  which  do  not  immediately  concern  us  here. 
They  are  the  unquestioned  models  of  Latin  prose  style,  and  while  there  have 


200 


NOTES. 


[Pages  143,  144. 


been  widely  different  judgments  on  Cicero  as  a  man  and  a  statesman,  his  literary 
pre-eminence  is  rarely  if  ever  disputed.  During  the  years  of  his  retirement, 
46-44,  he  occupied  his  leisure  in  writing  works  on  oratory  and  philosophy.  They 
are  largely  translations  from  the  Greek,  usually  in  the  form  of  dialogues,  and 
show  many  marks  of  the  haste  in  which  they  were  composed.  The  two  repre- 
sented in  these  selections  are  among  the  last  in  the  series,  being  written  early 
in  the  year  44.  In  the  first,  De  Natura  Deorum,  representatives  of  the  Epicu- 
rean, Stoic,  and  Academician  schools  discuss  theories  of  the  nature  of  the  gods. 
Cotta,  the  Academician,  is  usually  supposed  to  voice  Cicero's  own  scepticism, 
though  at  the  end  of  the  work  the  author  commends  the  orthodox  views  of  the 
Stoic,  from  whose  discourse  most  of  the  present  selections  are  taken.  The  second 
work,  De  Divinatione,  is  an  interesting  dialogue  between  Cicero  and  his  brother 
Quintus  on  the  possibility  of  divination.  It  is  a  collection  of  curious  tales,  and 
the  book  well  shows  Cicero's  union  of  theoretical  scepticism,  with  practical  sup- 
port of  the  state  religion  for  political  and  social  reasons.  The  most  available 
biographies  of  Cicero  are  those  by  Trollope,  Forsyth,  and  Collins  {Ancient 
Classics  for  English  Headers)^  each  of  which  has  a  chapter  on  his  philosophical 
works.  A  good  literary  biography  is  The  StudenVs  Cicero,  by  W.  Y.  Fausset 
(Macmillan  &  Co.,  1890).  A  full  and  careful  discussion  of  his  philosophical 
attitude  is  to  be  found  in  Ritter's  If/s^or?/  of  Anc.  Phil.,  Vol.  IV.  There  is 
a  separate  edition  of  De  Natura  Deoriimhy  J.  B.  Mayor  {Camb.  Univ.  Press). 


DE   NATURA   DEORUM. 


Book  II. 

143.  §  2.  videmus :  editorial  we ; 
the  speaker  is  Lucilius  Balbus,  whom 
Cicero  chose  to  present  the  doctrines 
of  the  Stoics. 

ceteras :  opposed  to  indicia  below. 

hippocentauruxn :  for  these  fabu- 
lous beings,  see  Guerber's  Classical 
Mythology. 

apud  inferos  :  see  Vergil's  account 
of  the  lower  world,  A  en.  VI. 

digs :  *  time '  ;  in  dies.,  '  every  day.' 

144.  apud  Regillum:  cf.  Eutrop. 
I,  12 ;  Macaulay's  Lays  of  Ancient 
Rome. 

ex  equis :  '  on  horseback. ' 


Paulo :  Aemilius  Paulus,  conqueror 
of  Macedonia,  father  of  Scipio  Africa- 
nus  Minor. 

idem  dies :  the  pronoun  is  super- 
fluous in  English.  Cf.  Livy  I,  5,  ad 
id  ipsum  congruere. 

vacatione :  sc.  militiae. 

§  3.  ea  :  '  things  of  that  sort' ;  in- 
stead of  eas  referring  to  preceding 
nouns. 

ilia :  '  those  (words)  '  agrees  with 
ostenta,  etc. 

P.  Claudii :  surnamed  Pulcher  ;  for 
his  defeat,  see  Gellius  X,  6. 

puUi  non  pascerentur :  for  the 
original  form  of  augury,  cf.  Livy  I,  6, 
7.     In  later  times  omens  were  drawn 


Pages  144-147.] 


CICERO. 


201 


from  the  way  in  which  chickens  ate. 
The  art  was  discredited  in  Cicero's 
day:  De  Div.  II,  35,  *'Do  you  think 
Romulus  observed  omens  in  this  way  ? 
.  .  .  Now  we  give  orders  to  the  poul- 
terer; he  returns  the  answer." 

esse :  note  the  quantity  of  the  first 
syllable. 

145.  Flaminium:  cf.  Eutrop.  Ill, 
9  ;  Nepos,  Hannibal  4.  "  '  Fine  omens 
forsooth,  if  things  may  be  done  when 
chickens  are  hungry,  and  not  when 
they  are  full ! '  .  .  .  And  so  in  the 
next  three  hours  his  army  was  slaugh- 
tered and  he  himself  was  killed" 
(Cic.  De  Div.  I,  35). 

§  25.  The  three  following  chapters, 
which  are  very  much  abbreviated,  are 
fair  specimens  of  ancient  etymologies. 
The  attempt  to  explain  things  from 
their  names  is  a  very  old  one.  Cicero 
often  indulges  in  it,  and  his  mistakes 
(even  when  he  is  not  copying)  are  not 
worse  than  much  etymologizing  since 
his  day. 

voluenint :  sc.  Stoic  teachers ;  *  they 
would  have  it,'  *they  maintained.' 
Note  the  infinitive. 

qui  .  .  .  contineret:  'to  control 
the  revolution  and  the  recurrence  of 
periods  of  time '  ;  spatiorum  .  .  .  tem- 
porum  =  spatia  temporum. 

siderum  .  .  .  adligaret :  cf,  Numa's 
construction  of  the  calendar,  Livy  1, 19. 

optimus  maximus  :  cf.  Nepos, 
Hannibal  2;  Gellius  IV,  18;  De  Div. 
1,6. 

augures :  sc.  nuncupant ;  the  verb 
belongs  to  the  language  of  law,  civil 
and  religious. 

§  26.  aer :  a  Greek  word  which 
Cicero's    authorities     identified    with 


Hera,  the  Juno  of  Greek  mythology ; 
hence  the  further  explanation  lunonem 
a  iuvando. 

146.  a  nando :  the  critic  remarks, 
III,  62 :  nullum  erit  nomen,  quod  non 
possis  una  litterd  explicare  unde  due- 
turn  sit ;  in  quo  quidem  magis  tu  mihi 
natare  ('to  be  at  sea')  visus  es  quam 
ipse  Neptunus. 

Proserpinam :  for  her  story,  see 
Hawthorne's  Tangleicood  Tales. 

Ceres  .  .  .  Geres :  cf.  C.  =  Gains, 
Cn.  =  Gnaeus.  See  the  letter  C  in 
Webster's  Dictionary. 

§  27.  lanum :  cf.  Livy  I,  19,  and 
Guerber's  Myths. 

§  39.  cematur :  '  observe ' :  horta- 
tory subjunctive. 

ipsa  .  .  .  conglobata :  '  compacted 
to  a  ball  by  its  own  gravity.'  For 
Cicero's  idea  of  the  universe,  see  De 
Repub.  ('Scipio's  Dream')  VI,  17-18. 

147.  fontium  gelidas :  poetical  for 
fontium  gelidorum.  Cf.  speluncarum 
concavas,  below. 

perennitates :  in  translating,  sub- 
stitute adjectives  for  the  abstract 
nouns. 

vel  .  .  .  vel :  why  not  aut .  .  .  aiit  f 
Translated  'both  .  .  .  and.' 

universi :  '  as  a  whole.' 

orarum  ac  litorum :  one  is  the 
limit  of  the  land,  the  other  of  the  sea. 
Litus  est  quousque  maximus  Jluctus  a 
mare  pervenit. 

§  40.  altissimus ;  followed  by  a  as 
though  denoting  separation. 

caeli  complexus  :  '  the  all-embrac- 
ing heaven.' 

igneae  formae  :  =  stellae. 

multis  partibus  :  degree  of  differ- 
ence ;  '  many  times.' 


202 


NOTES. 


[Pages  147-151. 


ab  extreme :  'from  the  extreme 
limit ' ;  the  summer  and  winter  sol- 
stices. 

tristitia  .  .  .  contrahit:  the  verb 
alone  is  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of 
'  sadden.'  Cic.  Lael.  13,  incommo- 
dis  contrahuntur  (amici). 

148.  isdem  spatiis :  i.e.  inside  the 
sphere  in  which  are  the  fixed  stars,  but 
not  necessarily  at  the  same  distance 
from  the  earth. 

subiecta  atque  opposita :  'brought 
beneath  and  in  front  of.' 

e  regi5ne  :  a  common  adverbial  ex- 
pression ;  '  in  a  line  with,  opposite 
to.' 

deficit :  the  regular  expression  for 
an  eclipse. 

vagas  dicimus  :  cf .  §  20,  quae  falso 
vocantur  errantes.  Nihil  enim  errat 
quod  in  omni  aeternitale  conservat  pr^o- 
gressus  et  r^egressus  reliquosqiie  motus 
constantes  et  ratos. 


descrlpta  .  .  .  est :  '  marked  off ' ; 
cf.  annum  descripsit.,  Eutrop.  I,  3. 
Translate  freely :  *  whose  varied  forms 
have  been  so  arranged.' 

Book  III. 

§  34.  testimonium  dicere  :  '  bore 
witness. ' 

fanum  .  .  .  lovis  Olympii:  con- 
taining the  celebrated  statue  of  ivory 
and  gold  by  the  artist  Phidias. 

Carthaginiensium :  for  their  pos- 
sessions in  Sicily  cf.  Nepos,  Hamilcar 
1 ;  Eutrop.  II,  18. 

149.  cuni  •  •  •  diceret :  note  that 
the  verb  of  saying  is  irregularly  at- 
tracted into  the  subjunctive  ;  =  cum 
esset,  ut  dicebat. 

mensas:  part  of  the  temple  furni- 
ture. 

atque  :  for  adversative  force  cf . 
Eutrop.  II,  12. 


DE   DIVINATIONE. 


Book  I. 

§  6.  extispicmn :  this  and  other 
genitives  limit  praedictione. 

interpretantium :  *  interpreters  of ; 
governs  monstra  aut  fulgora. 

§  10.  num :  note  its  force  in  these 
questions,  351,  1,  n.  3 :  210,  c : 
456. 

150.  §  13.  Casu,  inquis :  '  acci- 
dentally, you  will  say.' 

Veneris  Coae :  referring  to  a  cele- 
brated painting  by  Apelles. 

res  habet:  cf.  Nepos,  Hannibal  2, 
se  habentem* 


§  16.  Priscus :  sc.  Tarquinius. 

ille,  augurio  acto :  'he  (Navius), 
having  practised  his  art,  replied  that  it 
could  be  done.'  The  process  is  de- 
scribed De  Div.  I,  31. 

puteal:  a  circular  stone  enclosure, 
like  a  well  curb,  erected  around  any 
hallowed  spot. 

comitio:  the  place  in  the  Forum 
where  the  voters  assembled. 

151.  §  18-  C.  Gracchus :  the  fa- 
mous tribune  killed  b.c.  121. 

ipsi :  sc.  moriendum  esse,  '  must 
die ' ;  oppetere  mortem,  '  to  perish  ' 
(by  a  violent  death)  ;  cf.  Nepos,  Atti- 


Pages  151,  152.] 


LIVY. 


lVERSITI 
"^  CALIFOi 


cus,   decessit;   Eutrop.  VII,   8,   ohiit^ 
*  passed  away.' 

Afrlcani    filiam :     the    celebrated 
Cornelia,  the  '  mother  of  the  Gracchi.' 


§  24.  secundum  quietem :  '  after 
he  had  gone  to  sleep.' 

eum  quoque  oculum :  cf .  Nepos, 
Hannibal  4. 


LIVY. 

Titus  Livius  was  born  at  Pataviiini  (Padua)  in  59  b.c,  and  died  there  in 
17  A.D.,  though  most  of  his  life  was  spent  at  Rome  in  literary  work.  At  about 
the  age  of  thirty-five  he  began  his  great  work  on  the  history  of  Rome,  which 
was  not  completed  until  shortly  before  his  death.  The  history,  originally  in  142 
books,  of  which  all  but  35  have  been  lost,  was  variously  entitled  Ab  Urbe 
Condita  Libri,  Annates,  and  Historiae.  It  begins  with  the  coming  of  Aeneas, 
and  narrates  the  history  of  the  Roman  people  with  great  minuteness  down  to 
9  B.C.  Livy  is  more  a  story-teller  than  a  historian.  He  makes  no  attempt  to 
sift  historical  evidence  or  to  harmonize  conflicting  statements,  but  sets  down 
fable,  legend,  and  history,  from  various  and  often  contradictory  sources,  with 
only  an  occasional  word  of  doubt  or  explanation.  With  these  faults  as  a  his- 
torian, his  wonderful  skill  as  a  narrator  nevertheless  makes  his  work  a  fas- 
cinating and  valuable  treasure-house  of  Roman  story.  His  language,  while 
often  careless,  is  always  vivid  and  picturesque.  Through  his  conscious  or 
unconscious  imitation  of  the  earlier  sources  from  which  he  derived  his  material, 
archaisms  are  sometimes  copied ;  while  the  rapid  flow  of  his  narrative  often 
causes  breaks  in  construction  and  omissions  of  connectives  and  words  which 
must  be  supplied  from  the  context. 

The  standard  text  is  that  of  VVeissenborn  (Leipzig,  1878).  Good  editions  of 
special  parts  are  those  by  J.  B.  Greenough  (189r)  and  by  John  K.  Lord  (1893). 
There  is  a  fine  translation  in  the  Bohn  Library ;  and  an  excellent  one  of  the 
part  relating  to  the  Punic  war  (Books  XXI-XXV)  by  Church  and  Brodribb 
(London,  1883). 


HISTORIAE. 


Book  I. 


[For  fuller  details  of  the  legends 
here  treated,  the  manual  of  mythology 
should  constantly  be  consulted ;  and 
for  their  significance,  Ihne's  Early 
Borne.  ] 

152.  §  3-  Lavinium  :  according  to 
the  legend,   Aeneas,   landing  on  the 


Italian  shore  after  his  wanderings, 
married  Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  King 
Latinus,  and  called  the  city  which  he 
founded  by  her  name. 

Albam  Longam  :  founded  by  Asca- 
nius,  son  of  Aeneas.  For  an  interesting 
description  of  its  site,  and  a  discus- 
sion of  the  story  of  the  founding  of 


204 


XOTES. 


[Pagks  152-155. 


Rome,  see  Lanciani,  Ancient  Borne, 
chap.  2. 

Silvius:  sometimes  made  the  son 
of  Aeneas.  The  following  reigns  and 
the  whole  dynasty  seem  purely  mythi- 
cal, invented  to  fill  up  the  gap  between 
the  fall  of  Troy  and  the  founding  of 
Rome. 

Tiberinus,  Aventinus:  as  in  the 
majority  of  cases,  the  explanation  is 
invented  to  account  for  existing  con- 
ditions or  names  the  origin  of  which  is 
unknown. 

stirpis :  partitive  genitive. 

legat:  'left  by  will'  ;  cf.  voluntas 
below. 

153.  per  speciem:  'under  pre- 
tence.' Cf.  Gellius'  fondness  for 
adverbial  phrases  with  per,  which  are 
freely  used  by  late  writers  with  no 
particular  definiteness  in  the  meaning 
of  the  preposition. 

Vestalem:  cf.  I,  20,  and  Lanciani, 
Ancient  Borne,  p.  135  foil. 

§  4  forte  quadam  divinitus :  '  by  a 
providential  occurrence,'  'providen- 
tially.' 

amnis:  genitive. 

posse  .  .  mergi  .  .  .  infantes : 
depending  on  spem  dahat. 

velut  defuncti :  nom.  plur.  = '  think- 
ing that  they  had  carried  out.' 

turn :  later  the  most  thickly  settled 
part  of  Rome. 

154.  puerHem :  =puerorum. 
earn  :  *  and  that  she.' 
fuisse  nomen :  sc.  ei. 

stabula :  see  note  on  stabulantem, 
Gellius  VIII,  3. 

subsistere :  '  faced.' 

§  5 .  Palatio  :  for  the  derivation,  see 
Lanciani,  Ancient  Borne,  p.  37. 


Lupercal:  "The  oldest  and  most 
venerable  sanctuary  of  kingly  Rome 
was  the  Lupercal,  a  grotto  consecrated 
by  the  emigrants  from  Alba  to  Fanu, 
called  Liipercus ;  that  is  to  say,  the 
*  driver-away  of  wolves '  and  the  pro- 
tector of  herds.  This  grotto  .  .  .  opened 
under  the  northwest  spur  of  the  Pala- 
tine. On  February  15,  it  was  the 
center  of  great  rejoicings  and  of  relig- 
ious ceremonies  called  the  Lupercalia, 
during  which  the  head  shepherds, 
clothed  with  skins,  used  to  run  around 
the  precincts  of  their  Palatine  vil- 
lage, asking  the  protection  of  Faunus 
Lupercus  on  their  flocks  of  sheep" 
(^Lanciani). 

Euandrum  .  .  .  Tnstituisse :  sc. 
dicitur. 

eo  genere  :  referring  to  a  town  pre- 
viously mentioned. 

tempestatibus :  meaning?  Cf.  note 
on  Caes.  IV,  23. 

Pana  :  see  Guerber's  Myths. 

per  lusum,  see  note  on  per  speciem. 
§  3. 

deditis :  dat.  after  insidiatos, 

latrones  .  .  .  cepisse  :  sc.  dicitur. 

VI :  rarely  used  alone  :  cf .  per  vim, 
Caes.  Ill,  11. 

155.  eodem :  '  to  the  same  con- 
clusion'  (as  Faustulus). 

§  6.  Numitor  .  .  .  ostendit :  notice 
the  various  ways  of  expressing  col- 
lateral circumstances :  by  the  parti- 
ciple agreeing  with  the  subject  of  the 
main  clause  (dictitans),  by  the  abl.  abs. 
(perpetrata  caede,  advocato  concilio)  ; 
and  by  conjunctions  {cum  .  .  .  avocas- 
set,  postquam  .  .  .  vidit). 

gratulantes :  =  fut.  partic,  '  to  con- 
gratulate him.' 


Pages  165, 159.] 


LIVY. 


205 


ratum  .  .  .  efiicit :  '  confirms,  rati- 
fies.' 
re :  *  power.' 
et :  '  and  indeed.' 
supererat :  '  was  excessive.' 

156.  tutelae:  gen.  'under  whose 
protection.' 

ad  inauguranduxn  templa :  *  as 
sacred  places  for  observing  the  augu- 
ries.' Templum  originally  means  'a 
thing  cut  off,'  then  *  a  consecrated  en- 
closure,' and  hence  *an  enclosure 
sacred  to  a  god  =  temple.' 

§  7.  regem  :  '  as  king.' 

ill!  ...  hi :  '  one  side  .  .  .  the 
other.' 

tempore  .  .  .  praeceptd:  ('basing 
their  claims  on)  the  priority  of  time.' 

sic:  sc.  pereat:  cf.  Booth's  'Sic 
semper  tyrannis ! '  at  the  assassina- 
tion of  Lincoln. 

conditoris  nomine :  but  see  note 
on  Tiberinus,  §  3. 

Herculem:  cf.  Guerber's  Myths. 
On  his  return  from  his  tenth  labor 
(stealing  the  cattle  of  Geryon),  he 
passed  through  Italy.  Cf.  Nepos, 
Hann.  3. 

laeto  :  'grateful,'  'luxuriant'  (poet- 
ical). 

Cacus:  perhaps  'the  bad  (man).' 
Cf.  Euander,  'the  good  man.' 

quia  .  .  .  erant:  gives  the  reason 
for  aversos  .  .  .  traxit. 

157.  infests :  'uncanny.' 
ut  fit:  'as  is  usual.' 

ex  spelunoa:  to  be  taken  with 
reddita;  but  it  suggests  also  in  spe- 
lunca  with  inclusarum. 

§  16.  His  .  .  .  operibus :  the  deeds 
of  Komulus  which  are  recorded  in  the 
intervening  chapters. 


campo :  sc.  Martio  ;  now  the  busi- 
ness portion  of  Rome. 

Caprae  paludem :  the  site  is  not 
certainly  fixed. 

patribus:  i.e.  senatorihus.  Cf. 
Nepos,  Hann.  12. 

sublimem  raptum:  sc.  eum  esse; 
suhlimem  =  '  on  high.' 

iota:  note  gender  of  pubes  ('the 
youth '  of  Rome),  which  is  the  subject 
of  obtinuit. 

dewn  .  .  .  salvere  .  .  .  iubent: 
'  they  bid  him  hail  as  god. ' 

pacem  precibus  ezposcunt:  allit- 
eration often  occurs  in  prayers,  relig- 
ious formulae,  etc. 

consilio :  '  by  the  (deliberate)  plan. ' 

gravis  .  .  .  auctor:  'a  man  of 
weight  in  any  affair  however  impor- 
tant. ' 

mirum  quantmn :  sc.  est;  for  the 
indie,  after  this  expression,  see  foot- 
note. 

efferSri:  indir.  disc,  depending  on 
videret. 

lanum :  cf.  Cic.  De  Nat.  Deor.  II, 
27.  The  temple  was  an  arched  pas- 
sage way  with  doors  at  the  ends.  The 
real  reason  for  this  custom  of  closing 
it  is  not  known. 

ne  luzuriarent :  depends  on  the 
clause  omnium  .  .  .  ratus  est. 

159.  omnium  pilmum :  because 
nearly  all  religious  festivals  in  an- 
tiquity were  regulated  by  the  lunar 
calendar.  Cf .  the  ancient  Jewish  regu- 
lations ;  how  is  the  date  for  the  modem 
Easter  fixed  ? 

duodecim  menses:  cf.  Eutrop.  I, 
3.  The  earlier  Roman  year  contained 
ten  months.  Cf.  the  name  Decem- 
ber, 


206 


NOTES. 


[Pages  159-103. 


tricenos  diSs :  the  lunar  month  is 
nearly  twelve  hours  less  than  thirty- 
days. 

intercalariis  mensibus :  in  spite 
of  this  remedy  the  Roman  calendar 
was  in  continual  need  of  adjustment. 
It  was  finally  regulated  by  Julius  Cae- 
sar. See  the  article  Calendar  in  Diet, 
of  Antiq. 

nefastos  dies :  properly  days  on 
which  it  was  not  permitted  to  tran- 
sact legal  business  ;  also  days  on  which 
the  assembly  might  not  be  held. 

§  20.  sacerdotibus ;  cf .  Eutrop. 
I,  3.  Distinguish  flamines,  priests  of 
individual  gods,  from  pontijices,  gen- 
eral regulator  of  matters  of  religion. 

Dialem  flaminem :  the  priest  of 
Jupiter,  the  highest  of  all  in  rank. 

160.  adsiduum :  '  in  constant  at- 
tendance. ' 

Quirino :  the  Sabine  Mars,  often 
identified  with  Romulus. 

virgines  Vestae  :  cf .  note  on  Vesta- 
lem,  I,  3. 

Book  II. 

§  10.  hostes :  the  Etruscans  under 
Porsena.     Cf.  Eutrop.  I,  11. 

Pons  Sublicius :  see  Map,  p.  12. 
The  remains  of  an  ancient  wooden 
bridge  are  still  to  be  seen  near  this 
point. 

Codes  :  qui  altera  lumine  orhi  nas- 
cerentury  coclites  vocahantur.  Pliny, 
Hist.  Nat.  XI,  150. 

in  statione :  '  on  guard. ' 

deserto  praesidio  :  '  deserting  their 


tr^nsitum  :  *  as  a  passage  way ' ; 
also  explained  as  a  partic.  agreeing 
with  pontem. 


monere  praedicere  :  histor.  infin.  ; 
note  the  asyndeton. 

insignis :  explained  by  obversis  .  .  . 
armis. 

161.  qnod  tumultuosissimum 
erat :  '  the  worst  tumult  of  the  battle.' 

servitia :  =  servi,  as  often  in  Livy. 
It  is  in  appos.  with  eos,  the  omitted 
subj.  of  venire,  with  which  immemores 
agrees. 

alius  . . .  circumspectant :  note  the 
number.  The  look  was  one  of  urging  ; 
hence  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  incipiaut. 

Tiberine  pater :  the  God  of  the 
Tiber  was  frequently  invoked  under 
this  name. 

privata  .  .  .  studia:  cf.  a  similar 
case  in  V,  47. 

haec  Veils  agebantur:  Camillus 
was  recalled  from  exile  and  made  dic- 
tator. 

Carmentis  :  or  Carmentae  (sc.  sacel- 
lum,  shrine) ,  a  prophetess,  the  mother 
of  Euander,  who  uttered  oracles  on  the 
Capitoline  hill. 

162.  sacris  lunonis:  *  because  sa- 
cred to  Juno.'     Cf.  Caesar,  V,  12. 

prolapsi :  '  as  he  pitched  headlong.' 
in  praeceps  :  '  over  the  precipice.' 
ad  tribunos :  why  not  (as  usual) 
trihunis  ? 

militari :  to  avoid  repetition  of  mili- 
tum. 

reum  baud  dubium  :  '  the  one  un- 
doubtedly responsible.' 

163.  §  48-  inter  tumulos :  =  colles ; 
originally  swampy  ground  and  full  of 
malaria,  as  portions  of  the  surrounding 
country  are  to-day. 

umorique  ac  frigori ;  the  cold  and 
raw  climate  of  Gaul  is  often  mentioned 
by  Latin  writers. 


Pages  163-105.] 


LIVY. 


207 


bustorum  .  .   .  Gallicorum :   the 

locality  and  the  real  origin  of  the  name 
are  uncertain.  ^ 

dictator :  Camillas,  who  had  been 
exiled  to  Ardea.  Cf .  Eutrop.  I,  20  ; 
Plutarch,  Camillus. 

stationibus  vigiliis :  '  day  and  night 
watches.' 

diem  de  die  :  '  from  day  to  day  ' ; 
in  dies^  '  every  day.' 

164.  mille  .  .  .  auri:  sc.  libras. 

populi  .  .  .  imperaturi :  '  destined 
soon  to  rule  the  world. ' 

§  49.  diique  et :  often  found  in 
Livy,  but  never  in  Cicero  or  Caesar. 

infanda  merces :  the  Romans  could 
not  endure  to  think  that  their  country 
had  been  ransomed  in  this  way,  and 
hence  invented  this  addition  to  the 
legend. 


inferioris  iuria :  as  soon  as  a  dicta- 
tor was  appointed,  other  magistrates 
were  entitled  to  act  only  as  commis- 
sioned by  him. 

in  conspectu  :  '  in  view ' ;  in  both 
senses,  '  in  sight '  and  '  in  mind. ' 

165i  Grabina  via :  '  on  the  road  to 
Gabii,'  towards  the  east. 

omnia  obtinuit :  '  was  universal ' ; 
an  unusual  expression. 

ne  nuntius  quidem :  a  common 
exaggeration. 

iocos  .  .  .  inconditos :  '  rude  jests,' 
in  artless  verses.  The  soldiers  were 
allowed  great  license  of  speech  on  such 
occasions. 

Veios :  limit  of  motion. 

et .  .  .  et :  '  both  .  .  .  and.' 

intentius :  the  plan  of  removal  had 
been  proposed  five  years  before. 


A.   &  W.  LAX.  R.  —  14 


\BRAp^ 


GRAMMAR  REFERENCES   IN   THE   TEXT. 


Ablative. 

Absolute  431:  255:  409-10. 
Accompaniment 419, 1:  248,  7  :  391, 
Cause  416:  245:  406-7. 
Characteristic  419,  II :  251 :  400. 
Comparison  417  :  247:  398. 
Degree  of  Difference  423  :  250  :  400 
Manner  419,  III :  248:  399. 
Means  420  :  248,  8  :  401. 
Penalty  410,  III :    220,  6,  1 :    577, 

R.  1. 
Place  425 :  258,  4  :  385. 
Place(figurative)425,  II,  1, 2):  259,  a 

384,  389. 
Place    (w.   totusy   etc.)   425,    II,   2 

258,4,/:  388. 
Place  (locative)  425,  II :  258,  4,  2 

411. 
Place    (domi.  etc.)  426:   258,  4,  d 

412,  R.  1. 
Separation  413:  243:  390. 
Specification  424  :  253:  397. 
Time  429  :  256  :  392. 
Time  (duration)  379,  1 :  256,  2,  h : 

393,  R.  2. 
Time  (since,  w.  quam)  430,  last  ex. : 

262,  N.  2  :  566,  2. 
Time  (before  w.  ante)  430:  259,  d: 

403,  N.  4. 
With  digmis  421,  III :  245,  a  :  373, 

R.  1. 
With  fretus  425,  1,  n.  :  254,  6,  2: 

373,  R.  1. 
With  utor  421,  1 :  249  :  407. 


Accusative. 

Agent  (w.  per)  415, 1,  1,  n.  :  246,  h : 
403. 

Extent  379  :  256-7  :  335. 

Limit  380,  II :  258,  h  :  337. 

Subject  of  Inf.  536  :  330  :  341. 

Subject  of  Inf.  (omitted)  623,  foot- 
note 2 :  336,  a,  1,  n.  2  :  532,  3. 

Time  379  :  376 :  336. 

and  Abl.    (w.   donare)  384,    II,   2: 
225,  d :  348. 
Amplus,  etc.,  without  quam  417,  1, 

N.  2:  247,  c:  311,  R.  4. 
Antequam  620 :  327  :  574-7. 
Apposition  363  :  184  :  320-1. 
Calendar  642,  4 :  376  :  Append. 
Causal  Clauses. 

Relative  517  :  320,  e  :  636. 

With  cum  517  :  326  :   586. 

With  q2iod  etc.  516  :  321  :  541. 
Coepi  passive  297, 1, 1 :  143,  a :  424,  r.  1. 
Contraction. 

Conjugation  235:   128:  131,  1. 

Declension  51-62  :  40,  b,  c :  29. 
Cum. 

Causal,  see  Causal  Clauses. 

Temporal,  see  Temporal  Clauses. 
Dative. 

Agent  388  :  232  :  352. 

Purpose  (service)  390 :  233 :  356. 

Reference  384,  4,  n.  2:   235:   350, 
1  and  2. 

Reference  point  of  view  384,  4,  n.  3  : 
235,  /; :  353. 


208 


GRAMMAR  REFERENCES. 


209 


Dative  —  continued. 

With  Adjectives  391 :  234 :  356. 
With  compounds  386 :  228-9 :  347. 
With   impers.    pass.    384,    5:    230: 

217. 
With  special  verbs  385  :  227  :  346. 
Verbs  of  depriving  385,  II,  2 :  229 : 
345,  R.  1. 
Dum,  with  Indicative,  see  Temporal 

Clauses. 
Epistolary  Tenses  472,  1 :  282  :  252. 
Foret  for  esset  204,  2  :  119,  n.  :  112. 
Future. 
Infinitive  passive  248  :    147,  c,    1 : 

436,  R.  2,  end. 
Participle,  denoting  purpose  649,  3 : 

293,  h  :  670,  3. 
Conclusion  549,  3 :  293,  6,  3 :  670, 
4(2). 
Genitive. 
Partitive,  with  adverbs  397,  4 :  216, 

4:  369. 
Partitive,  with  numerals  397,  2  :  216, 

2:  368. 
Partitive  =  ex.  with  abl.  397,  n.  3 : 

216,  c :  371,  R.  5. 
Price  405  :  252,  a :  380. 
Quality.     396:  215:  365. 
With  adjectives  399 :  218:  373. 
With  verbs  of  plenty  410,  V :  223 : 

383.    , 
With   verbs  410:    221,    223:    376, 
405. 
Gerund  and  Gerundive  542,  544 :  298, 
300 :  427,  429. 
Necessity  466,  n.  :    294,  c,  n.  :    243, 
R.  2. 
Idem  =  also  451,  3  :  195,  e:  296. 
Impersonal  Passive  of  intrans.   verbs 

301:   146,  d:  208,  2. 
Indirect  Discourse. 

Imperative  523,  III :  339:  652. 
Question  529,  I:  334:  467. 
Subordinate  Clause  524  :  336  :  628, 
R.,  650. 


Infinitive. 

Historical  536,  1 :  275 :  647. 

Future,  see  Future. 
Ipse  agreeing  with  subject  452,  1 :  195, 

I'.  311,  2. 
Participle. 

For  coordinate  verb  549,  '5,  n.  2  : 
292,  a :  664,  r.  1,  2. 

Future,  see  Future. 
Personal  Construction  534,    1,   n.  1 : 

330,  b  :  528. 
Purpose  Clauses. 

Relative  497,  1 :  317,  2  :  630. 

Substantive  498,  1 :  331 :  546. 

Substantive  w,  verbs  of  fearing  498, 
III:  331,/:   552. 

See  Future  and  Gerund. 
Quod,  see  Causal  Clauses. 
Relative  Clauses. 

Causal  517  :  320,  e  :  636. 

Characteristic  503,  1 :  320  :  631,  2. 

Purpose,  see  Purpose. 
Result. 

Pure  500,  II :  319  :  552. 

Substantive  501 :  332  :  553-4. 

After  quam  502,  2 :  332,  h :  647,  r.  4. 
Sequence  of  Tenses.     Perfect  495,  6  : 

287,  c  :  513. 
Subjunctive. 

Attraction  529,  II :  342 :   636. 

Hortatory  484,  II ;  266  :  263,  3. 

With   quam   502,   2:    332,  h:    647, 
R.  4. 

With  tamquam  513,  II :  312  :  604. 

With  quamquam  515,  n.  1  :  313,  g  ; 
605,  2,  N. 

See  Causal,  Indir.  Discourse,  Pur- 
pose, Belative,  Besult,  Temporal. 
Supine. 

In  urn  546  :  302  :  435. 

In  w  547:  303:  437. 
Temporal  Clauses. 

With  cum  521,  II :  325  :  585. 

With  dum  467,  4  :  276,  3 :  572. 

With  quousque  519,  II,  2  :  328  •.  572. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


abl. 

= 

ablative. 

abs. 

= 

absolute. 

ace. 

= 

accusative. 

act. 

= 

active. 

adj. 

= 

adjective. 

adv. 

= 

adverb. 

cf. 

= 

compare. 

comp. 

= 

comparative. 

conj. 

= 

conjunction. 

contr. 

= 

contraction. 

dat. 

= 

dative. 

dem. 

= 

demonstrative 

desid. 

= 

desiderative. 

dim. 

= 

diminutive. 

disc. 

= 

discourse. 

e.g. 

= 

for  example. 

end. 

= 

enclitic. 

f. 

= 

feminine. 

freq. 

= 

frequentative. 

gen. 

= 

genitive. 

i.e. 

= 

that  is. 

imp. 

= 

imperfect. 

impers 

= 

impersonal. 

incep. 

= 

inceptive. 

ind. 

= 

indirect. 

indecl. 

= 

indeclinable 

indef. 

= 

indefinite. 

iter. 

= 

iterative. 

m. 

= 

masculine. 

n. 

= 

neuter. 

nom. 

= 

nominative. 

num. 

= 

numeral. 

pass. 

= 

passive. 

pers. 

= 

personal. 

pi. 

= 

plural. 

prep. 

= 

preposition. 

pres. 

= 

present. 

pron. 

= 

pronoun. 

sc. 

= 

supply. 

sup. 

= 

superlative. 

The  only  case  in  which  the  meanings  of  a  compound  verb-form  are  given  in  the 
alphabetical  position  of  the  compound,  is  when  neither  the  simple  verb  nor  any 
other  compound  formed  from  it  occurs  in  the  text;  otherwise,  the  meanings  will 
be  found  only  under  the  simple  verb.  The  student  will  therefore  save  time  and 
labor  if  he  accustoms  himself  when  reading  to  analyze  the  composition  of  such 
verb- forms  before  consulting  the  Vocabulary.  This  analysis  will  often  make 
plain  the  meaning  of  the  compound,  and  render  it  unnecessary  to  seek  the  aid 
of  the  Vocabulary  at  all. 

In  a  lexicon  of  this  kind  it  would  of  course  be  impracticable  and  unfruitful 
to  attempt  to  give  all  stages  in  the  derivation  of  words.  The  editors  have  as 
a  rule  confined  themselves  to  one  step  in  the  process,  using  their  discretion  in 
selecting  that  step  which  appeared  to  shed  most  light  on  the  force  of  the  deriva- 
tive. The  bracketed  words  when  not  translated  occur  independently  in  the 
Vocabulary. 

210 


VOCABULARY. 


A.  =  Aulus. 

SLf  ab,  aba,  prep.  w.  abl.,  fy'omy  hy^  on, 
near^  because  of. 

abalieno,  &re,  Svi,  &tU8  [alius],  to 
alienate,  sell,  remove. 

abdico,  see  dico. 

abditus,  see  abdo. 

abdo,  see  do. 

abduco,  see  duco. 

abeo,  see  eo. 

abhorreo,  see  horreo. 

abicio,  seeiaci5. 

abies,  ietis,  t.,Jir-treef  spruce. 

abigo,  see  ago. 

abiungo,  see  iungo. 

abripio,  see  rapio. 

abscldo,  see  caedo. 

abscondo,  see  do. 

absens,  entis  [absum],  adj.,  absent. 

absimilis,  e  [ab  +  similis] ,  2iAyy  unlike. 

absisto,  see  sisto. 

abstinentia,  ae  [abstineo],  f.,  absti- 
nence, self-control ;  disinterestedness. 

abstineo,  see  teneo. 

abstraho,  see  traho. 

absum,  see  sum. 

abundo,  are,  avi,  —  [unda,  a  icave], 
to  abound. 

ac,  see  atque. 

Acamana,  ae,  f.,  a  woman  of  Acarnania, 
a  district  in  the  western  part  of  Greece. 

accedo.  see  cedo. 

accelero.  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  celer], 
to  quicken,  make  haste. 


acceptus     [accipio],    adj.,    acceptable, 

dear. 
accessio,  onis  [accedo]  ,i.,an  approach ; 

increase;  reinforcement, 
accido,  see  cado. 
accid5,  see  caedo. 
accipio,  see  capio. 
accllvitas,  atis  [acclivis,  up-hill],  i.,  an 

ascent. 
accola,  ae  [ad  4-  colo],  m.,  a  neighbor. 
accommodo,  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  corn- 
modus,  fif],  to  fit,  accommodate  to, 
accresco,  see  cresco. 
accurate  [ad  +  cura],  adv.,  carefully, 

precisely. 
accuso,  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  causa],  to 

call  to  trial,  accuse,  blame. 
acer,  acris,   acre,    adj.,   sharp,  fierce, 

severe. 
acerbe  [acerbus],  adv.,  harshly,  severely. 
acerbus,  adj.,   harsh,    bitter,    crabbed, 

severe. 
acerrime,  see  acriter. 
acervatus  [acervo,  to  heap],  adj.,  heaped. 
acervus,  i,  m.,  a  heap,  pile. 
Achaia,  ae,  f.,  a  district  in  the  Pelopon- 
nesus.   Later,  the  Roman  province  of 

Southern  Greece. 
Achilles,   is,   m.,  the  champion  of  the 

Greeks  at  the  siege  of  Troy,  the  hero 

of  Homer's  Iliad. 
acies,  ei   (e),   f.,  the  sharp  point  of  a 

sword,  spear,  eXc;  fierce  expression; 

battle-line  of  men  or  ships;  battle. 


211 


212 


VOCABULARY. 


acriter  [acer],    adv.,  sharply j  fiercely, 

vigorously,  courageously ;  super,  acer- 

rime. 
acritudo,  inis  [acer],  f.,  sharpness,  ardor, 

fierceness. 
acroama,  atis  [Greek],  n.,  music ;  enter- 

tainment ;  performance. 
Actiacus,  Sid].,  pertaining  to  Actium. 
Actium,  i,   n.     1.    A  town   in   Epirus. 

2.  A  promontory  near  the  town, 
acutus    [acuo,    sharpen'],    adj.,    shaip, 

shrill,  acute. 
ad,  prep,  with  ace,  in  the  direction  of, 

to,  towards;  in  accordance  with;  in 

the  vicinity  of;  with  numerals,  about, 

almost. 
adaequo,  see  aequo, 
addo,  see  do. 
adduco,  see  duco. 
adeo,  see  eo. 
adeo  [ad  +  is],  adv.,  to  this  point  (of 

space  or  time)  ;  so  very,  so  much. 
adeptus,  see  adipiscor. 
adfecto,  are,  avi,  atus  [ad  +  facio],  to 

strive,  aspire  to. 
adfero,  see  fero. 
adficio,  see  facio. 
adfigo,  see  figo. 
adfinis,  is  [ad  +  finis],  m.,  a  neighbor, 

relation. 
adfinitas,    atis    [adfinis],   f.,  relation^ 

ship  (by  marriage) . 
adfirmo,  see  firmo. 
ad^cto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  adfligo] , 

to    dash    against,    toss   about,    hurt, 

trouble,  wreck. 
adffilgo,  see  fligo. 
adfluenter  [ad  +  fluo],  adv.,  abundantly 

(only  in  comparative), 
adfluentia,  ae  [ad  -f  fluo],  f .,  abundance. 
adhibeo,  see  habeo. 
adhuc  [ad  +  hue],  adv.,  up  to  this  time 

ov place ,  hitherto ;  still;  besides. 
adicio,  see  iacio. 
adigo,  see  ago. 
adimo,  see  emo. 


adipiscor,  i,  adeptus  sum  [ad  +  apiscor, 

to  gain],  to  get,  obtain,  reach. 

aditus,  us  [adeo],  m.,  a  draioing  near; 
access,  way  or  right  of  approach. 

adiungo,  see  iungo. 

adiuvo,  see  iuvo. 

adligo,  see  ligo. 

adluviSs,  — ,  f .,  an  inundation. 

Admetus,  i,  m.,  king  of  the  Molossi  in 
Epirus. 

administer,  tri  [ad  +  minister,  servant], 
m.,  a  servant,  helper. 

administro,  see  ministro. 

admirabilis,  e  [admiror],  adv.,  admi- 
rable, wonderful. 

admirabilitas,  atis  [admirabilis],  f., 
admirable  ness. 

admiratio,  onis  [admiror],  f.,  admira- 
tion, ivonder,  astonishment. 

admiror,  see  miror. 

admitto,  see  mitto. 

admodum  [ad  +  modus],  adv.,  exceed- 
ingly, venj ;  with  numerals,  fully, 
at  least. 

adnuo,  ere,  ui,  —-,  to  nod  to,  consent, 
grant. 

adolesco,  ere,  olevi,  ultus  [ad  +  olesco, 
grow],  to  grow  up,  become  mature. 

adoptio,  onis  [adopto]  f.,  adoption. 

adopto,  see  opto. 

adorior,  see  orior. 

adorno,  see  orno. 

adquiesco,  ere,  quievi,  —  [ad  +  quiesco, 
from  quies],  to  become  quiet;  be  con- 
tent. 

adripio,  see  rapid. 

adrogo,  see  rogo. 

adscisco,  see  scisco. 

adsecla,  ae  [adsequor],  m.,  an  attendant. 

adsiduus  [ad  +  sedeo],  adj.,  constant, 
diligent,  assiduous. 

adsisto,  see  sisto. 

adsuefacio,  ere,  feci,  f actus  [ad+suesco 
+  facio] ,  to  accustom. 

adsuesco,  see  suesco. 

adsurgo,  see  surgo. 


VOCABULARY. 


213 


adsum,  see  sum. 

Aduatuci,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  in  Belgic 
Gaul. 

adulescens,  entis  [adolesco],  m.  and  f., 
a  young  man  or  ivoman  (usually  be- 
tween the  ages  of  fifteen  and  twenty- 
five). 

adulescentia,  ae  [adulescens],  f.,  youth. 

adulescentulus,  i  [dim.  of  adulescens], 
m.,  a  very  young  man. 

adveho,  see  veho. 

adventus,  us  [ad  +  venio],  m.,  arrival^ 
coming. 

adversarius,  i  [ad  +  verto],  m.,  oppo- 
nent, enemy. 

ad  versus  [advertoj,  adj.,  turned  to- 
wards, opposite;  opposed  to,  adverse, 
unfavorable. 

adversus  and  adversum,  prep,  with  ace, 
facing,  in  opposition  to,  against. 

adverts,  see  verto. 

advolo,  see  volo. 

aedificator,  oris  [aedifico],  m.,  a  builder; 
one  eager  to  bulk/. 

aedificium,  i  [aedifico],  n.,  building. 

aedifico,  are,  avl,  atus  [aedis  +  f acio] , 
to  build. 

aedlLis,  is  [aedis],  m.,  aedile,  a  police 
magistrate  at  Rome  who  had  charge 
of  public  buildings,  kept  certain  rec- 
ords, and  exhibited  games. 

aedis  (es),  is,  f.,  a  house,  dioelUngy 
temple  (usually  plural) . 

Aegates,  um,  f.,  three  small  islands  off 
the  west  coast  of  Sicily. 

aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  adj.,  sick,  fee- 
ble. 

aegre  [aeger],  adv.,  with  difficulty, 
scarcely. 

Aegyptiacus,  adj.,  Egyptian  (a  late 
form  for  Aegyptius) . 

Aegyptus,  i,  f.,  Egypt. 

Aemilius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Lepidus,  Papus,  Paulus. 

aemuiatio,  onis  [aemulor,  rival],  f., 
zeal ;  rivalry,  jealousy. 


Aeneas,  ae,  m.,  a  Greek  name. 

(1)  A  Trojan  prince,  son  of  Venus 
and  Anchises,  the  hero  of  Vergil's 
Aeneid,  considered  the  founder  of  the 
Roman  state. 

(2)  Aeneas  Silvius,  one  of  the  legen- 
dary kings  of  Alba  Longa,  grandson 
of(l). 

aeneus  [aes],  adj.,  of  bronze  or  copper, 

aequaiis,  e  [aequus],  adj.,  of  the  same 
age  ;  as  uoun,  a  contemporary. 

aequaiiter  [aequaiis],  adv.,  equally, 
regularly. 

aequinoctium,  i  [aequus +  nox],  n.,  the 
equinox. 

aequiperatio,  onis  [aequipero],  f.,  an 
equalizing,  a  comparison  (rare). 

aequipero,  are,  avi,  atus  [aequus  4- 
par].  to  equal,  rival;  compare. 

aequitas,  atis  [aequus],  f.,  evenness^ 
fairness ;  animi  aequitate,  with  equa- 
nimity. 

aequo,  are,  avi,  atus  [aequus] ,  to  equals 
make  equal. 

ad  —  adaequo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
equalize,  attain  to. 

aequus,  adj.,  equals  level;  even,  easy ; 
favorable,  ju^t. 

aer,  aeris,  m.,  the  air,  atmosphere, 
sky. 

aerarium,  i  [aes],  n.,  treasury, fund. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  bronze;  money; 
aes  alienum,  debt;  aes  grave,  old 
standard. 

Aesculapius,  i,  m.,  the  god  of  the  medi- 
cal art,  son  of  Apollo. 

aestas,  atis,  f.,  summer. 

aestimatio,  onis  [aestimo],  f.,  valua- 
tion, esteem ;  V(dae. 

aestimo,  are,  avi,  atus  [aes] ,  to  reckon, 
esteem,  judge. 

ex  —  existimo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
compute,  value,  judge,  think. 

aestuarium,  i  [aestus],  n.,  an  estuary, 
marshy  land. 

aestus,  us,  m.,  heat,  glow ;  tide. 


214 


VOCABULARY. 


aet&s,  fttis  [contr.  from  aevitSs,  from 

aevum,  age],  f.,  time ;  age ;  old  age. 
aether,  eris  [Greek],  m.,  the  upper  air^ 

firmament. 
Afer,  Afri,  m.,  an  African. 
AfrHnius,   i,   m.;   L.,   an   adherent    of 

Pompey,  killed  in  Africa  B.C.  46. 
Africa,  ae,  f.,  Africa;  of  ten  the  northern 

part  of  the  continent,  especially  near 

Carthage. 
Africanus,  adj.,  African;    a   surname 

first    assumed    by    the   conqueror   of 

Hannibal.    See  Scipio. 
Africus,  i,   m.  (sc.  ventus),  the  S.  W. 

ivind. 
ager,  agri,  m.,  field,  land;  pi.,  lands, 

country. 
agger,  eris  [ad  +  gero] ,  m.,  mass,  mate- 
rials for  a  mound,  mound,  dike. 
aggredior,  see  gradior. 
aggrego,    are,    avi,    atus    [ad  +  grex, 

floclc],  to  assemble,  join. 
agito,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  ago] ,  to  set 

in  motion,  drive;    trouble;    discuss; 

consider. 
con  —  cogito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  think, 

consider,  intend. 
ex  —  exagito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  drive 

out;  rouse,  disturb;  attack. 
ex  +  con  —  excogito,  are,  avi,  atus, 

to  think  out,  devise. 
agmen,  inis  [ago],  n.,  an  army  (on  the 

march)  ;  band,  column ;  novissimum 

agmen,  the  rear. 
agnosco,  see  nosco. 
ago,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  set  in  motion ; 

drive,  chase;  move  forward,  extend; 

do,  perform ;  spend  (time) ;  treat,  nego- 
tiate;  agere  gratias,  to  thank. 
ab  — abigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  drive 

away. 
ad  —  adigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  drive 

to,  drive  in;   bring  up;  compel;  ius- 

iurandum  adigere,  to  bind  by  oath. 
circum— circumago,  ere,  egi,  actus, 

to  drive  around. 


con  — cogo,  ere,  coegl,  coactus,  to 

drive  together,  collect ;  force. 
ex  —  exigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  dnve 

out ;  complete,  pass,  end. 
per  — perago,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  do 

thoroughly,  finish. 
re  — redigo,  ere,  egi,  actus,  to  drive 

back;  reduce;  render,  bring  into. 
sub  —  subigo,  ere,   egi,  actus,  to 

drive  under,  put  down,  conquer. 
trans  — transigo,  ere,   egi,  actus, 

to  caj^y  through y  finish. 
agricola,  ae  [ager  +  colo],  m.,  a  farmer, 

husbandman. 
agricultura,  ae  [ager  +  colo],  f.,  agri- 
culture. 
Agrippa,  ae,  m.,  (1)  son  of  Tiberinus,  a 

legendary  king  of  Alba  Longa ;  (2)  M. 

Vipsanius,  son-in-law  of  Atticus,  the 

powerful  minister  of  Augustus. 
aio  (def.  verb),  to  say. 
aia,  ae,  f.,  a  wing ;  flank. 
alacritas,  atis  [alacer,  eager],  f.,  eager- 
ness, spirit. 
Alba,  ae,  m.,  son  of  Latinus,  a  legendary 

king  of  Alba  Longa. 
Alba  Longa  (sc.  urbs),  f.,  an  ancient 

town  of  the  Latins,  founded  by  Asca- 

nius,  son  of  Aeneas;  destroyed  by  T. 

Hostilius,  and  its  inhabitants  removed 

to  Rome. 
Albania,  ae,  f.,  a  district  on  the  shore  of 

the  Caspian  Sea. 
Albanus,  2id].,pe7^taining  to  Alba  Longa, 

Albanian. 
Albinus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  at  Rome. 

(1)  Sp.  Postumius  Albinufi,  consul 
B.C.  334  and  321. 

(2)  A.   Postwnius   Albinus,  consul 
B.C.  242. 

Albula,  ae,  f.,  an  ancient  name  for  the 
river  Tiber. 

albus,  adj.,  ichite;  plumbum  album,  tin. 

alces,  is,  f.,  the  elk. 

Alcibiades,  is,  m.,  an  Athenian  states- 
man, a  pupil  of  Socrates ;  died  b.c.  404. 


VOCABULARY. 


215 


ales,  itis  [aia],  m.  and  f.,  a  bird. 

Alexander,  dri,  m.,  king  of  Macedonia, 
the  conqueror  of  Persia;  b.c.  356-323. 

Alexandria  (ia),  ae,  f.,  a  city  in  Egypt 
founded  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

Alexandrinus,  adj.,  Alexandrine,  per- 
taining  to  Alexandria. 

Algidus,  i,  m.,  a  mountain  in  Latium. 

alias  [alius],  adv.,  otherwise,  elseioherey 
at  another  time;  alias  .  .  .  alias,  at 
one  time  .  .  .  at  another ;  partly  .  .  . 
partly. 

alienus,  [alius],  adj.,  foreign^  hostile; 
unfavorable ;  aes  alienum,  debt. 

alimentum,  i  [aloj,  n.,  nourishment^ 
food. 

alio  [alius],  adv.,  elsewhere,  to  another 
place,  person,  or  thing. 

aliquamdiu  [aliquis  H- diu],  adv.,  a 
while,  for  some  time. 

aliquando,  adv.,  sometimes. 

aliquanto,  aliquantum,  adv.,  somewhat, 
rather. 

aliquantus  [alius+quantus],  adj.,  some, 
somewhat. 

aliqui,  qua,  quod  [alius  +  qui],  indef. 
pronoun,  ordinarily  used  adjectively; 
see  aliquis. 

aliquis,  qua,  quod  [alius  +  quis] ,  indef. 
pronoun,  ordinarily  used  substan- 
tively, some,  any;  some  one,  some- 
thing; any  one,  anything. 

aliquot  [alius  +  quot] ,  indef.  indecl. 
adj.,  so?ne,  several. 

aliquotiens  [aliquot],  adv.,  several  times, 

alitor  [alius],  adv.,  otherwise,  differ- 
ently ;  alitor  ae,  other  than,  differently 
from. 

alius,  a,  ud  (gen.  alius),  adj.,  another, 
other,  different,  else ;  alius  .  .  .  alius, 
one  .  .  .  one,  another  .  .  .  another: 
pi.,  some  .  .  .  others;  longe  aliam 
(alio)  atque,  very  different  from. 

Allia,  ae,  f.,  a  small  river  flowing  into 
the  Tiber  from  the  east  about  eleven 
miles  north  of  Rome. 


alo,  ere,  ui,  (i)tus,  to  nourish,  augment, 

keep,  foster. 
Alpes,  ium,  f.,  the  Alps. 
Alpici,  orum,  m.,  those  loho  live  among 

the  Alps. 
alter,  era,  erum  (gen.  alterius),  adj., 

one  of  two,  the  other,  a  second ;  alter 

.  .  .  alter,   the  one  .   .   .  the    other; 

alter!  .  .  .  alter!,  the  one  party  .  .  . 

the  other. 
altercatio,  onis  [alter] ,  f.,  a  debate,  dis- 
pute. 
alternus  [alter],  ad].,  alternate,  mutual. 
altitude,  inis  [altus],  f.,  height,  depth, 

thickness. 
altum, !  [altus],  n.,  the  deep,  the  high 

sea. 
altus  [alo],  adj.,  high,  deep. 
aluta,    ae,    f.,  leather,  softened    with 

alum, 
alveus,  i,  m.,  a  basket,  trough. 
ambactus,  i  [Celtic],  m.,  a  vassal,  depen- 
dant. 
ambiguus,  adj.,  ivavering,  doubting. 
Ambiliat!,    orum,  m.,  a   tribe   in   the 

northern  part  of  Gaul. 
ambitus,  us    [ambio,  go  around],  m., 

canvassing  for  public  office;  bribery. 
ambo,  ae,  6,  adj.,  both. 
Ambraciensis,    e,    adj.,    pertaining    to 

Ambracia,  a  city  in  Epirus. 
amentia,  ae    [a  +  mens],  f.,  madness, 

folly. 
amice  [amicus],  adv.,  kindly. 
amicitia,  ae  [amicus],  t, friendship. 
amiculum,  i  [amicio,  wrap]  ,n.,a7i  outer 

cloak,  mantle. 
I   amicus,  [amo],  ^.d].,  friendly. 
amicus,  i  [amo] ,  m.,  a  friend,  ally. 
amitto,  see  mitto. 
amnis,  is,  m.,  river,  torrent. 
amo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  love. 
'   amoenitas,  atis  [amoenus],  i.,pleasant- 
,       ness,  agreeableness. 
!   amoenus  [amo],  adj.,  pleasant,  charm- 
I       ing. 


216 


VOCABULARY. 


amor,  oris  [amo] ,  m.,  love^  affection. 

amphora,  ae,  f .,  ajai^^  made  of  clay,  with 
two  handles. 

ample  [amplus],  adv.,  largely. 

amplexor,  ari,  Htus  sum  [freq.  of  am- 
plector],  to  embrace;  he  fond  of, 
value. 

amplifies,  are,  avi,  atus  [amplus + 
facio],  to  increase,  eidarge. 

amplio,  are,  avi,  atus  [amplus],  to  en- 
large, amplify. 

amplitudo,  inis  [amplus] ,  f.,  size,  great- 
ness, dignity. 

amplius  [amplus] ,  adv.  (comp.  of  ample) , 
more,  further. 

amplus,  adj.,  larger  distinguished,  no- 
ble. 

Amulius,  i,  m.,  son  of  Proca,  a  legen- 
dary king  of  Alba  Longa. 

an,  interrog.  conj.,  or,  or  rather,  or 
indeed;  ne  .  .  .  an,  utrum  ...  an, 
ivhether  .  .  .  or. 

anagnostes,  ae  [Greek],  m.,  a  reader, 
slave  that  read  aloud. 

Anartes,  ium,  m.,  a  tribe  of  the  Dacians. 

anatome  [Greek],  a  cutting  up;  anat- 
omy. 

Ancalites,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons. 

anceps,  cipitis  [ambo  +  caput],  adj.,  two- 
headed,  twofold,  doubtful. 

ancilla,  ae,  f.,  a  female  servant. 

ancora,  ae,  f.,  an  anchor;  a  support, 
refuge. 

Ancus,  1,  m.,  see  Marcius. 

Andromache,  ae,  f.,  the  wife  of  Hector 
in  Homer's  Iliad,  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  by  Eunius. 

angor,  oris  [ango,  squeeze'],  m.,  stran- 
gling, choking. 

anguis,  is,  m.  and  f.,  a  snake. 

angulus,  i,  m.,  «^  angle,  corner. 

anguste  [angustus],  adv.,  closely,  nar- 
7'owb/,  scantily. 

angustiae,  arum  [angustus],  f.,  nar- 
row pass,  narrows;  difficulties^  per- 
plexity, want* 


angustus,  [ango,  squeeze],  adj.,  narrow, 
tight,  steep;  in  angusto,  in  a  tight 
place,  at  a  crisis. 

anima,  ae,  f.,  bi^eath,  soul,  life. 

animadverts,  ere,  i,  versus  [animus  + 
adverts],  to  turn  the  mind  to,  per- 
ceive; in  aliquem  animadvertere,  to 
punish. 

animal,  alis  [anima],  n.,a  living  thing, 
an  animal. 

animus,  i,  m.,  soul,  mind;  disposition, 
feelings ;  courage,  spirit ;  will,  resoht- 
tion  ;■  esse  in  animS,  to  intend;  animi 
causa,  for  pleasure. 

annaiis,  e  [annus],  adj.,  relating  to  a 
year;  as  pi.  noun  (sc.  libri),  chroni- 
cles, annals. 

annStinus,  [annus],  adj.,  a  year  old, 
last  year's. 

annus,  i,  m.,  a  year. 

annuus,  [annus],  adj.,  annual;  lasting 
for  a  year. 

anser,  eris,  m.,  a  goose. 

ante  (1)  as  adv.,  previously,  in  front; 
(2)  as  prep,  with  ace,  before,  in  front 
of,  in  advance  of. 

antea,  B^dv.,  formerly,  once. 

ante-cedS,  see  cedS. 

ante-ferS,  see  ferS. 

antemna,  ae,  f.,  a  sail-yard. 

Antemnates,  ium,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Antemnae,  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Sabines,  three  miles  from  Rome. 

antepSnS,  see  pSnS. 

antequam,  conj.  [often  separated],  be- 
fore. 

anthrSpophagus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  a  man- 
eater,  cannibal. 

Antias,  ^\,is,2Ldi]., pertaining  to  Antium, 
a  seacoast  town  in  Latium. 

Antiochinus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Anti- 
ochus. 

Antiochus,  i,  m.,  king  of  Syria,  sur- 
named  the  Great,  B.C.  223-187. 

antiquitus  [antiquus],  adv.,  of  old,  for- 
merly, anciently. 


VOCABULARY. 


217 


antiquus,    [ante],  adj.,  old,   belonging 

to  aformei'  time. 
antistes,  stitis  [ante  +  sto],  m.  and  f., 

a  priest,  attendant. 
antisto,  see  sto. 
Antonius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens. 

1.  M.  Antonius,  the  friend  of  Caesar 
and  a  member  of  the  second  trium- 
virate. He  was  defeated  by  Octavianus 
in  the  battle  of  Actium  b.c.  31,  and 
killed  himself  the  following  year- 

2.  C.  Anto7iius,  uncle  of  M.,  consul 
with  Cicero  b.c.  63. 

3.  L.  Antonius  J  brother  of  M.,  con- 
sul B.C.  41 ;  conquered  by  Augustus  at 
Perusia. 

Snulus,  i,  m.  [dim.  of  &nus,  circle],  a 

ring. 
anus,  us,  f.,  an  old  woman;  sibyl. 
aperio,  ire,  ui,  pertus,  to  open,  disclose, 

uncover. 
aperte  [apertus],  adv.,  openly,  clearly. 
apertus [aperio],  adj.,  not  defended,  open, 

exposed. 
Apion,  onis,   m.,  a  Greek  grammarian 

and  author  who  lived  at  Rome  in  the 

first  century  of  our  era. 
Apollo,  inis,  m.,   the  Greek  god  (wor- 
shiped by  the  Romans)  of  poetry  and 

music,  divination  and  medicine,  and  of 

archery, 
apparatus,  us  [apparo],  m.,  supplies^ 

engines,  implements. 
appareo,  see  pareo. 
apparo,  see  paro. 
appello,  see  pello. 
appendo,  see  pendo. 
Appenninus,  i,  m.,  the  Apennines. 
App.,  Appius,i,m.,  a  Roman  praenomen 

especially  common   in   the    Claudian 

gens. 
appllco,  see  plico. 
appono,  see  pono. 
apprime  [primus],  adv.,  especially,  most 

of  all. 


approbo,  see  probo. 

appropinquo,  Sxe,  Svi,  atus  [ad  +  pro- 

pinquus],  to  draw  near,  approach. 

Aprilis,  is,  adj.,  of  April. 

apto,  are,  avi,  atus  [aptus],  to  fit, 
adjust. 

aptus,  Sid].,  joined,  fitted,  suitable. 

apud,  prep,  with  ace,  near,  by ;  at  the 
house  of;  in  the  works  of;  in  the 
presence  of;  with,  close  to,  among,  in 
the  presence  of. 

Apulia,  ae,  f.,  a  province  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Italy. 

aqua,  ae,  i.,  water;  aqueduct ;  mensurae 
ex  aqua,  water-clocks. 

aquila,  ae,  f.,  an  eagle ;  standard. 

Aquitania,  ae,  f.,  the  south-western  part 
of  Gaul. 

ara,  ae,  f.,  an  altar. 

arbitrium,  i  [arbiter,  J?/f75re] ,  d..,  judg- 
ment ;  will ;  power. 

arbitror,  ari,  atus  sum  [arbiter],  to 
think,  suppose,  consider. 

arbor,  oris,  f.,  a  tree. 

arbustum,  i  [arbor] ,  n., a  grove,  orchard. 

Arcadia,  ae,  f.,  a  mountainous  country 
in  the  center  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Areas,  dis,  adj..  Arcadian. 

arceo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  inclose;  prohibit, 
keep  off;  pj'event,  impede. 

con  —  coerceo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  shut 
in,  restrain,  check. 

ex  —  exerceo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  exer- 
cise, drill. 

arcesso,  ere,  ivi,  itus  [accedo] ,  to  send 
for,  summon,  invite. 

Ardea,  ae,  f.,  the  capital  of  the  Ru- 
tuli,  about  eighteen  miles  south  of 
Rome. 

ardeo,  ere,  arsi,  arsus,  to  be  hot,  bum ; 
be  eager  or  excited. 

ardesco,  ere,  arsi,  — ,  to  take  fire ;  be- 
come violent. 

ex  —  exardesco,  ere,  arsi,  arsus,  to 
take  fire;  be  angry. 

arduus,  adj.,  high,  arduous. 


218 


VOCABULARY. 


Aretinus,  adj.,  of  Aretiumy  an  Etrurian 
town. 

argenteus,  [argentum],  adj.,  of  silver. 

argentum,  i,  n.,  silver,  silver-plate. 

Argi,  orum,  m.,  the  city  of  Argos,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Argiletum,  i,  n.,  a  street  in  Rome,  near 
the  Forum. 

argumentum,  i  [argu5],  n.,  argument, 
proof. 

arguo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  show,  maintain. 

aridus  [areo,  be  dry'],  adj.,  dry. 

Arimaspi,  orum,  m.,  a  Scythian  tribe. 

Ariminum,  i,  n.,  a  town  in  Northern 
Italy  on  the  Adriatic. 

Ariobarzanes,  is,  m.,  king  of  Cappa- 
docia,  dethroned  by  Mithridates. 

Aristides,  is,  m.,  a  famous  statesman  of 
Athens.  He  was  archon  (ruler)  B.C. 
489,  and  died  about  468. 

Aristobiilus,  i,  m.,  king  of  Judaea,  taken 
captive  by  Pompey  b.c.  63. 

Aristoteles,  is,  m.,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  Greek  philosophers,  a  pupil  of  Plato. 
He  lived  B.C.  384-322. 

arma,  orum,  n.  pi.,  arms,  iceapons; 
equipment. 

armamenta,  orum  [armo],  n.  pi.,  im- 
plements, rigging. 

armatura,  ae  [armo],  f.,  armor,  equip- 
ment ;  levis  armaturae,  light-armed. 

Armenia,  ae,  f .,  a  country  in  Asia  south- 
east of  the  Black  Sea.  Armenia 
Minor  is  the  -portion  west  of  the 
Euphrates. 

armentum,  i,  n.,  vattle. 

armo,  are,  avi,  atus  [arma],  to  arm, 
equip;  armati,  armed  men,  soldiei's. 

aro,  are,  avi,  atus,  toplov). 

circum  —  circumaro,  are,  to  ploio 
around. 

arripio,  see  rapio. 

ars,  artis,  f.,  skill,  art,  knowledge. 

Artaphemes,  is,  m.,  the  nephew  of 
Darius ;  commander  of  the  Persians  at 
Marathon. 


Artaxerxes,  is,  m.,  surnamed  Longi- 
manus,  king  of  Persia,  reigned  b.c. 
465-425. 

arte  [artus  from  arceo],  adv.,  closely, 
tightly. 

Artemisium,  i,  n.,  a  cape  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Euboea. 

articulus,  i  [dim.  of  SiTtVLB,  joint],  m., 
small  Joint,  knot. 

artifex,  icis,  m.,  a  workman,  artist. 

artificium,  i  [artifex],  n.,  art,  trade; 
trick;  cunning. 

Aruns,  untis,  m.,  the  son  of  Tarquiuius 
Superbus. 

Arverni,  orum,  m.,  an  important  Gallic 
tribe.  Their  territory  is  now  known 
as  Auvergne. 

arx,  arcis,  f.,  a  fortress,  citadel. 

Ascanius,  i,  m.,  son  of  Aeneas,  founder  of 
Alba  Longa;  also  called  lulus  and 
regarded  as  the  ancestor  of  the  Julian 
gens. 

ascendo,  see  scando. 

ascensus,  us  [ascendo],  m.,  an  ascent. 

Asia,  ae,  f.  (1)  The  continent  of  Asia. 
(2)  Asia  Minor. 

Asiaticus,  adj.,  Asiatic;  see  Scipio  (4). 

aspectus,  us  [aspicio],  m.,  appear- 
ance. 

aspergo,  see  spargo. 

asperitas,  atis  [asper],  f.  roughness; 
harshness,  severity. 

aspernor,  axi,  atus  sum  [ab  +  spernor, 
despise],  to  scorn,  despise. 

aspersio,  onis  [aspergo],  f.,  a  scatter- 
ing, spattering. 

aspicio,  see  *specio. 

aspis,  idis,  f.,  an  asp,  viper. 

asporto,  see  porto. 

astrolog^s,  i  [Greek],  m.,  an  astrono- 
mer, astrologer. 

astu  [Greek],  n.  indecl.,  a  city;  the 
city,  Athens. 

at,  conj.,  but,  yet,  at  least. 

Atella,  ae,  f.,  a  small  town  in  Cam- 
pania. 


VOCABULARY. 


219 


Athenae,  &rum,  f .,  Athens,  the  chief  city 
of  Attica. 

Atheniensis,  e,  adj.,  Athenian;  pi.,  the 
Athenians. 

athleta,  ae  [Greek],  m.,  a  wrestler, 
athlete. 

athleticus  [athleta],  adj.,  athletic. 

Atilius,  i,  111.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 
See  Kegulus. 

atque,  ac,  conj.,  and,  and  especially, 
and  even ;  than,  as ;  simul  ac,  as  soon 
as;  idem  (par)  Sic,  the  same  as;  alius 
ac,  other  than;  contra  atque,  differ- 
ently from  what. 

AtrebUs,  atis, m.,  pi.  Atrebates  (abl.  tis), 
a  tribe  in  Belgic  Gaul. 

Atrius,  i,  m.,  Q.,  an  officer  in  Caesar's 
army. 

atrox,  obis,  adj.,  fierce,  harsh,  tei^ri- 
hle. 

attentus  [attendo,  to  strive],  8id].,  atten- 
tive, striving  after,  careful. 

Attica,  ae,  f .,  a  peninsula  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Greece.  Area  about  700  sq.  m. 
Its  capital  was  Athens. 

Atticus,  i,  m.,  the  surname  of  T.  Pom- 
poniust  a  friend  of  Cicero,  given  be- 
cause of  his  long  residence  in  Athens. 

attineo,  see  teneo. 

attingo,  see  tango. 

attribuo,  see  tribuo. 

Attus,  i,  111.,  a  Sabine  praenomen.  See 
Navius. 

Atys,  yos,  m.,  son  of  Alba  and  king  of 
Alba  Longa. 

auctor,  oris  [augeo],  m.,  a  promoter, 
founder,  author,  doer,  cause. 

auctoritas,  atis  [augeo],  f.,  influence, 
authority,  povjer. 

audacia,  ae  [audax],  f.,  boldness. 

audacter  [audax],  adv.,  boldly,  pre- 
sumptuously. 

audax,  acis  [audeo],  adj.,  bold,  auda- 
cious. 

audeo,  ere,  ausus  sum,  to  dare,  at- 
tempt. 


audio,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  to  hear,  hear  of, 

listen  to. 
ex  ^exaudio,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  to  hear 

clearly. 
auditio,  onis  [audio] ,  f.,  hearing ^  report. 
augeo,  ere,  auxi,  auctus,  to  increase, 

spread;  praise,  honor;  enrich. 
augur,  uris   [avis],  m.,  a  soothsayer, 

diviner,  augur. 
auguratus,  us  [augur],  m.,  the  office  of 

an  augur. 
augurium,  i  [augur],  n.,  augury,  omen. 
Augpistus,  i,  m.,  properly  an  adjective 

meaning  majestic.    It  was  given  as  a 

title  of  honor  to  Octavianus,  the  grand- 
nephew  of  Caesar,  B.C.  27,  and  borne 

by  subsequent  emperors. 
Aulus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  praenomen. 
Aurelius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Cotta. 
aureus  [aurum],  adj.,  golden. 
auriga,  ae  [aurea,  headstall  •\-  ago] ,.  m., 

charioteer,  driver. 
auris,  is,  f .,  ear. 
aurora,  ae,  f.,  the  dawn. 
aurum.  i,  n.,  gold,  money. 
Aurunculeius,  i,    m.,    the    name   of   a 

Roman  gens.    See  Cotta. 
auspicium,  i    [avis  +  *  specio] ,  n.,  an 

omen;  auspices. 
aut,  conj.,  or;  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either  .  .  . 

or. 
autem,  conj.,  but,  moreover,  yet;  also, 

now. 
auxiliarius  [auxilium],  adj.,  assistant, 

aui'iUanj. 
\   auxilior,  ari,  atus  sum  [auxilium],  to 
'       assist. 
!   auxilium,  i  [augeo],  n.,  help,  remedy; 

pi.,   auxiliary  troops  (usually  foreign 

and  light-armed  troops) . 
avaritia,  ae  [avarus],  f.,  greed. 
avarus,  adj.,  avaricious,  greedy;  cove- 
tous, eager ;  as  noun,  a  miser. 
Aventinus,  i,  m.,  son  of  Romulus  Silvius 

and  king  of  Alba  Longa. 


220. 


VOCABULARY. 


Aventinus,  i,  m.  (sc.  mons),  the  Aven- 
tine,  one  of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome. 

averto,  see  verto. 

avis,  is,  f.,  a  bird. 

avitus  [avus],  adj.,  ancestral. 

avoco,  see  voco. 

avunculus,  i,  m.  [dim.  of  avus] ,  uncle, 
mother's  brother. 

avus,  i,  m.,  grandfather,  ancestor. 

B. 

Baculus,  i,  m.,  P.  Sextius,  a  centurion 
in  the  army  of  Caesar. 

Bagrada,  ae,  m.,  a  river  near  Carthage. 

Balbus,  i,  L.  Cornelius,  consul  B.C.  40, 
a  friend  of  Atticus  and  of  Caesar. 

balteus,  i,  m.,  a  girdle,  sword-belt. 

barba,  ae,  f.,  a  beard. 

barbarus,  adj.,  foreign,  barbarous,  bar- 
barian. 

Barca,  ae,  m.,  the  cognomen  of  Hamil- 
car,  the  father  of  Hannibal.  ^ 

beatus  [beo,  bless],  adj.,  blessed,  happy, 
prosperous. 

Belgae,  arum,  m.,  one  of  the  three 
divisions  of  the  Gallic  race.  They 
dwelt  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Seine. 

Belgium,  i,  n.,  the  country  of  the  Belgae. 

bellicosus,  [bellicus],  adj.,  warlike, 
fond  of  war,  fierce. 

bellicus  [bellum],  adj.,  pertaining  to 
war,  military,  martial. 

bello,  are,  avi,  atus  [bellum] ,  to  wage 
war,  fight. 

re  —  rebello,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  wage 
loar  again,  rebel. 

bellum,  i  (for  duellum,  from  duo),  n., 
vjar,  warfare. 

belua,  ae,  f.,  a  wild  bea.^t. 

bene  [bonus],  a,dv., well;  comp.  melius, 
sup.  optime. 

benevole  [benevolus],  adv.,  kindly. 

benevolentia,  ae  [bene  -I-  volo] ,  f .,  good- 
will, kindly  feeling. 

bestia,  ae,  f .,  a  beast,  animal. 


bibo,  ere,  bibi,  — ,  to  drink. 
Bibroci,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons. 
Bibulus,   i,   m.,  L.    Calpurnius,  consul 

with  Caesar  B.C.  59. 
biduum,  i   [bis  +  dies],  n.,   two  days' 

time. 
biennium,  i  [bis  +  annus] ,  n.,  two  years' 

time. 
bini,  ae,  a  [bis],  adj.,  two  by  two,  two 

each. 
bipartito    [bis  +  pars],    adv.,    in   two 

divisions. 
bis  [duis,  duo],  num.  adv.,  twice. 
Bithynia,  ae,  f .,  a  country  in  Asia  Minor, 

on  the  Propontis  and  the  Black  Sea. 
Bithynii,  orum,  m.,  the  people  of  Bi- 
thynia. 
Boduognatus,  i,  the  chief  leader  of  the 

Nervii    at    the    battle    of   the    Sabis 

River, 
bonitas,  atis  [bonus],  f.,  goodness. 
bonus,  adj.  (comp.  melior,  sup.  optimus) , 

good,    advantageous,  friendly ;    bono 

animo  esse,  to  feel  friendly.    As  noun, 

bonum,  n.,  profit;  pi.,  bona,  orum, 

goods. 
Borysthenes,  is,  m.,  the  river  Dnieper. 
bos,  bovis,  m.  and  f.,  the  ox,  cow. 
Bosporus,  i,  a  name  given  to  several 

straits. 

1.  Thracius;  between  Thrace  and 
Bithynia  (Straits  of  Constantinople). 

2.  Cimmerius;  the  strait  leading 
from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Sea  of  Azof. 
The  name  is  also  used  to  denote  the 
kingdom  of  Bosporus  on  the  north 
shore  of  the  Black  Sea. 

bracchium,  i,n.,  an  arm. 

Brennus,  i,  m.,  chief  of  the  Gauls  who 

burned  Rome,  B.C.  390. 
brevis,  e,  adj.,  short. 
brevitas,  atis  [brevis],  f.,  shortness. 
Britanni,  orum,  m.,  the  Britons. 
Britannia,  ae,   f.,  the  country   of   the 

Britons,  England  and  Scotland. 
Britannicus,  adj.,  British. 


VOCABULARY. 


bruma,  ae  [contr.  from  brevissima,  sc. 

dies] ,  f .,  the  winter  solstice ;  ivinter. 
Bruttii  (Brittii),  orum,  m.,  a  people  in 

the  south-western  part  of  Italy. 
Brutus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  at  Rome. 

1.  L.  Junius  Brutus,  nephew  of 
Tarquinius  Superbus,  consul  with  Col- 
latinus  B.C.  509. 

2.  M.  lunius  Brutus,  one  of  the 
murderers  of  Caesar  b.q.  44. 

3.  D.  lunius  Brutus,  an  officer  with 
Caesar  in  the  war  against  the  Veneti, 
who  afterwards  conspired  against  him, 
B.C.  44. 

Bucephalas,  ae,  m.,  the  horse  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great. 

Bucepbalos,  i  (ace.  on),  f.,  a  town  in 
India  named  for  the  horse  of  Alex- 
ander. 

bucula,  ae  [bos],  f.,  a  heifer. 

biistum,  i,  n.,  a  funeral-pyre, 

C. 

C.  =  Gaius. 
C.  =  centum. 

Cacus,  i,  m.,  a  giant  slain  by  Hercules, 
cadaver,  eris  [cado],  n.,  a  corpse. 
cado,  ere,  cecidi,  casurus,  to  fall,  he 
killed,  die ;  happen. 

ad  —  accido,  ere,  cidi,  — ,  to  fall  tOj 
happen,  fall  to  the  lot  of;  impers., 
accidit,  it  happens. 

con  —  concido,  ere,  cidi,  — ,  to  fall, 
perish. 

de  —  decido,  ere,  cidi,  — ,  to  fall 
down  ov  from. 

in  —  incido,  ere,  cidi,  — ,  to  fall  in 
ivith,  meet ;  occur. 

inter  —  intercido,  ere,  cidi,  — ,  to 
fall,  perish . 

ob  —  occido,  ere,  cidi,  casus,  to 
fall;  set  (of  the  sun). 

re  — recido,  ere,  cidi,  casiirus,  to 
fall  back. 

super  +  in  —  superincido,  ere,  — , 
— ,  to  fall  on  from  above. 


caduceus,  i,  m.,  a  staff  carried  by  her- 
alds, the  sign  of  peace. 
caedes,  is  [caedo],  f.,  killing,  slaughter: 
Caecilius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens. 

1.  Q.  Caecilius,  the  uncle  of  Atticus. 

2.  Caecilius  Statius,  an  ancient  Latin 
dramatic  poet.    See  also  Metellus. 

Caecus,  i,  m.,  App.  Claudius,  a  Roman 
statesman ;  censor  B.C.  312,  consul  307. 
caedo,  ere,  cecidi,   caesus    [root   sac, 
to  split],  to  cut,  cut  up;    kill,  con- 
quer. 

ab  —  abscido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to  cut 
off. 

ad  —  accido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to  cut 
into,  fell. 

con  — concido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to 
cut  up,  cut  to  pieces,  destroy. 

in  — incido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to  cut 
into,  hew  away. 
ob  —  occido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to  kill. 
prae  —  praecido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to 
cut  short,  cut  off. 

sub  —  succido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus,  to 
cut  down;  destroy, pillage. 
caelestis,   e    [caelum],    adj.,    celestial, 

heavenly. 
Gaelius,  i,  m.,  L.  Caelius  Antipater,  a 
distinguished  historian  of  the  second 
century  b^c. 
Gaelius,  i,  m.  (sc.  mons),  the  Caelian  hill, 

one  of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome, 
caelum,  i,  n.,  heaven,  sky. 
Caeninenses,  ium,  m.,the  inhabitants  of 

Caenina,  a  town  of  the  Sabines. 
caerimonia,  ae,  f.,  a  sacred  Hte,  cere- 
mony. 
caeruleus  [caelum],  adj.,  dark  blue. 
Caesar,  aris,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 
Julian  gens. 

1.  C.  lulius  Cae.sar,  the  famous  dic- 
tator; born  B.C.  100,  conquered  Gaul 
58-50,  killed  by  conspirators  44. 

2.  The  grandson  of  Caesar's  sister, 
C.  Octavius,  was  adopted  by  Caesar 


222 


VOCABULARY. 


and  became  C.  Julius  Caesar  Octavia- 

nus.    Born  B.C.  63,  died  a.d.  14.     See 

Augustus. 
Caesarea,  ae,  f.,   the   name   given    to 

several    cities    founded    in    honor    of 

Augustus. 
calamitas,  atis,  f.,  calamity,  defeat. 
calliditas,   atis   [callidusj,  f.,   shrewd- 

nessy  skill. 
callidus,  adj.,  shrewd,  skillful. 
calo,  onis,  m.,  a  camp  servant. 
Calpurnius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Bibulus. 
Calvinus,  i,  m.,  T.  Veturiiis,  consul  b.c. 

321. 
Camillus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 

Furian  gens. 

1.  M.  Furius  Camillus,  a  famous 
hero  of  republican  Rome ;  defeated  the 
Gauls  shortly  after  the  burning  of 
Rome  B.C.  390. 

2.  L.  Furius  Camillus,  son  of  (1), 
was  consul  B.C.  340. 

Campania,  ae,  f.,  a  district  on  the  west- 
ern side  of  Italy  south  of  Latium. 

campus,  i,  m.,  a  plain. 

Campus  Martius,  the  level  space  north 
of  the  Capitoline  hill  at  Rome;  in 
earliest  times  outside  the  walls  and 
used  as  a  place  of  exercise. 

candeo,  ere,  ui.  — ,  to  shine^  glow. 

in  — incendo,  ere,  i,  census,  to  set 
on  fire,  hum ;  excite. 

sub  —  succendo,  ere,  i,  census,  to 
kindle  beneath,  set  on  firp. 

canesco,  ere,  — ,  —  [cftneo,  to  he  gray], 
to  turn  white  (of  the  hair). 

canlnus  [canis],  adj.,  of  a  dog,  canine. 

canis,  is,  m.  and  f.,  a  dog. 

Cannae,  arum,  f.,  a  small  town  in  Apu- 
lia. 

Cannensis,  e,  ad]., pertaining  to  Cannae. 

Cantium,  i,  n.,  a  district  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  England,  modern  Kent. 

cantus  us  [cano,  sing] ,  m.,  a  song,  sing- 
ing. 


capesso,  ere,  ivi,  itus  [desid.  of  capio], 

to   seize,    take  part   in^  administer; 

undertake. 
Capetus,  i,  m.,  son  of  Capys  and  king 

of  Alba  Longa. 
capillus,  i  [caput],  m.,  the  hair. 
capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus,  to  take,  get, 

seize,    capture,  arrive  at;   consilium 

caper  e,  to  form  apian. 
ad  — accipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 

accept,  receive ;  listen  to,  learn. 
ex  — excipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 

take  out,  except,  take  up;  intercept, 

capture;  receive. 
in  —  incipio,  ere,   cepi,  ceptus,  to 

hegin,  undertake. 
inter  —  intercipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus, 

to  seize  in  passing,  intercept. 
ob  — occipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 

hegin. 
per  — percipio,   ere,  cepi,  ceptus, 

to  seize,  receive;   recover,  save   (late 

for  recipio) . 
prae  — praecipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus, 

to  take  beforehand,  foresee ;  instruct. 
re  — recipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 

take  back,  receive;   admit;   se  reci- 

pere,  to  retreat. 
sub  —  suscipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  to 

take  up;   adniit,  support;  undertake. 

incur,  undergo. 
Capitolinus,    adj.,    pertaining    to    the 

(-(ipitol. 
Capitolium,  i,  n.,  the  chief  temple  of 

Jupiter  in    Rome.    Also   the    hill    on 

which  this  temple  stood,  the  Mons  Capi- 

tolinus,  the  citadel  as  well  as  the  chief 

sanctuary  of  Rome, 
capitulatim,  [capitulum  from  caput], 

adv.,  briefly,  by  topics. 
Cappadocia,  ae,  f.,  a  province  in  Asia 

Minor. 
capra,  ae  [caper,  goat],  i.,  a  she-goat. 
Caprae  Paliis,  see  palus. 
captivus,  i  [capio],  m.,  a  captive,  pris- 


VOCABULARY. 


223 


Capua,  ae,  f.,  a  Greek  city  near  Na- 
ples, renowned  for  its  wealth  and 
luxury. 

caput,  itis,  n.,  the  head;  a  person,  man; 
mouth  (of  a  river) ;  life. 

Capys,  yos,  m.,  son  of  Atys,  king  of 
Alba  Longa. 

career,  is,  m.,  prison. 

carina,  ae,  f.,  «  keel. 

caritas,  atis  [cSlrus] ,  f.,  clearness,  favor. 

Carmentis,  is,  f.,  a  prophetess,  the 
mother  of  Euander. 

Carneades,  is,  m.,  a  skeptical  Greek 
philosopher,  B.C.  213-129. 

Carnutes,  um,  m.,  a  Gallic  tribe  living 
on  the  banks  of  the  Liger  (Loire) . 

caro,  carnis,  i.,  flesh. 

carpo,  ere,  psi,  ptus,  to  pick,  gather. 
con  —  concerpo,  ere,  psi,  — ,  to  tear 
apart,  rend  (rare). 

dis  —  discerpo,   ere,  psi,   ptus,  to 
tear  in  pieces,  mangle,  mutilate, 

Carthag^niensis,  e,  adj.,  Carthaginian. 

Carthago,  inis,  f.  1.  Carthage,  a  city 
fouuded  by  the  Phoenicians  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Africa.  Destroyed 
by  the  Romans  B.C.  146.  2.  Carthago 
Nova,  a  city  founded  by  the  Cartha- 
ginians on  the  east  coast  of  Spain. 

carus.  adj.,  dear,  costly,  beloved. 

Carvilius,  i,  m.,  a  chief  of  the  Britons 
in  Cantium. 

Casca,  ae,  m.,  P.  Servilius,  a  conspirator 
aofainst  Caesar  B.C.  44. 

caseus,  i,  m.,  cheese. 

Cassi.  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons. 

Cassius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Longinus,  Viscellinus. 

Cassivellaunus,  i,  m.,  Caswallon,  a 
prominent  chief  of  the  Britons. 

castellum,  i  [dim.  from  castrum],  n., 
a  stronghold,  castle,  fort. 

castitas,  atis  [castus,  chaste],  t.,  chas- 
tity, purity. 

Castor,  oris,  m.,  a  hero  in  Greek  my- 
thology, the  twin  brother  of   Pollux. 
A.  &  W.  LAX.  R.  — 15 


They  were  especially  worshiped  as  the 
protectors  of  travelers  by  sea. 

castrensis,  e  [castra],  adj.,  of  the 
camp. 

castrum,  i,  n.,  fortified  place,  town;  pi., 
castra,  orum,  n.,  a  camp;  a  cam- 
paign. 

casu  [casus],  adv.,  by  chance. 

casus,  us  [cado] ,  m.,  that  which  tefalls ; 
event,  chance,  misfortune,  death. 

catapulta,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  catapult,  an 
engine  for  hurling  missiles.  See  cut, 
p.  134. 

catena,  ae,  f.,  a  chain, fetter, 

caterva,  ae,  f.,  a  crowdf  mob;  band, 
flock. 

Catilina,  ae,  m.,  L.  Sergius,  a  conspira- 
tor during  the  consulship  of  Cicero 
B.C.  63. 

Cato,  onis,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 
Porcian  gens. 

1.  M.  Porcius  Cato,  the  famous 
censor,  lived  from  B.C.  234-149. 

2.  M.  Porcius  Cato,  the  great-grand- 
son (1),  was  defeated  by  Caesar,  and 
committed  suicide  at  Utica  b.c.  46. 

Catulus,  i,  m.,  C.  Lutatius,  consul  b.c. 

242,  defeated  the  Carthaginians  in  a 

battle  off  the  Aegates  Islands. 
Cauda,  ae,  f.,  a  tail. 
Caudex,  icis,  m.,  App.  Claudius,  was 

consul  B.C.  264. 
causa,  ae,  f.,  reason,  motive;  pretext; 

case,  state ;  causa  [with  gen.],  for  the 

sake  of,  on  account  of;  causam  dare, 

to  occasion,  cause. 
cautes,  is,  f.,  a  ragged  cliff,  crag. 
cavea,  ae,  f.,  a  cage,  coop. 
caveo,  ere,  cavi,  cautus,  to  take  care, 

beioare,  guard  against. 
caviliatio,  onis  [caviller],  f.,  raillery, 

irony. 
caviller,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  mock,  jest, 

satirize. 
cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to  move,  yield, 

7'etreat. 


224 


TOCABULARY. 


ad  —  accedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus,  to 
move  towardSy  draw  near;  be  added;, 
agree  to,  enter  into. 

an  e  —  antecedo,  ere,  cessi,  — ,  to  go 
in  front,  anticipate;  precede;  sur- 
pass. 

con  — concede,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
ivithdraw ;  suhmit ;  allow. 

de  — decedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
retire  ;  avoid ;  die. 

dis  — discedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
depart ;  leave ;  come  off. 

ex  — excedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
leave,  remove. 

inter  —  intercedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus, 
to  go  between ;  intervene  ;  occur. 

pro  — procedo,  ere,  cessi,  — ,  to  ad- 
vance, press  forward. 

re  —  recedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to  go 
back,  withdrav^,  return. 

sub  —  succedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessus,  to 
come  up,  advance ;  succeed,  follow. 
celeber,  bris,  bre,  adj.,  famous. 
celebro,   are,   avi,   atus    [celeber],  to 

practise,  repeat ;  celebrate. 
celer,  eris,  ere  [cello,  impel] ,  2i.&]., rapid, 

sudden. 
celeritas,  atis  [celer],  f.,  speed,  rapidity. 
celeriter  [celer],  adv.,  quickly,  at  once. 
celo,  are,  avi,  atus,^o  hide. 
Cenimagni,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons, 
ceno,  are,  avi,  atus  [of.  cena,  dinner] , 

to  dine, 

censeo,  ere,  sui,  sus,  to  value,  estimate ; 

hold  or  express  an  opinion ;  think,  vote. 

re  — recenseo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  count. 

censio,  onis  [censeo],  f.,  an  estimating, 

i^atlng  (late). 
censor,  oris  [censeo],  m.,  a  censor,  a 

Roman  majfistrate. 
censorius  [censor],  adj.,  pertaining  to  a 

censor;  as  noun,  an  ex-censor. 
Censorinus,  i,  m.,  L.  Manlius  (Marcius), 

was  consul  B.C.  149. 
censura,  ae  [censeo],  f .,  the  censorship ; 
censure. 


census,  us  [censeo],  m.,  a  census,  enu- 
meration. 

centeni,  ae,  a  [centum],  distrib.  adj., 
a  hundred  each. 

Centenius,  i,  m.,  C,  propraetor  b.c.  217 ; 
defeated  by  Hannibal. 

centesimus,  [centum],  adj.  hundredth. 

centies  [centum],  adv.,  a  hundred  times, 

centum,  num.  adj.,  a  hundred  (C). 

centurio,  onis  [centum],  m.,  a  centu- 
rion. 

Ceres,  Cereris,  f.,  the  Latin  goddess  of 
the  earth  and  agriculture. 

cerno,  ere,  crevi,  certus,  to  separate, 
j)erceive,  decree. 

de  — decern©,  ere,  crevi,  cretus,  to 
ordain,  decree;  strive,  contend  in 
battle. 

certamen,  inis  [certo,  to  fight],  n.,  a 
struggle,  battle,  engagement. 

certe  [certus],  adv.,  certainly,  at  least. 

certus  [cerno],  adj.,  artain,  positive, 
sure,  true;  certiorem  facere,  to  in- 
form; certior  fieri,  to  be  informed. 

cerva,  ae  [cervus],  f.,  a  hind,  deer. 

cervix,  ids,  f.,  the  neck,  shoulders, 
throat. 

cervus,  i,  m.,  stag. 

cesso,  are,  avi,  atus  [cedo],  to  pause, 
come  to  an  end,  cease. 

ceterus  [nom.  sing.  ra.  lacking],  adj.,  the 
rest,  the  other,  others. 

Chares,  etis,  m.,  a  court  official  who 
wrote  a  history  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

chimaera,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  fabidous 
monster. 

Chius,  adj.,  of  Chios,  a  Greek  island  in 
the  Aegean. 

chronicus  [Greek],  adj.,  pertaining  to 
time  ;  sc.  libri,  chronicles,  records. 

cibatus,  us  [cibd,feed],  m.,food. 

cibus,  i,  m.,food. 

Cicero,  onis,  ra.,  a  Roman  family  name. 
1.   M.   Tullius,  the  famous  Roman 
orator,   born   at    Arpinum   b.c.    106; 
consul  in  63 ;  killed,  43. 


VOCABULARY. 


225 


2.  Q.  Tullivs,  the  younger  brother 
of  M.,  was  with  Caesar  in  Gaul  and 
Britain.    He  was  put  to  death  B.C.  43. 

cicur,  uris,  adj.,  tame. 

cieo,  ere,  civi,  citus,  to  stir^  rouse. 

ex  —  excieo,  ere,  cm,  citus,  to  call 
out,  summon. 

Gincinn§,tus,  i,  m.,  L.  Quintius,  a  cele- 
brated hero  of  the  early  Republic, 
consul  B.C.  460;  dictator  458,  43t). 

CineSs,  ae,  m.,  the  friend  and  trusted 
minister  of  Pyrrhus,  famous  for  his 
wit  and  eloquence. 

Gingetorix,  igis,  m.,  a  chief  of  the 
Britons  in  Cantium. 

cingo,  ere,  cinxl,  cinctus,  to  surround, 
enclose,  besiege. 

Cinna,  ae,  m.,  L.  Cornelius,  consul 
B.C.  87,  8(5. 

circiL,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace,  about, 
around. 

circinus,  i,  m.,  a  pair  of  compasses. 

circiter  [circus],  adv.,  and  prep,  with 
ace,  about,  not  far  from,  near. 

circuitus,  us  [circumeoj,  ra.,  a  going 
round,  circuit,  winding  way. 

circum  [circus],  adv.,  and  prep,  with 
ace,  around,  near,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of,  about. 

circumago,  see  ago. 

circumaro,  see  aro. 

circumcludo,  see  claud5. 

circumdo,  see  do. 

circumeo,  see  eo. 

circumplico,  see  plico. 

circumfero,  see  fero. 

circumsisto,  see  sisto. 

circumspecte  [circumspicio] ,  adv.,  with 
consideration,  cautiously  (very  rare). 

circumspecto,  see  specto. 

circumsto,  see  sto. 

circumvenio,  see  venio. 

circus,  i,  m.,  a  circle ;  circular  or  oval 
race-course,  circus. 

citerior,  ius  [cis],  adj.,  on  this  side, 
hither. 


citissime  [citS,  quickly],  adv.,  very 
rapidly. 

cito,  are,  &vi,  fttus  [inteus.  from  cieo], 
to  rouse. 

con  — concito,   ftre,   avi,   fttus,    to 
arouse,  urge,  excite. 

ex  —  excito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  rouse 
forth,  excite,  stimulate. 

in  — incito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  urge 
on,  incite,  encourage. 

civicus  [civls]  adj.,  civic. 

civ^s,  e  [civis],  adj.,  pertaining  to  a 
citizen;  civil;  polite,  moderate. 

civis,  is,  m.,  a  citizen. 

civitas,  atis,  f.,  citizenship;  state,  com- 
munity ;  city  (late). 

clam  [celo],  adv.,  secretly. 

clamor,  oris  [ciamo,  cry  out],  m.,  out- 
cry, noise,  clamor. 

clandestinus  [clam],  adj.,  secret,  con- 
cealed. 

clangor,  oris,  m.,  noise. 

ciare  [ciarus],  adv.,  clearly ;  loudly. 

ciaritas,  atis,  f.  [ciarus],  clearness,  bril- 
liancy, fa  me. 

ciarus,  adj.,  clear;  loud,  glorious, 
famous. 

classiarius  [classis],  adj.,  pertaining 
to  a  fleet;  as  noun,  classiarii,  orum, 
m.,  maHnes. 

classicum,  i,  n.,  a  trumpet  call. 

classis,  is,  f.,  a  class  of  citizens;  the 
navy;  a  fleet. 

Clastidium,  i,  n.,  a  fortified  town  near 
the  Po  River. 

Claudius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  famous  of  the  Roman 
gentes.  See  Caecus,  Caudex,  Crassi- 
nus,  Marcellus,  Nero,  Pulcher,  Qua- 
drigarius,  Tiberius. 

claudo,  ere,  clausi,  clausus,  to  shut, 
close,  enclose. 

circum  —  circumcludo,   ere,   clusi, 
clusus,  to  shut  in,  surround. 

con  —  concludo,  ere,  clusi,  clusus, 
to  shut  up,  confine. 


226 


VOCABULARY. 


dis  —  disclUdd,  ere,   cliis!,  clilsus, 

to  keeplipart,  separate. 

ex  —  excludo,  ere,  clusi^  clusus,  to 
shut  out,  cut  of,  exclud''. 

in  — includo,  ere,  clusi,  clusus,  to 
shut  in. 

inter  —  intercludo,  ere,  clusi,  clu- 
sus, to  shut  off,  hinder. 

prae  —  praecludo,  ere,  clusi,  clu- 
sus, to  dose,  shut,  block. 

clava,  ae,  f.,  a  club. 

ciavus,  i,  m.,  a  nail. 

Cleopatra,  ae,  f .,  a  common  name  in  the 
families  of  the  Macedonian  kings  of 
Egypt.  The  famous  Cleopatra  lived 
B.C.  69-30. 

cliens,  entis  [cluens  from  clueo,  hear"], 
m.  and  f.,  a  vassal,  dependant,  client. 

clientela,  ae  [cliens],  f.,  vassalage; 
alliance,  protection. 

Clypea,  ae,  f.,  a  fortified  town  near  the 
seacoast  in  the  territory  of  Carthage. 

cloS^a.  ae,  f.,  a  sewer,  drain. 

Cn.  =  Gnaeus. 

coacervo,  are,  avi,  atus  [con  +  acervus], 
to  heap  up,  collect. 

Codes,  itis,  m.,  Horatius,  who  defended 
the  Sublician  bridge  in  the  war  with 
Porsena. 

coeo,  see  eo. 

coepi,  isse,  coeptus,  began.  The  passive 
form  is  used  with  a  passive  infinitive. 

coerceo,  see  arceo. 

cogito,  see  agito. 

cognatio,  onis  [con  +  (g)nascor],  f .,  rela- 
tionship. 

cognatus  [con+ (g)nascor],  adj.,  re- 
lated by  blood,  kindred;  as  noun,  a 
kinsman,  blood  relation. 

cognomen,  inis  [con+  (g)nomen],  n.,  a 
name  added  to  the  individual  and 
clan  names  of  a  person;  a  surname, 
nickname. 

cognomentum,  i  [cognomen],  n.,  a  sur- 
name (rare). 

cognosco,  see  nosco. 


I   cogo,  see  ag3. 

cohaereo,  see  haere5. 

cohors,  hortis,  f .,  a  cohort  (the  tenth  part 
of  a  legion). 

cohortatio,  onis  [cohortor] ,  f .,  the  act  oj 
encouraging,  exhortation. 

cohortor,  see  hortor. 

CoUatinus,  i,  m.,  L.  Tarquinivs,  the 
husband  of  Lucretia  and  one  of  the 
first  two  consuls  B.C.  509. 

coUis,  is,  m.,  a  Kill. 

colo,  ere,  ui,  cultus,  to  cultivate;  dwell; 
cherish,  worship,  honor. 

in  —  incolo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  dwell,  set- 
tle, inhabit. 

colonia,  ae  [colo],  f.,  a  colony,  settle- 
rnent. 

color,  oris,  m.,  color,  complexion. 

columna,  ae,  f.,  a  column,  pillar. 

comburo,  see  uro. 

comedo,  see  edo. 

comes,  itis  [con  +  eo],  m.  and  f.,  a  com- 
panion. 

comitas,  atis  [comis,  friendly],  f.,  good 
nature,  friendliness. 

comitium,  i  [con  +  e5],  n.,  the  place 
near  the  Roman  Forum  where  the 
voters  assembled;  comitia,  the  as- 
sembly of  the  people. 

comitor,  ari,  atus  [comes],  to  accom- 
pany. 

commeatus,  Qs  [commeo],  m.,  passing 
back  and  forth,  trip ;  provisions, 

commemoro,  are,  avI,  atus  [con  + 
memor] ,  to  call  to  mind,  mention,  tell. 

commendo,  see  mand5. 

commentarius,  i  [commentor,  to  think 
over],  m.,  a  note-book;  usually  plur., 
memoirs,  records. 

commenticius  [comminlscor,  to  invent] , 
adj.,  invented,  feigned,  imaginary, 
forged. 

commentus  [comminiscor],  adj.,  false, 
feigned. 

commeo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  pass  to  and 
fro. 


VOCABULARY. 


227 


comminus  [con  +  manus],  adv.,  hand-to 
hand,  at  close  quarters, 

committo,  see  mitto. 

Commius,  i,  m.,  the  chief  of  the  Atre- 
bates. 

commodate  [commodo,  adjiLst]^  adv., 
Jittlngly  (only  one  occurrence]. 

commode  [commodus,  suitable],  adv., 
fitly,  easily,  conveniently  (very  rare). 

commodum,  i  [commodus],  n.,  conven- 
ience, advantage,  utility. 

commoveo,  see  moved . 

communico,  fire,  Svi,  fitus  [commu- 
nis], to  share  with,  communicate, 
plan. 

communis,  e  [con  +  munus],  adj.,  com- 
mon ;  ordinary ;  public ;  res  com- 
munis, the  public  interest. 

commutatio,  onis  [commuto],  f.,  a 
change. 

commuto,  see  muto. 

comoedia,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  comedy. 

compared,  see  pfireo. 

1.  compare,  see  paro. 

2.  comparo,  are,  avi,  atus  [compfir, 
like'] ,  to  compare. 

compavesco,  see  pavesco. 

compello,  see  pello. 

comperio,  ire,  peri,  pertus,  to  leatm, 
discover. 

compertus  [comperio],  adj.,  known, 
certain. 

compleo,  see  pleo. 

complexus,  us  [complector,  to  em- 
brace], m.,  surrounding,  embrace. 

complures,  a  or  ia  [con  +  plus],  adj., 
several,  many,  very  many. 

compono,  see  pono. 

comporto,  see  porto. 

compositus  [compono],  adj.,  invented, 
pretended. 

comprehendo,  see  prehendo. 

compresse  [comprimo,  to  compress], 
adv.,  pressing'y,  urgently  (only  comp.). 

comproto,  see  probo. 

concavus,  adj.,  hollow. 


concedo,  see  cedo. 

concerpo,  see  carpo. 

concido,  see  cado. 

concido,  see  caedo. 

concilio,  are,  avi,  atus  [concilium],  to 
IV in  over,  reconcile ;  obtain. 

concilium,  i  [con-f-calo,  call],  n.,  as- 
sembly, council. 

concito,  see  cito. 

concludo,  see  claudo. 

concupisco,  ere,  pivi  (ii),  Itus  [cupio], 
to  long  for,  strive  for. 

concurro,  see  curro. 

concur sus,  us  [concurro],  m.,  a  running 
together^  concourse;  charge,  engage- 
ment. 

condemno,  see  damno. 

condicio,  onis  [condico,  to  agree],  t.,  a 
condition,  state ;  terms,  stipulation. 

condiscipuiatus,  us  [condiscipulus],  m., 
companionship  at  school. 

condiscipulus,  i  [con  +  discipulus, 
scholar],  m.,  schoolmate. 

conditor,  oris  [condo] ,  m.,  a  founder,  in- 
ventor, writer. 

condo,  see  do. 

conecto,  ere,  nexus  [con  +  necto.  Join], 
to  unite,  connect. 

confercio,  ire,  fertus  [farcio,  to  stuff] , 
to  crowd  together. 

confero,  see  fero. 

confestim,  adv.,  immediately,  at  once. 

conficio,  see  facio. 

confidentia,  ae  [confido],  f.,  confidence^ 
boldness. 

confido,  see  fido. 

configo,  see  figo. 

confirm©,  see  firmo. 

confiteor,  eri,  fessus  [con  +  for,  speak], 
to  confp.ss,  acknoivledge. 

conflictatio,  onis  [conflict©],  f.,  a  con- 
flict, struggle. 

conflictio,  onis  [confligo] ,  f .,  a  collision, 
conflict. 

conflicto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  con- 
fligo], to  strike  together;  annoy. 


228 


VOCABULARY. 


confligo,  see  filgd. 

confluo,  see  fluo. 

confodio,  see  fodio. 

confugio,  see  fugio. 

confundo,  see  fundo. 

congero,  see  gero. 

conglobo,  are,  avi,  atus  [globus,  ball], 
to  roll  together. 

congredior,  see  gradior. 

congrego,  are,  avi  atus  [con  +  grex], 
to  collect,  unite. 

congressus,  us  [congredior],  m.,  an 
encou7iter,  meeting. 

congruo,  ere,  m,  — ,  to  coincide. 

conicio,  see  iacio. 

conitor,  see  nitor. 

coniuncte,  adv.  [coniunctus],  together, 
conjointly ;  in  friendly  manner. 

coniunctim  [coniungo],  adv.,  jointly, 
together. 

coniungo,  see  iungo. 

coniunx,  coniugis  [coniungS],  m.  and  f., 
a  husband,  wife. 

coniiiratio,  onis  [coniuro],  f.,  a  conspir- 
acy, plot. 

coniuro,  see  iuro. 

conlabefio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  to  totter, 
be  overthrown  (rare). 

conlaudo,  see  laudo. 

conlega,  ae  [conligo],  m.,  one  chosen  at 
the  same  time,  a  colleague. 

conligo,  see  lego. 

conloco.  see  loco. 

conloquium,  i  [conloquor],  n.,  an  inter- 
view,  conference. 

conloquor,  see  loquor. 

conluceo,  ere,  — ,  —  [con  -f  lux],  to  shine, 
glow. 

Conor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  try. 

conquiro,  see  quaero. 

conscendo,  see  scando. 

conscientia,  ae  [con+  scio],  f.,  conscious- 
ness, knowledge ;  conscience. 

conscisco,  see  scisco. 

conscnbo,  see  scribo. 

conscriptus  [conscnbo],  adj.,  enrolhd; 


plur.  with  patres  or  as  noun,  sena- 
tors. 
consecro,  see  sacro. 
consector,  ari,  atus  sum  [con  +  sector 

from  sequor],  to  follow  hai^d,  chase, 

pursue. 
consenesco,  ere,  ui  [senex],  to  grow  old 

or  loeak;  waste  aioay ;  fade. 
consensus,   iis  [consentio],  m.,  consent, 

assent,  united  opinion;  ex  communi 

consensii,  by  common  consent. 
consentio,  see  sentio. 
consequor,  see  sequor. 
consero,  see  sero. 
conservo,  see  servo. 

considero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  inspect,  re- 
flect ^  consider. 
consido,  sidere,  sedi,  sessus  [con  +  sido, 

sit],  to  sit,  stop,   encamp;    establish 

one^s  self,  settle. 
consilium,  i  [consulo],  n.,  apian,  advice; 

counsel,  wisdom ;  authority;  council; 

consilium  capere  or  inire,  to  form  a 

plan. 
consimilis,  e  [con  +  similis],  adj.,  ZiA;e, 

similar. 
consisto,  see  sisto. 
conspectus,  us  [conspicio],   m.,  sight, 

presence. 
conspicio,  see  *specio. 
conspicor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  see^  observe. 
conspiro,  see  spiro. 
constantia,    ae  [consto],   f.,  firmness; 

constancy,  resolution. 
consterno,  are,  avi,  atus  [con  +  sterno. 

strike],  to  terrify,  alarm. 
constituo,  see  statuo. 
consto,  see  sto. 
consuesco,  see  suesco. 
consuetudo,  inis  [consuesco],  f.,  habit, 

custom,  man7ier. 
consul,  ulis,  m.,  a  consul.    The  usual 

name  of  the  two  highest  officials  of  the 

Roman   republic.    They  were  elected 

annually,  and  their  names  were  used 

in  plane  of  a  date. 


VOCABULARY. 


229 


consults,  e  [consul],  adj.,  of  a  consul, 
of  consular  rank;  as  noun,  an  ex- 
consnl. 

consulatus,  us  [consul],  m.,  consulate, 
consals'dp. 

consulo,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  consult,  con- 
sider; counsel,  give  advice  to;  provide 
for;  ask  advice  of. 

consulto  [consulo],  adv.,  purposely,  ad- 
visedly. 

consultum,  i  [consulo],  n.,  resolution, 
decree. 

consultus  [consulo],  adj.,  experienced, 
skillful,  learned;  iuris  consultus,  a 
lawyer. 

consumo,  see  sumo. 

consurgo,  see  surgo. 

contagio,  onis  [contingo],  f.,  contact, 
contagion. 

contemno,  see  temno. 

contemplatio,  onis  [contemplorj^o  gaze 
at],  t.,  survey,  contemplalion. 

contemptus,  us  [contemno],  m.,  con- 
tempt. 

contendo,  see  tendo. 

contentio,  onis  [contendo],  f.,  exertion, 
struggle ;  contest,  contention. 

contentus  [contineo],  adj.,  content,  sat- 
isfied. 

contestor,  see  testor. 

contexo,  see  texo. 

continens,  entis  [contineo],  adj.,  lying 
near,  continuous ;  connected,  uninter- 
rupted. 

continens,  entis  (sc.  terra),  f.,  the  con- 
tinent, mainland. 

continenter  [continens],  adv.,  continw- 
ally,  without  interruption. 

continentia,  ae  [continens],  f.,  self-re- 
straint. 

contineo,  see  teneo. 

contingo,  see  tango. 

continuus  [con  +  teneo],  adj.,  succes- 
sive, uninterrupted. 

contio,  onis  [contr.  from  conventio, 
assembling],  f.,  assembly ;  an  address. 


control,  prep,  with  ace,  against,  opposite 
to,  contrary  to;  adv.,  on  the  other 
hand;  contrH  atque,  contrary  to 
what. 

contradico,  see  dico. 

contraho,  see  traho. 

contrarius  [contra],  adj.,  opposite,  con- 
trary. 

controversia,  ae  [contra +  verto],  f., 
dispute,  controversy. 

contumelia,  ae,  f.,  insult,  indignity; 
violence,  rudeness. 

convenio,  see  venio. 

conversio,  onis  [convert©],  f.,  a  return, 
turning  back. 

converto,  see  verto. 

convexo,  see  vexo. 

conviva,  ae  [con-vivo],  m.,  a  table-guest, 
guest. 

convivium,  i  [con-vivo],  n.,  a  feast. 

convoco,  see  voco. 

coorior,  see  orior. 

copia,  ae  [co(n)+ops],  f.,  abundance, 
supply;  pi.,  troops,  supplies;  means, 
force,  wealth. 

copula,  ae  [con  +  apo,  bind],  f.,  a  bond 
of  union ;  grappling  iron. 

cor,  cordis,  n.,  the  heart;  cord!  esse,  to 
be  dear. 

coram  [con-f-os],  adv.,  in  presence  of, 
before  the  eyes  of,  in  person. 

Corcyra,  ae,  f.,  a  small  island  off  the 
coast  of  Epirus,  modern  Corfu. 

Corcyraeus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Cor- 
cyra. 

Coriolanus,  i,  m.,  the  surname  of  Q. 
Marcius,  the  conqueror  of  Corioli  B.C. 
493. 

Corioli,  orum,  m.,  an  ancient  town  in 
Latium  belonging  to  the  Volscians. 

corium,  i,  n.,  a  skin,  hide. 

Cornelius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  large 
and  important  gens  at  Rome.  See 
Balbus.  Cinna,  Faustus,  Gallus,  Len- 
tulus,  Merula,  Nepos,  Riifinus,  Scipio, 
Sulla. 


230 


VOCABULARY. 


comu,  us,  n.,  a  horn ;  trumpet ;  wing  (of 

an  army) . 
corona,  ae,  f.,  a  crown;  garland;  sub 

coronS,  vendere,  to  sell  into  slavery. 
coronarius  [corona],  adj.,  pertaining  to 

a  wreath. 
corono,  are,  avi,  atus  [corona],  to  crown* 
corpus,  oris,  n.,  a  body. 
corrumpo,  see  rumpo. 
Corvinus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

See  Corvus. 
corvus,  i,  m.,  a  raven, 
Corvus,  i,  m.,  3f.  Valerius y  a  celebrated 

Roman  hero,  twice  dictator,  six  times 

consul ;  born  about  371  B.C. 
cos,  cotis,  f .,  a  whetstone. 
coss.,  contraction  for  consulibus. 
cotidianus  [cotidiej,  adj.,  daily ;  usual, 

customary. 
cotidie  [quot  +  dies],  adv.,  daily y  each 

day. 
Cotta,  ae,  m.,  a  Roman  family ^ame. 

1.  C.  Aurelius  Cotta  was  consul  B.C. 
200. 

2.  L.  Aurunculeius  Cotta  was  an 
oflScer  in  Caesar's  Gallic  army. 

Cous,  adj.,  of  Cos,  an  island  near  the 

coast  of  Caria. 
Crassinus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 

Claudian  gens. 

1.  App.  Claudius  Crassinus  was  one 
of  the  decemviri  b.c.  451,  the  hero  in 
the  famous  story  of  Virginia. 

2.  App.  Claudius  Crassinus  was 
consul  B.C.  349. 

crassitudo,   inis    [crassus,    thick],   f., 

thickness. 
Crassus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

1.  P.  Licinius  Crassus,  a  lieuten- 
ant in  Caesar's  army,  son  of  the  tri- 
umvir. 

2.  M\  Otacilius  Crassus  was  consul 
the  second  time  B.C.  240. 

3.  M.  Licinius  Crassus,  the  trium- 
vir, consul  B.C.  70,  famous  for  his 
enormous  wealth. 


creber,  bra,  brum,  adj.,  crowded,  nu^ 
merous,  frequent. 

credo,  ere,  credidi,  itus,  to  believef 
trust,  think ;  intrust,  commend  to. 

credulitas,  atis  [credo]  f.,  credulity, 

cremo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  burn. 

creo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  create,  make,  be- 
get ;  elect,  declare  elected. 

pro  — procreo,  are,  avi,   atus,   to 
beget. 

crepitus,  us  [crepo,  to  sound],  m.,  a  rust- 
ling. 

cresco,  ere,  crevi,  cretus,  grow,  in- 
crease ;  become  influential,  prosper. 

ad  — accresco,  ere,  crevi,   cretus, 
to  grow,  increase. 

Creta,  ae,  a  large  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, south  of  Greece,  modern 
Candia. 

Cre tenses,  ium,  m.,  Cretans,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Crete. 

crimen,  inis  [cerno],  n.,  accusation, 
slander;  fault,  crime,  offense. 

Crotoniates,  ae,  m.,  an  inhabitant  of 
Croton,  a  Greek  town  in  southern 
Italy. 

Crotoniensis,  is,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Cro- 
ton. 

cruciatus,  us  [crucio],  m.,  torture, 
cruelty,  suffering. 

crucio,  are,  avi,  atus  [crux,  cross],  to 
crucify,  torment. 

ex  — excrucio,    are,   avi,  atus,    to 
torment,  torture. 

crudelitas,  atis  [criidelis,  cruel],  t., 
cruelty. 

crus,  cruris,  n.,  a  leg. 

Crustumini,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants 
of  Crustumeria,  a  town  in  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Sabines,  north  of  Rome. 

cubiculum,  i  [cubo,  lie  down],  m.,  a  bed- 
chamber. 

cubile,  is  [cubo,  lie  dow7i],  n.,  a  bed. 

cubitum,  i,  n.,  the  elbow. 

culmen,  inis,  n.,  height,  top. 

culpa,  ae,  f.,  blame,  fault. 


VOCABULARY. 


231 


cultor,  oris  [col5],  m.,  a  cultivator ;  wor- 
8.upp2r. 

cultus,  us  [colo],  m.,  cultivation^  wor- 
ship;  culture t  training ;  mode  of  life; 
dress,  splendor. 

cum,  prep,  with  abl.,  with,  together 
with. 

cum,  conj.,  when,  after,  since,  although  ; 
cum  primum,  as  soon  as;  cum  .  .  . 
tum,  both  .  .  .  and,  not  only  .  .  .  hut 
also. 

*cumbo,  same  root  as  cubo,  fire,  ul, 
itum,  to  lie. 

ob  —  occumbo,  ere,  cubui,  cubitum, 
to  fall  (in  death). 

pro  —  procumbo,  ere,  cubui,  cubi- 
tum, to  lie  down,  sink,  fall  forward ; 
fall,  sink  down,  he  heaten  down. 

sub  —  succumbo,  ere,  cubui,  to 
yield,  succumh. 

cumulus,  i,  m.,  a  heap,  pile,  mass. 

cunctatio,  onis  [cunctor],  f.,  delay,  hesi- 
tation. 

cunctor,  Sri,  atus  sum,  to  linger,  hesi- 
tate, doubt. 

cunctus  [coniunctus,  con  +iungo], adj., 
all  together,  all. 

cuneus,  i,  m.,  a  wedge;  wedge-shaped 
body  of  troops, 

cupide  [cupidus],  adv.,  eagerly,  zeal- 
ously. 

cupiditas,  atis  [cupidusj,  f.,  desire, 
longing  ;  greediness,  avarice. 

cupido,  inis,  f.,  wish,  longing. 

cupidus  [cupio],  adj.,  desirous,  fond, 
eager. 

cupio,  ere,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to  long  for, 
desire,  covet;  vjish  well  to. 

cur,  adv.,  why  ?  for  what  purpose  ?■ 

curatio,  onis  [euro],  f.,  the  taking  care 
of,  administration ;  cure. 

ciiria,  ae,  f.,  the  senate-house  at  Rome. 

Curiosolites,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  on  the 
north-western  coast  of  Gaul. 

Curius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 
See  Dentatus. 


euro,  are,  avi,  atus  [cura,  care],  to  care 

for,  provide  for ;  attend  to,  arrange. 
pro— procuro,  are,   avi,   atus,  to 

look  after,  superintend. 
curro,  currere,  cucurri,  cursus,  to  run. 
con  —  concurro,  currere,  (cu)currl, 

cursus,  to  run  together,  run  up,  rush, 

charge;  meet,  coincide. 
de  — decurro,   currere,    (cu)curri, 

cursus,  to  run  down,  hasten. 
ob--occurr6,    currere,    (cu)currl, 

cursus,  run  to  meet;  meet  with,  en- 
counter; withstand;  occur. 
per  — percurro,  currere,  (cu)curri 

or  curri,  cursus,  to  run  through. 

pro  —  procurro,  ere,  (cu)  curri,  cur- 
sum,  to  run  forward. 
sub  —  succurro,  curri,   cursus,    to 

run  to  help,  succor. 
currus,  us  [curro J,  m.,  a  chariot. 
cursor,    oris    [curro],    m.,    a   runner, 

courier. 
Cursor,  oris,  m.,  L.  Papirius,  a  cele- 
brated   general ;    consul    six    times ; 

dictator  the  second  time  B.C.  309. 
cursus,  us  [curro],  m.,  running,  speed; 

course,  voyage;    cursum   tenere,   to 

hold  a  straight  course. 
curulis,  e  [currus],  adj.,  of  a  chariot; 

sella  curulis,  official  chair. 
custodia,  ae  [custos],  f.,  care,  guard, 

custody. 
custodio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [custos],  to  guard, 

defend,  keep. 
custos,  odis,  m.  and  f.,  a  guard,  keeper, 

defender,  attendant. 
Cyclops,  opis,  m.,  my thical  giants  having 

but  one  eye. 
Cyrenaei,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 

Cyrene,  a  Greek  city  on  the  coast  of 

Africa,  west  of  Egypt. 


D.  =  Decimus. 
D.  -  500. 


232 


VOCABULARY. 


Daci,  orum,  m.,  the  Dacians^  a  people 
living  on  the  north  of  the  Danube. 

damno,  &re,  avi,  a^^us  [damnum],  to 
condemn,  sentence;  hind,  compel; 
coisure. 

con  —  condemno,  are,  Svi,  atus,  to 
sentence,  condemn, 

damnum,  i,  n.,  injury,  loss,  fine,  pen- 
alty. 

Danuvius,  i,  m.,  the  Danube. 

Dareus  (Darius),  i,  m.,  the  name  of 
several  Persian  kings.  Darius  I.,  the 
son  of  Hystaspes,  reigned  b.c.  521- 
485. 

Datis,  idis,  m.,  a  Persian  commander, 
defeated  at  Marathon. 

de,  prep,  with  abl.,/rom;  in;  of,  about, 
concerning,  after,  in  accordance  with, 
for. 

debeo,  ere,  ui,  itus  [de  +  habeo],  owe, 
ought;  pass.,  be  due;  debet,  debuit 
+  inf.,  ought. 

debilito,  are,  avi,  atus  [debilis,  v)eak'], 
to  weaken ;  dishearten. 

decedo,  see  cedo. 

decem,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  ten  (X.). 

decemplex,  icis  [plico],  adj.,  tenfold. 

decemvir,  I,  m.,  one  of  a  commission  of 
ten  men,  decemvir. 

deceo,  ere,  decui,  — ,  to  be  suitable,  be- 
coming. 

decerno,  see  cerno. 

decerto,  are,  avi,  atus,  [decerno],  to  go 
through  a  contest,  fight  it  out. 

decessus,  us  [de  +  cedo],  m.,  retreat, 
withdrawal ;  ebb. 

decido,  see  cado. 

decimus  [decem],  num.  adj.,  tenth. 

Decius,  i,  ra.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 
See  Mus. 

deciaro,  are,  avi,  atus  [de  +  ciarus], 
to  make  clear,  declare,  proclaim. 

declivis,  e  [de  +  clivus,  slope],  adj.,  slop- 
ing downwards,  dzscending. 

decoro,  are,  avi,  atus  [decus,  honor],  to 
decorate,  distinguish. 


decretum,  i  [decerno],  n.,  a  decree,  deci- 
sion; decreto  stare,  to  abide  by  the 
decision. 

decumanus  [decimus],  adj.,  decuman; 
decumana  porta,  the  main  gate  of  the 
camp  near  the  quarters  of  the  tenth 
cohort. 

decurro,  see  curro! 

dodecus,  oris  [de  + decus,  honor],  n., 
disgrace,  dishonor. 

dedico,  see  dico. 

dediticius  [dedo],  adj.,  having  surren- 
dered; as  noun,  one  who  has  surren- 
dered, a  subject. 

deditio,  'oii\.  [dedo],  f.,  a  surrender. 

dedo,  see  do, 

deduco,  see  duco. 

defatigo,  see  fati^o. 

defectio,  onis  [deficio],  f.,  defection, 
revolt ;  deficiency,  failure. 

defendo,  ere,  fendi,  fensus,  to  ward 
off,  repel;  defend, protect. 

defensor,  oris  [defendo],  m.,  a  defender. 

defero,  see  fero. 

deficio,  see  facio. 

defigo,  see  figo. 

definio,  see  finio. 

defodio,  see  fodio. 

deformis,  e  [de  + forma],  adj.,  de- 
formed, misshapen. 

defugio,  see  fugiS. 

defungor,  see  fungor. 

degredior,  see  gradior. 

dehortor,  see  hortor. 

deicio,  see  iacio. 

deiectus,  us  [deicio],  m.,a  descent,  slope, 
depression. 

deiero,  see  iuro. 

deinceps  [deinde -f- capioj ,  adv.,  one 
after  the  other,  successively ;  next, 
moreover. 

deinde  or  dein  [de  +  inde],  adv.,  after- 
wards,  nixt,  then,  thereafter. 

deiiirium,  i  [de  +  iuro],  n.,  an  oath 
(occurs  only  once  in  Latin). 

deiabor,  kpp  labor. 


VOCABULARY. 


283 


dSlecto,   ftre,   ftvl,   fttus   [freq.  of  dg- 

licioj ,  delight^  please. 
delego,  see  Iggo. 
deleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  destroy ^  overthrow^ 

ruin. 
delibero,   fire,   fi^,   fttus    [de  + libra, 

balance']^  loeigh  (consider)  well,  delib- 
erate, ponder,  consult. 
deligo,  see  lego, 
deligo,  see  ligo. 
deliro,  ftre,  — ,  —  [dSlirus  from  lira, 

a  furrow],  to  be  deranged,  rave. 
delitisco,  ere,  ui— [de  +late6,  hide],  to 

lark,  63  concealed,  lie  in  wait. 
Delphi,  orum,  m.,  a  town  of  Phocis  in 

Central    Greece,    renowned    for    the 

oracle  of  Apollo, 
delubrum,  i,  n.,  a  sanctuary,  shrine. 
demerg5,  see  mergo. 
demeto,  see  meto. 
demigro,  see  migro. 
demiror,  see  miror. 
demo,  see  emo. 
demonstro,  see  monstro. 
denftrro,  see  nftrro. 
deni,  ae,  a  [decern],  distrib.  num.,  ten 

by  ten,  ten  each. 
denique,  adv.,  at  last,  finally ;  briefly,  in 

fine. 
densus,  adj.,  thick,  dense,  crowded. 
Dentatus,    i,    m.,    M,   (M".)    Curius,  a 

Roman  general  in  the  wars  with  the 

Samnites  and  Pyrrhus,  renowned  for 

his    simplicity    and    frugality.     Died 

B.C.  270. 
denuntio,  see  nuntio. 
denuo  [de  +  nov6],  adv.,  aneio,  again. 
deorsum    [de  +  vorsum,    verto],   adv., 

downwards,  down  below. 
depello,  see  pello. 
depereo,  see  eo. 
depono,  see  pono. 
deports,  see  porto. 
deprecatio,  onis  [deprecor,  to  pray],  f., 

warding  off  by  prayer;  supplication; 

intercession. 


deprehendo,  see  prehend5. 

deprimo,  see  premo. 

depugno,  see  pugno. 

derideo,  see  rideo. 

derogo,  see  rogo. 

descendo,  see  scando. 

desclsco,  see  scisco. 

describo,  see  scribo. 

desero,  see  sero. 

desertor,  oris  [desero],  m.,  a  deserter, 

desertus  [desero],  adj.,  desert,  solitary. 

desiderium,  i  [desidero],  n.,  desire,  long- 
ing. 

desidero,  fire,  ftvi,  fttus,  to  wish^  want ; 
lack;  long  for;  dzmand. 

desidia,  ae  [de  +  sedeo] ,  f .,  idleness. 

desilio,  see  salio. 

desino,  see  sino. 

desipio,  ere,  — ,  —  [sapio,  tobe  wise],  to 
b3  foolish,  trifi,e. 

desisto,  see  sisto. 

despectus,  us  [despicio],  m.,  a  looking 
down  upon,  view. 

desperfitio,  onis  [despero],  f.,  despair, 
desperation. 

despero,  see  spero. 

despicio,  see  ^specio. 

destituo,  see  statuo. 

desuetudo,  inis  [de  +  suesco],  f.,  dis- 
I       use. 
I   desum,  see  sum. 

detego,  see  tego. 

detergeo,  ere,  tersi,  tersus  [de  +  tergeo, 
\r  rub],  to  wipe  off,  remove,  cleanse, 
j       empty. 

determinatio,  onis  [terminus,  end],  f., 
a  limit,  boundary. 
j   deterreo,  see  terreo. 
i   detineo,  see  teneo. 

detraho,  see  traho. 

detrimentum,  i  [de  +  tero,  wear  away], 
n.,  loss;  harm,  defeat. 

detrudo,  see  trudo. 
I  deturbo,  see  turbo. 
i   deuro,  see  uro. 

deus,  i.  m.,  a,  god,  divinity. 


234 


VOCABULARY. 


devenio,  see  veniS. 

devincio,  see  vincio. 

devinco,  see  vinco. 

devoveo,  see  voveo. 

dexter,  era,  erum,  and  tra,  trum,  adj., 
rig  'it ;  on  the  Hyht  hand. 

dextra,  ae  [dexter],  f.,  the  right  hand ; 
a  promis",  pledge. 

Diablintres,  um,  m.,  a  Gallic  tribe,  allies 
of  the  Veneti. 

Dialis,  e,  ad].,  pertaining  to  Jupiter. 

Diana,  ae,  f.,  the  goddess  of  the  chase, 
sister  of  Apollo,  and  identified  with 
the  goddess  of  the  moon. 

dico,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  dedicate,  conse- 
crate, vow ;  dicare  in  clientelam,  to 
proclaim  themselves  clients. 

ab  — abdico,  are,  Svi,  atus,  to  dis- 
own, reject,  abandon. 

de  —  dedico,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  dedi- 
cate. 

prae  —  praedico,  are,  avi,  atus,  7o 
say  openly,  assert,  proclaim,  report; 
boast. 

dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  to  say,  speak, 
tell;  assent,  promise;  appoint,  call; 
causam  dicere,  to  plead  a  case. 

contra  —  contradico,  ere,  dixi,  dic- 
tus, to  contradict,  oppose. 

ex  —  e^co,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  to  make 
known,  command, 

in  —  indico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus,  to  pro- 
claim, declare ;  appoint. 

inter  — interdico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus, 
to  forbid,  exclude,  interdict. 

prae  —  praedico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus, 
to  predict,  forewarn;  charge,  com- 
mand. 

dictator,  oris  [dicto],  m.,  a  dictator ;  a 
magistrate  with  supreme  power,  chosen 
at  times  of  extreme  peril. 

dictatura,  ae  [dictator],  f.,  the  office  of 
dictator. 

dictito.  are,  avi,  atus  [dico],  to  assert. 

dicto,  are,  avi,  atus  [iter,  of  dico],  to 
say  often,  declare. 


diduco,  see  diicS. 

dies,  diei,  m.  and  f.,  day;  multd  di§, 

late  in  the  day ;  in  dies,  from  day  to 

day. 
differ© ,  see  fero. 
difficilis,  e  [dis  neg.  +facilis],  adj.,  dif- 

fiGult,  hard ;  morose,  moody. 
difficultas,  atis  [difficilis],  f.,  difficidty. 
diffissus    [diffindo,    cleave],   adj.,  splits 

cloven. 
diffugio,  see  fugio. 
diffundo,  see  fundo. 
digitus,  i,  m.,  a  finger. 
dignitas,  atis  [dignus],  f.,  value ^  merit; 

rank,  dignity. 
dignor,  ari,  atus  sum  [dignus],  to  deem 

worthy,  deign,  condescend. 
dignus,  adj.,  worth,  worthy,  deserving* 
digredior,  see  gradior. 
diiudico,  see  iudico. 
dilacero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  tear  in  pieces 

(late). 
dilectus,  us  [diligo],  m.,  a  selection,  levy. 
diligens,  entis  [diligo],   adj.,    careful, 

diligent ;  attentive  ;  sparing ;  fond  of. 
diligenter  [diligens],  adv.,  carefully t  ex- 
actly. 
diligentia,  ae  [diligens],  f.,  diligence,  ac' 

tivity,  earnestness. 
diligo,  see  lego, 
dimetior,  see  metior. 
dimicatio,  onis  [dimico],  f.,  a  combat, 

struggle. 
dimico,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  fight. 
dimidius  [dis  +  medius],  adj.,  half ;  as 

noun,  dimidium,  i,  n.,  a  half. 
dimitto,  see  mitto. 
Diogenes,  is,  m.,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 

the  fourth  century  B.C.,  surnamed  the 

Cynic. 
Dionysius,  i,  m.,  the  tyrant  of  Syracuse, 

B.C.  A'M-'MM. 
directe  fdirectus],  ^dv.,  straight,  directly, 
directus  [dirigo],  adj.,  direct ^  straight ^ 

stc'p. 
diripio,  see  rapio. 


VOCABULARY. 


235 


diruo,  see  ni3. 

Dis,  itis,  m.,  the  god  of  the  lower  world, 
the  Greek  Pluto. 

discedo,  see  cedo. 

discerpo,  see  carpo. 

discindo.  see  scindo. 

disciplina,  ae  [disca],  f.,  learning ^  in- 
struction, discipline;  system. 

discludo,  see  claudo. 

disco,  ere,  didici,  — ,  to  learn. 

ex  —  edisco,  ere,  didici,  — ,  to  learn 
thoroughly,  commit  to  memory. 

per  —  perdisco,  ere,  didici,  — ,  to 
learn  thoroughly,  get  by  heart. 

discrimen,  inis   [dis  +  cemo],  n.,  dis- 
tinction, difference. 

disicio,  see  iacio. 

dis-p&lor,    &ri,   Stus  sum,    to  wander 
about,  straggle,  he  scattered  (rare). 

di8pS.r,  paris  [dis  +  p5r] ,  adj.,  unequal^ 
unlike,  different. 

dispenso, .  are,  Svi,   fitus.   to  manage, 
adjust. 

dispergo,  see  spargo. 

displiceo,  see  placed. 

dispute,  see  puto. 

dissensio,  onis  [dissentio],  f.,  difference 
of  opinion,  dissension. 

dissentio,  see  sentio. 

dissideo,  see  sedeo. 

dissimilis,  e   [dis  +  similis] ,  adj.,  dis- 
similar, unlike. 

dissimulo,  see  simulo. 

dissipo,  are,  Svi,  atus,  to  scatter,  dissi- 
pate. 

dissolvo,  see  solvo. 

distinctio,  onis  [distinguo],  f.,  difference ^ 
variation. 

distinguo,  see  stinguQ. 

distribuo,  see  tribuo. 

diu,  adv.,  long,  for  a  long  time  ;  quam 
diu,  as  long  as. 

diutius,  comp.  of  diu. 

diutumitas,  atis  [diutumus],  f.,  long 
continuance,  length  of  time. 

dittturnuB  [diu],  adj., proZow^red. 


divello,  ere,  velli,  vulsus  [dis  +  vello, 
pitU],  to  rend,  tear  apart. 

diversus  [diverto],  adj.,  scattered,  sep- 
arate ;  different ;  contrary,  opposed  to. 

dives,  itis;  comp.  ditior  or  divitior; 
sup.  ditissimus,  adj.,  rich. 

Dives,  itis,  m.,  the  personification  of 
wealth. 

divido,  ere,  visi,  visus,  to  divide,  sepa- 
rate. 

divinitus  [divinus],  adv.,  by  divine 
agency,  by  inspiration ;  providentially. 

divino,  are,  Svi,  atus,  to  prophesy. 

divinus  [divus],  adj.,  divine,  sacred. 

divisor,  oris  [divido],  m.,  one  who  dis- 
tributes,  an  ex'^cutor. 

divitiae,  arum  [dives],  f.,  wealth, riches. 

divus,  adj.,  divine ;  as  noun,  a  god.  An 
epithet  given  to  the  Roman  emperors 
after  death. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  to  give,  put, place ; 
fwndsh,  yield;  dare  negotium,  to 
commission,  direct;  dare  in  fugam, 
to  put  to  flight ;  dare  manus,  to  yi-ld ; 
dare  operam,  to  attend  to ;  dare  poe- 
nas,  to  pay  the  penalty ;  dare  verba, 
to  deceive. 

ab  —  abdo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  put 
away,  hide. 

ab  +  con  —  abscondo,  dere,  di,  di- 
tus, to  hide. 

ad  —  addo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  add, 
join  to. 

circum  —  circumdo,  dare,  dedi, 
datus,  to  place  around,  surround. 

con  — condo,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  to  put 
together,  compose,  build,  found;  con- 
ceal. 

de  —  dedo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  give 
up,  surrender ;  devote, 

ex  —  edo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  put 
forth,  shoio,  elevate ;  bear,  produce, 

in  — indo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to  put 
into,  confer,  apply. 

per  — perdo,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  to  lose, 
destroy,  ruin,  waste. 


236 


VOCABULARY. 


pro  — prodo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to 

give  or  put  fort'i,  make  known;  hand 
down;  betray^  surrender. 

re  — reddo,  dere,  didi,  ditus,  to 
give  back,  return ;  render. 

re  4-  con  —  recondo,  dere,  didi, 
ditus,  to  lay  up,  hide. 

trans  — trado,  ere,  didi,  ditus,  to 
give  over,  give  up,  deliver,  surrender ; 
intrust;  transmit;  trSditur,  it  is 
said. 

doceo,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  teach,  point  out. 

docilitas,  atis  [docilis,  teachable],  i., 
docility,  teachableness. 

doctrina,  ae  [doceoj,  f.,  teaching ;  knowl- 
edg3 ;  principle. 

dodrans,  antis  [de  +  quadrans] ,  m., 
a  quarter  off;  three-fourths;  heres  ex 
dodrante,  heir  to  three-fourths. 

dolor,  oris  [doleo,  feel  pain],  m.,pain, 
sorrow,  distress,  vexation. 

dolus,  i,  m..,  fraud,  guile,  stratagem. 

domesticus  [domus],  adj.,  private,  do- 
mestic; domesticum  bellum,  civil  war. 

domiciiium,  i  [domus],  n.,  a  dwelling, 
abod3. 

dominS,tio,  onis  [dominor,  to  rule],  i., 
ru'e,  control. 

dominus,  i  [domo],  m.,  a  master,  lord. 

Domitius,  i,  m.,  Cn.,  consul  B.C.  32. 

domo,  are,  ui,  itus,  to  tame,  conquer. 
per  — perdomo,   are,   ui,   itus,    to 
subdue,  vanquish. 

domus,  us,  f.,  a  house,  home;  house- 
hold. 

donicum,  conj.,  until  (archaic  and  rare). 

dono,  are,  avi,  atus  [doniim],  to  give, 
present,  covfer. 

donum,  i  [do],  n.,  a  gift. 

dos,  dotis  [do],  f.,  dowry. 

Dr aides,  um,  ra.,  the  Druids,  priests  of 
the  Gauls  and  Britons. 

dubietas,  atis  [dubius],  f.,  doubt,  hesi- 
tation (late). 

dubitatio,  onis  [dubito],  f.,  doubt,  hesi- 
tation. 


dub  its,  are,  avi,  atus  [dubius],  to  he 

uncertain,  doubt,  hesitate. 
dubius  [for  du  hibius,  duo-habeo],  adj., 

doubtful,  uncertain. 
ducenti,  ae,  a  [duo  +  centum],  adj.,  two 

hundred. 
duco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to  lead ;  think, 
consider;  protract,  put  off\  uxorem 
ducere,  to  marry;  vitam  ducere,  to 
live. 

ab  — abdiico,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
lead  away,  withdraw. 

ad  — adduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
lead  to,  bring;  induce,  influence. 

de  — deduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
lead,  withdraw ;  induce ;  launch ; 
uxorem  deducere,  to  bring  home  as 
a  bnde. 

dis  —  diduco,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
draw  apart,  separate,  relax. 

ex  —  educo,  ere,  diixi,  ductus,  to 
lead  out. 

in  — induce,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
lead  in,  introduce ;  induce ;  cover,  put 
on. 

ob  — obduco,  ere,  diixi,  ductus,  to 
lead  towards  or  against ;  pa  s,  spend. 

per  —  perdiico,  ere,  diixi,  ductus, 
to  lead  through,  conduct;  persuade; 
construct ;  protract. 

pro  —  prodiico,  ere,  diixi,  ductus, 
to  lead  forward  or  out ;  extend,  pro- 
long. 

re  — rediico,  ere,  duxi,  ductus,  to 
lead  back;  draw  back;  remove. 

sub  — subduco,  ere,  diixi,  ductus, 
to  draw  away ;  draw  up  on  shore. 
ductus,  lis  [diico],  m.,  leadership. 
dum,  conj.,  while,  until. 
duo,  ae,  o,  num.  adj.,  two  (II.). 
duodecim    [duo  +  decem],   num.    adj., 

tioelve  (XII.). 
duodecimus      [duo  +  decimus],     adj., 

twefth. 
duodeni,  ae,  a  [duo  +  deni],  adj.,  twelve 
at  a  time,  by  twelves. 


VOCABULARY. 


237 


duodeviginti,  ae,  a  [duo  +  de+  viginti] , 
num.  adj.,  eighteen  (XVIII.)  • 

duplex,  icis  [duo  +  plico,  fold],  adj., 
tio  )fold,  double. 

duplies,  fire,  avi,  atus  [duo  +  plico, 
fold],  to  dovhle. 

duritia,  ae  [durus],  f.,  hardness,  hardi- 
ness. 

duro,  are,  Svi,  atus  [durus],  to  harden, 
make  hardy. 

diirus,  adj.,  hard,  harsh,  difficult. 

Durus,  i,  m.,  Q.  LaberiuSf  a  tribune  in 
Caesar's  army. 

dux,  ducis  [duco],  m.,  a  leader ,  guide, 
commander. 

£. 

§,  ex,  prep.,  with  abl.,  out  of,  from,  in 
accordance  loith,  instead  of,  in  conse- 
quence of,  on;  ex  equo  or  equis,  on 
horseback ;  ex  usu,  of  advantage,  ad- 
vantageously. 

eS.  [abl.  of  is,  sc.  parte],  adv.,  there,  on 
that  side. 

ecquid  [ecquis],  inter,  adv.,  whether. 

ecqui,  quae(a),  quod,  inter,  adj.  pro., 
is  there  any  ?  any  ? 

Sdico,  see  dico. 

edictum,  i  [edico],  n.,  an  edict,  procla- 
mation. 

edisco,  see  disco. 

edo,  ere  (esse),  edi,  esus,  to  eat. 

edo,  see  do. 

1.  educo,  are,  avi,  Stus  [2.  educo],  to 
educate. 

2.  educo,  see  duco. 
effascino,  fire,  — ,  — ,  to  bewitch. 
effemino,  fire,  fivi,  fitus  [ex  +  femina], 

to    make    feminine ;     to    enervate, 
weaken. 

1.  effero,  fire,  fivi,  fitus  [ex  +  ferus],  to 
make  wild. 

2.  effero,  see  fero. 
efficio,  see  facio. 
effugio,  see  fugio. 
effundo,  see  fundo. 


effusus  [effundo],  adj.,  extended,  broad, 

profuse. 
egeo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  be  poor  or  in  need. 
in  —  indigeo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  have  need 

of,  want. 
Egeria,  ae,  f.,  the  nymph  from  whom 

king  Numa  received  revelations, 
egestas,  fitis  [egeo],  t., poverty,  need. 
ego,  mei,  pers.  pron.,  /. 
egomet,  pi.  nosmet  [ego  +  met,  inten- 
sive suffix],  emphatic  form  of  ego. 
egredior,  see  gradior. 
egregie  [egregius],  adv.,  unusually  well, 

excellently. 
egregius  [e  +  grex,  herd] ,  adj.,  eminent, 

distinguished. 
egressus,  see  egredior. 
egressus,  us  [egredior],  m.,  a  going  out, 

departure,  landing. 
eicio,  see  iacio. 
eiusmodi    [is  +  modus],   adv.,    of  this 

kind,  such. 
elegfins,  antis  [elego,  fire  for  eligo], 

adj.,  select,  elegant,  polite. 
elegantia,  ae  [elegfins],  f.,  taste,  refine- 
ment, elegance. 
elephantus,  i,  m.,  the  elephant. 
eligo.  see  lego. 

eloquentia,  ae  [eloquor],  f.,  eloquence. 
eludo,  see  ludo. 

emax.  ficis  [emo],  B.d].,fond  of  buying. 
emendo   fire,  fivi,  fitus  [ex  +  mendum, 

fault],  to  amend,  correct. 
emineo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  be  conspicuous. 
emitto,  see  mitto. 
emo,  ere,  emi,  emptus,  to  buy, purchase ; 

gain,  take. 
ad  — adimo,  ere,  em!,  emptus,  to 

take  away,  destroy,  deprive  of. 
de  — demo,  ere,  dempsi,  demptus, 

to  take  away,  remove. 
inter  —  interimo,  ere,  emi,  emptus, 

to  take  from  the  midst  of,  kill. 
re  — redimo,  ere,  emi,  emptus,  to 

buy  back,  redeem,  ransom. 
Snfiscor,  see  nfiscor. 


238 


VOCABULARY. 


enim  [nam],  conj.,  for,  in  fact;    fre- 
quently in  the  phrase  sed  enim. 
Ennius,  i,  m.,   Q.,  one  of  the  earliest 

Roman  poets,  B.C.  239-169. 
enumero  [numerus],  are,  Svi,  atus,  to 

reckon  up,  recount,  enumerate. 
enuntio,  see  nuntio. 
eo,  ire,  ivi  (u),  itum,  to  go,  march. 

ab  —  abeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  iturus,  to  go 
away,  depart. 

ad  — adeo,  ire,  ivi  (u),  itus,  to  go 
to,  approach;  reach,  visit;  attack, 
encounter ;  undertake. 

circum  —  circumeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii) ,  itus, 
to  go  around;  surround. 

con  —  coeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to  come 
together,  assemble,  combine. 

de  +  per  —  depereo,  ire,  ii,  iturus, 
to  perish,  be  lost. 

ex  —  exeo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  to  go  forth, 
leave. 

in  —  ineo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to  enter, 
begin;  inire  numerum,  to  estimate 
the  number. 

inter  —  inter  eo,  ire  (ii),  iturus,  to 
go  to  waste;  die. 

intro  —  introeo,  ire,  ivi,  to  enter. 

ob  —  obeo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  to  attend  to, 
perform;  die,  perish. 

per  —  pereo,  ire,  ivi  (ii) ,  iturus,  to 
perish,  be  lost,  die. 

praeter  —  praetereo,  ire,  ivi  (ii), 
itus,  to  pass  over,  pass,  omit. 

pro  — prodeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to 
go  forward,  advance,  come  out. 

re- redeo,  ire,  ii,  itus,  to  go  back, 
return. 

sub  — subeo,  Ire,  ii,  itus,  to  come 
up,  draw  near ;  undergo,  suffer. 

trans  —  transeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus, 
to  go  across,  cross;  pass  through  or 
bij ;  desert. 
eo  [is],  adv.,  thither,  there;  to  such  an 

eictent;  before  comp.,  so  much  the  — . 
eodem  [idem],  adv.,  to  the  same  place 
or  purpose. 


ephemeris,  idis  [Greek],  f.,  a  day-book, 
diary. 

Ephesus,  i,  f.,  a  Greek  city  near  the 
coast  of  Asia  Minor. 

Epidaurus,  i,  f.,  a  city  in  Greece  on  the 
Saronic  Gulf,  famous  for  its  temple  of 
Aesculapius. 

ephippiatus  [epbippium],  adj.,  using 
saddles. 

ephippium,  i  [Greek],  n.,  a  saddle. 

ephorus,  i  [Greek] ,  m.,  a  Spartan  magis- 
trate. 

Epirus,  i,  f.,  a  country  on  the  Ionian 
Sea,  northwest  of  Greece  proper. 

Epiroticus,  adj.,  of  Epirus, 

epistula,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  letter. 

epulae,  arum,  f.,  a  banquet,  feast. 

eques,  itis  [equus],  m.,  a  horseman; 
knight;  pi.,  cavalry;  magister  equi- 
tuo,  commander  of  the  cavalry,  ap- 
pointed by  a  dictator. 

equester,  tris,  tre  [equus],  adj.,  of  a 
knight,  knightly ;  of  cavalry,  cavalry, 

equitatus,  us  [equito],  m.,  cavalry. 

equito,  Sre,  avi,  atus  [equus],  to  ride, 
per  —  per  equito,  Sre,  avi,  — ,  to  ride 
through. 

equus,  i,  m.,  a  horse. 

Eratosthenes,  is,  m.,  a  Cyrenian  Greek, 
famous  as  a  mathematician  and  geog- 
rapher; B.C.  276-192. 

Eretria,  ae,  f.,  a  town  on  the  western 
shore  of  the  island  Euboea. 

erga,  prep,  with  ace,  towards. 

ergo,  noun  and  adv.  As  abl.  following 
a  gen.,  because  of,  for  the  sake  of;  as 
adv.,  therefore,  then. 

erigo,  see  rego. 

eripio,  see  rapio. 

error,  oris  [erro,  7Joander\,  ra.,  loander- 
ing ;  error,  fauH. 

erudio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [rudis,  rough],  to 
polish,  educate. 

eruditus  [erudio],  adj.,  learned,  skilled. 

eruptio,  onis  [erumpo],  f.,  an  outbreak, 
a  sally. 


VOCABULARY. 


239 


Eryx,  cis,  m.,  an  ancient  town  on  the 

western  coast  of  Sicily, 
escendo,  see  scando. 
Esquilinus,  i,  m.  (sc.  coUis),  the  largest 

of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome;  now  the 

heights    of    Santa    Maria    Maggiore. 

See  plan,  p.  12. 
essedarius,  i  [essedum],  m.,  a  charioteer, 

one  who  ^fights  from  a  chaHot. 
essedum,  i  [Celtic],  n.,  a  war-chariot. 
et,  conj.,  andy  also,  even;   et  .  .  .  et, 

both  .  .  .  and. 
etiam  [et  +  iam],  conj.,  also,  even. 
etiamsi,  conj.,  even  if,  although. 
etiamtum,  adv.,  even  then,  still. 
Etruria,  ae,  f.,  the  country  of  the  Etrus- 
cans, northwest  of  Latium,  and  sepa- 
rated from  it  by  the  Tiber. 
Etruscus,  adj.,  Etruscan;  pertaining  to 

Etruria. 
etsi  [et  +  si],  conj.,  although,  even  if. 
Euander,  dri  [Greek,  'Goodman'],  m., 

a  mythical  Acadian  who  settled  near 

the   Palatine   hill   before   Rome  was 

founded. 
Euboea,  ae,  f.,  a  large  island  off  the 

eastern    coast    of    Greece ;    modern 

N''(ropo)it. 
Eumenes,  is,  m.,  a  king  of  Pergamum 

in  Asia  Minor,  B.C.  198-158. 
Europa,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  the  continent  of 

Europe,  Europe. 
Eurybiades,  is,  m.,  a  Spartan  admiral 

who  commanded  the  Greek  fleet  at 

the  battle  of  Salamis. 
evado,  see  vado. 
eveho,  see  veho. 
evenio,  see  venio. 
eventus,  us  [evenio],  m.,  outcome,  fate, 

event. 
everbero,  see  verbero. 
evoco,  see  voco. 
ex,  see  e. 
ex-ad versum,  prep.,  over  against,  op- 

Zjosite, 
exagito,  see  agito. 

A.  &  W.   LAT.  R.  — 16 


ex£mino,  Bxe,  5,vl,  atus  [ex&men, 
means  of  weighing],  to  weigh,  con- 
sider, examine. 

exanimatus  [exanimo],  adj.,  breathless. 

exanimo,  are,  avi,  atus  [ex  +  animo 
from  anima],  to  vjeaken,  exhaust ;  kill. 

exardesco,  see  ardesco. 

exaudio,  see  audio. 

excedo,  see  cedo. 

excellenter  [excellens  from  excello]. 
adv.,  excellently. 

excello,  ere,  — ,  celsus,  to  be  eminent, 
excel. 

excelsus  [excello],  adj.,  high,  lofty. 

excidium,  i,  n.,  ruin,  destruction. 

excieo,  see  cieo. 

excipio,  see  capio. 

excito,  see  cito. 

exclamo,  are,  avI,  atus  [es  +  ciam5], 
to  cry  out. 

excludo,  see  claudo. 

excogito,  see  agito. 

excors,  cordis  [ex  +  cor],  adj.,  stupid, 

excrucio,  see  crucio. 

excursio,  onis  [ex  +  curro],  f.,  a  run" 
ning  out,  sally  ;  irivasion. 

excuso,  are,  avi,  atus  [ex  +  causa],  to 
excuse,  defertd. 

exemplum,  i,  n.,  a  specimen,  example. 

exeo,  see  eo. 

exerceo,  see  arceo. 

exercitatio,  onis  [exercito,  freq.  of  ex- 
erceo], f.,  practice,  training. 

exercitus,  us  [exerceo],  m.,  an  army. 

exhaurio,  see  haurio. 

exheredo,  axe,  avi,  atus  [ex  +  heres], 
to  disinherit. 

exhibeo,  see  habeo. 

exigo,  see  ago. 

exiguitas,  atis  [exiguus],  i.,  smallness, 
shortness,  fewness. 

exiguus  [exigo],  adj.,  small,  scanty, 

eximius  [eximo,  take  out],  adj.,  choice, 
uncommon. 

e^stimatio,  onis  [existimo],  f.,  opinion, 
judgment ;  character,  reputation. 


240 


VOCABULARY. 


existimo,  see  aestimo. 

exitialis,  e  [exitium],  adj.,  fatal,  de- 
structive. 

exitus,  us  [exeo],  m.,  a  going  out,  way 
of  egress;  result. 

exitium,  i  [exeo],  n.,  destruction,  ruin. 

exordium,  i  [ex  +  ordo],  n.,  a  begin- 
ning. 

exosculor,  see  osculor. 

expavesco,  see  pavesco. 

expedio.  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus  [ex  +  pes],  to 
S3tf7^ee ;  prepare,  procure. 

expeditio,  onis  [expedio],  f.,  an  expedi- 
tion, campaign. 

expeditus  ^^expedio] ,  adj.,  ready,  unin- 
cumbered; raoid. 

expello,  see  pello. 

expilo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  pillage,  plun- 
der. 

expensum,  i,  n.,  [ex  +  pendo,  weigh], 
what  is  paid  out,  expense ;  ferre  ex- 
pensum, to  enter  as  paid. 

experior,  iri,  pertus  sum,  to  test,  try; 
await,  undergo ;  find,  learn,  know. 

expleo,  see  pleo. 

explico,  see  plico. 

explorator,  oris  [exploro],  m.,  a  spy, 
scout. 

exploro,  are,  fivi,  atus,  to  search  out, 
examine,  choose  out. 

expono,  see  pono. 

exposco,  see  posco. 

expugno,  see  pugno. 

exsanguis,  e  [ex  +  sanguis],  adj., 
bloodless,  pale. 

exsecro,  see  sacro. 

exsilium,  i  [exsul],  n.,  exile,  banishment. 

exsisto,  see  sisto. 

ex-splendesco,  ere,  dui  — ,  [ex  +  splen- 
deo,  shine],  to  shine  forth,  be  distin- 
guished. 

exspecto,  see  specto. 

exspiro,  see  spiro. 

exstinguo,  see  stinguo. 

exsto,  see  sto. 

exstruo,  see  struo. 


exsul,  ulis,  m.,  a  person  banished,  exile. 

exsulo,  are,  fivi,  atus  [exsul],  to  be  in 
exile. 

exsuperantia,  ae  [ex  +  supero] ,  f .,  pre- 
eminence, superiority  (rare). 

exsurgo,  see  surgo. 

extabesco,  see  tabesco. 

extemplo  [ex  +  dim.  of  tempus],  adv., 
suddenly,  immediately,  forthwith. 

exter  or  exterus,  adj.,  outward,  outer, 
foreign. 

exterebro,  see  terebro. 

externus  [exter],  adj.,  external, foreign, 
."itrange. 

extimesco,  ere,  timui  [ex  +  *timesco], 
to  dread,  fear  greatly. 

extispex,  icis,  m.,  a  diviner,  by  means 
of  the  entrails  of  animals. 

extorqueo,  see  torqueo. 

extra  [exter] ,  prep,  with  ace,  outside  of, 
beyond,  besides ;  except. 

extraho,  see  traho. 

extremo  [extremus],  adv.,  at  last, 
finally. 

extremum,  i  [extremus],  n.,  the  end, 
termination. 

extremus  [exter],  adj.,  outermost,  last, 
exti^eme ;  at  the  end  of. 

extrinsecus,  adv.,  without,  on  the  out- 
side. 

extrudo,  see  trudo. 

exiiro,  see  uro. 


faber,  fabri,  m.,  an  artisan,  workman, 
smith. 

Fabius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.  See  Licinus,  Maximus,  Vibula- 
nus. 

Fabricius,  i,  m.,  C.  Fahricius  Luscinus, 
a  Roman  statesman  and  general,  prom- 
inent in  the  war  with  Pyrrhus,  and 
famous  for  his  stern  morality  and  sim- 
plicity of  life.  He  was  consul  B.C. 
282,  278. 

fabula,  ae  [for,  speak],  f.,  storyf  tale. 


VOCABULARr. 


241 


facets    [facetus,   humorous],  adv.,  hu- 
morously, wittily, 
facies,  ei,  f.,  a  form,  appearance;  coun- 
tenance. 
facile  [facilis],  adv.,  easily,  readily. 
facilis,  e  [facio],  adj.,  easy,  convenient; 

comp.  facilior,  sup.  facillimus. 
facilitas,  atis  [facilis],  f.,  ease,  kindli- 
ness, kindness,  courtesy. 
facinus,  oris  [facio] ,  n.,  a  deed,  action, 
crime ;  facinus  (in  se)  admittere,  to 
commit  a  crime. 
facio,  ere,  feci,  factus,  to  do,  make,  act, 
form ;  pass,  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum;  see 
Gram.  297,  III.,  2:   142,  a,  6,  c:  173, 
R.  2 ;  certiorem  facere,  to  inform. 

ad  — adficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to  do 
something  to,  influence;  treat,  visit 
with. 

con  — conficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to 
do  thoroughly,  complete;  wear  out, 
exhaust ;  prepare,  collect,  furnish. 

de  —  deficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to  fall, 
desert;  he  wanting;  revolt;  pass. 
defio  (always  of  things),  same  as  ac- 
tive. 

ex— officio,    ere,   feci,   fectus,   to 

form,    effect;     accomplish;     render; 

build;  produce-. 

in  —  inficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to  stain. 

inter  —  interficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus, 

to  slay,  kill. 

per  — perficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to 
accomplish,  perfect. 

prae  —  praeficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus, 
to  place  in  command  of,  appoint. 

re  — reficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to  re- 
make, repair,  refit ;  restore ;  recruit. 

sub  — sufficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus,  to 

suffice,  appoint  as  successor,  substitute. 

f actio,  onis  [facio],  f.,  a  party,  political 

party,  faction. 
factum,  i  [facio],  n.,  a  deed,  act. 
facultas,  atis  [facilis],  f .,  ability,  power ; 
opportunity,  means,  supply;   pi.,  re- 
sources, stock. 


fagus,  I,  f.,  a  beech  tree. 

Falernus,  i,  adj.,  Falernus  ager,  a  dis- 
trict in  the  north  of  Campania. 

Falisci,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Falerium,  a  town  in  Etruria  near 
Mount  Soracte. 

fallo,  ere,  fefelli,  falsus,  to  deceive,  dis- 
appoint. 

falsus  [fallo],  Sid].,  false,  ungrounded. 

falx,  falcis,  f.,  a  sickle,  scythe,  wall 
hook. 

fama,  ae  [for],  f.,  report,  rumor;  re- 
nown, honor. 

Famea,  ae  [Fhameas],  m.,  the  surname 
of  Himilco,  commander  of  the  Car- 
thaginian cavalry  in  the  third  Punic 
war.  He  was  induced  by  Scipio  to 
desert  to  the  Romans  B.C.  148. 

fames,  is,  f.,  hunger,  starvation. 

familia,  ae  [famulus,  servant],  f.,  a 
household,  family;  race,  estate,  re- 
tinue; mater  familias  (old  genitive), 
mistress,  matron. 

familiaris,  e  [familia],  adj.,  belonging  to 
a  family,  private,  intimate,  friendly ; 
as  noun,  an  intimate  friend;  res 
familiares,  property. 

familiaritas,  atis  [f amiHaris] ,  f.,  inti- 
macy, friendship. 

familiariter  [familiaris],  adv.,  inti- 
mately, on  friendly  terms. 

fanum,  i,  n.,  a  shrine,  temple, 

far,  f arris,  n.,  coarse  meal,  grits, 

fas  [for],  indecl.  n.,  right  (according  to 
divine  law),  law,  justice. 

fascinatio,  onis  [fascino,  enchant],  f., 
a  bewitching,  enchantment, 

fastigium,  i,  n.,  top,  height;  slope, 
descent. 

fastus  [fas],  adj.,  legal,  not  forbidden. 

fataliter  [fataiis,  fatal],  adv.,  fatally, 
according  to  fate. 

fateor,  eri,  fassus  [for],  to  confess. 
pro  —  profiteer,  eri,  fessus  sum,  to 
confess,  profess ;  avow,  promise. 

fatigo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  tire,  vex,  test. 


242 


yOCABULARY. 


de  — defatigo,  Sre,  S,vi,  S,tus,  to  tire 
out,  ex'iauit,  fatigue. 

Faunus,  i,  a  Latin  god  of  agriculture; 
pi.  rustic  deities. 

Faustulus,  i,  m.,  the  shepherd  who 
found  and  brought  up  Romulus  and 
Remus. 

Faustus,  i,  m.,  L.  Cornelius,  son  of  the 
dictator  Sulla,  who  sided  with  Pompey 
and  was  killed  by  Caesar  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Thapsus,  B.C.  46. 

faveo,  ere,  favi,  fauturus,  to  be  favor- 
able, favor,  support,  chensh. 

favor,  oris  [faveoj,  m.,  favor,  goodwilly 
praise. 

Favorinus,  i,  m.,  a  Latin  author  of  the 
time  of  the  Emperor  Hadrian,  a.d.  117- 
138.    None  of  his  works  are  extant. 

febris.  is  [ferveo,  (:ilow'],  t.,  fever, 

felicitas,  atis  [felixj,  f.,  good  fortune, 
success. 

feliciter  [felix],  adv.,  luckily,  happily. 

felix,  icis,  adj.,  happy,  successful,  for  tu- 
na ie. 

femina,  ae,  f.,  a  woman,  female* 

fera,  ae  [ferus] ,  f.,  a  ivild  beast. 

ferax,  acis  [feroj,  Sid].,  fertile. 

lere,  adv.,  almost,  nearly,  for  the  most 
part,  usually;  about;  with  neg., 
hardly,  scarcely. 

ferme  [for  ferime,  superl.  of  fere], 
adv.,  stronger  form  of  fere. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  to  bear,  lift; 
endure;  bring,  receive,  report,  drive, 
blow  (of  the  wind);  pass.,  to  rush; 
to  enter,  set  down  {in  book-keeping) . 
signa  ferre,  to  advance;  fertur,  is 
said;  ferre  sententiam,  to  judge. 

ad  — adfero,  ferre,  attuli,  adiatus, 
to  bring,  present,  produce,  affirm; 
carry  word. 

ante  —  antefero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus, 
to  bear  in  front,  prefer ;  pass.,  become 
first,  surpass. 

circum  —  circnmfero,  ferre,  tuli, 
latus,  to  cast  around. 


con  — confero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  to 

bring  togetiier,  collect;  convey;  im- 
pute; compare;  postpone;  se  con- 
ferre,  betake  one's  self. 

de  — defero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  to 
bring  down,  bring;  report,  inform; 
assign,  confer  upon;  offer;  accuse; 
register. 

dis— differo,  ferre,  distuli,  dila- 
tus,  to  carry  asunder,  scatter;  post- 
pone ;  delay ;  differ. 

ex  — effero,  ferre,  extuli,  eiatus, 
to  carry  out  or  away ;  spread  abroad; 
raise,  elate;  bury. 

in  — infero,  ferre,  intuli,  iniatus, 
to  introduce,  throio ;  inflict;  make, 
produce;  inspire;  signa  inferre,  to 
attack. 

ob— offero,  ferre,  obtuli,  obiatus, 
to  bring  before,  offer;  promise;  ex- 
pose. 

per  — perfero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus, 
to  carry  through;  convey, report,  en- 
dure. 

prae  —  praefero,  ferre,  tuli.  latus, 
to  carry  before,  put  before,  prefer. 

pro— prof ero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus, 
to  bring  forth ;  extend;  put  off,  make 
known. 

re- refero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus.  to 
bring  back;  report,  r^lute;  pedem 
referre,  retreat;  gratiam  referre, 
make  return,  requite. 

trans  —transfers,  ferre,  tuli,  latus, 
to  bear  or  take  over  or  across ;  trans- 
port, transfer. 
ferocia,  ae  [ferox],  f.,  fierceness,  cour- 
age, cruelty. 
ferox,  ocis,  adj.,  fierce,  bold,  warlike, 

cruel. 
ferreus  [ferrum],  adj.,  iron,  of  iron. 
ferrum,  i,  n.,  iron ;  sword,  spear. 
fertilis,  e  [fero],  ad].,  fertile,  fruitful, 

prolific. 
ferus,  adj.,  wild,  barbarous,  cruel. 
fessus,  adj.,  tired. 


VOCABULARY. 


248 


festlxi9.ti5,    5iiis    [festinS,   hasten],   f., 

husle,  hurry. 
festivus  [iestvis,  festive] f  ad].,  pleasant, 

l^retty,  witty. 
fictilis,  e  [fingo],  adj.,  made  of  clay, 

earthen. 
fictus  [fingo] ,  ad j . ,  false ,  fictitious, 
ficus,  i,  f.,  a  fig  tree. 
fidelis,  e   [fidSs],  adj.,  faithful,  trust- 

ivorthy,  loyal. 
Fidenae,  Sxnm,  f.,  an  ancient  town  in 

the  country  of  the  Sabines,  five  miles 

north  of  Rome. 
Fidenates,  urn,  ra.,  the  people  of  Fidenae. 
fidens,  entis  [fidoj,  adj.,  trustlngy  hold, 

confident. 
fides,  ei,  f.,  good  faith,  loyalty ;  promise ; 

alliance;  timst. 
fido,  fidere,  fisus  sum,  to  trust. 

con  —  confido,  ere,  fisus  sum,  trust, 

bslieve,  rely. 

dis  —  diffido,  ere,  fisus  sum,  to  dis- 
trust, doubt. 
fiducia,  ae  [fides],  f.,  trust,  assurance, 

courage. 
fidus,  adj.,  trusty,  faithful. 
figo,  ere,  fixi  fixus,  to  fix,  fasten. 

ad  — adfigo,  ere,  fixi,  fixus,  to  fix 

on,  attach  to,  fasten  upon. 
con  — configo,  ere,  fixi,  fixus,    to 

fasten  tof/ethv^  unite. 

de  —  deHgo,    ere,    fixi,    fixus,    to 

drive  down,  faHen  into,  fdant. 
prae  —  praefigo,  ere,  fixi,  fixus,  to 

fix  in  front,  prefix. 

trans  —  transfigo,  ere,  fixi,  fixus, 

to  pierce  through,  transfix. 
figura,  ae  [fingo],  t.,form,  shape. 
filia,  ae,  f.,  daughter. 
filius,  i,  m.,  .<fon. 
fingo,  ere,  finxi,   fictus,   to  fabricate, 

invent;  pretend. 
finio,  ire,  ivi,  itus   [finis],  to   bound, 

limit;  end. finish. 
de  —  definio,  ire,  ivi,  itus,  to  finish, 

complete. 


finis,  is,  m.,  a  limit,  boundary ;   end, 

purpose  ;  pi.,  ten^itory,  country. 
finitimus  [finis],  adj.,  bordenng,  neigh- 
boring ;  as  plur.  noun,  finitimi,  orum, 

neighbors. 
Ho,  fieri,  factus  sum  [pass,  of  faci5],  to 

be   made;    become,    happen;    certior 

fieri,  to  be  informed. 
firmiter  [firmus,.A>m],  ^dw.,  firmly. 
firmitiido,  inis   [firmus],  f.,  fit^mness, 

strength. 
firmo,  fire,  fivi,  fitus,  [firmus],  to  wake 

firm,    strengthen,  fortify;     animate, 

encommge. 
ad  — adfirmo,    are,    Svi,   fitus,   to 

declare,  affirm. 
con  —  confirmo,  £re,  £vi,  fitus,  to 

confirm,  strengthen,  encourage,  affirm. 
fiscus,  I,  m.,  a  purse;  treasury. 
fistula,  ae,  f.,  an  ulcer. 
Flaccus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  several 

gentes  at  Rome. 

(1)  L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  the  patron 
of  the  elder  Cato,  consul  B.C.  11)5. 

(2)  Q.  (M.)  Fulvius  Flaccus,  consul 
B.C.  264,  when  the  first  Punic  war 
broke  out. 

flfigitium,  i  [fifigito],  n.,  a  crime,  shame- 
ful deed,  infamy. 

fifigito,  fire,  fivi,  fitus,  to  demand,  call 
for,  importune. 

fiagro,  fire,  fivi,  fitus  [same  root  as 
fiamraa],  to  burn,  be  inflamed  or  ex- 
cited. 

flfimen,  inis,  m.,  a  priest. 

flamma,  ae,  f.,  flame,  fire. 

Flfimininus,  i,  m.,  T.  Quintius,  a  distin- 
guished Roman  general,  consul  B.C.  198. 

Flfiminius,  i,  m.,  C.  Flaminius  Nepos, 
consul  B.C.  223,  217;  defeated  and 
killed  by  Hannibal  at  Lake  Trasume- 
nns. 

flecto,  ere  flexi,  flexus,  to  bend,  turn. 
in  — inflecto,   ere,  fiexi,  fiexus,  to 
bend. 

fleo,  fiere,  flevi,  fietus.  to  weep. 


244 


VOCABULARY. 


fletus,  Ss  [fleS],  m.,  weeping^   entrea- 

ti  '.s. 
*fligo,  ere,  to  strike  (ante-classical). 
ad  — adfligo,   ere,  flixi,  flictus,   to 
das'i  afjainst,  shatter,  ruin. 

con  — confllgo,    ere,    flixi,    flictus, 
to  sti'ik 3  tor/ether ;  contend,  Jig ht. 

pro  — profligo,    are,   fivi,   fitus,  to 
rout,  overthrow. 
floreo,  ere,ui,—  [flos],  to  hloom^ prosper ^ 

fimrlfih. 
flos,  floris,  m.,  a  flower,  blossom. 
fluctuo,  are,  avi,  atus  [fluctus],  to  un- 
dulate, be  restless. 
fluctus,  us   [fluo],  m.,  a  floods  wave; 

storm. 
fluito,  are,  avi,  —  [fluo],  to  float, 
flumen,  inis  [fluo],  n.,  a  stream^  river. 
fluo,  ere,  fluxi,  fluxus,  tofloio. 

con  — confluo,  ere,  fluxi,  — ,  to  run 
together,  crowd,  throng. 

pro  —  profluo,  ere,  fluxi,  —,  to  flow 
along. 
fluvius,  i  [fluo],  m.,  a  river. 
foculus,  i  [dim.  of  focus],  m.,  a  little 

h'^arth ;  fire-pan,  brazier. 
focus,  i,  a  hearth. 
fodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossus,  to  dig. 

con  — confodio,    ere,   fodi,  fossus, 
to  dig ;  stab. 

de  — defodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossus,  to 
bury. 

per  —  perfodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossus,  to 
dig  or  pierce  through. 
foederatus    [foedero  from  2.   foedus], 
adj.,  allied,  confederate. 

1.  foedus,  adj.,/ou?,  unseemly. 

2.  foedus,  eris,  n.,  a  treaty,  alliance, 
league. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  a  spring,  fountain. 
foras  [foris],  adv.,  out    of  doors,  out- 
ward. 
fore  =  futurutn  esse,  see  sum. 
forem  =  essem,  see  sum. 
foris.  is,  f.,  a  door;  usually  plur. 
foris  [foris],  adv.,  out  of  doors,  abroad. 


fSrma,  ae,  i.,  form,  figure,  beauty. 

formosus  [forma],  adj.,  shapely,  beauti- 
ful. 

fors,  fortis  [fero],  f.,  chance,  luck. 

forte  [fors],  adv.,  by  chance,  by  acci- 
dent. 

fortis,  e,  adj.,  strong,  brave. 

fortiter  [fortis],  adv.,  bravely. 

fortitude,  inis  [fortis],  f.,  courage, 
bravery. 

fortuito  [fortuitus],  adv.,  by  chance. 

fortuitus  [fors],  adj.,  casual,  accidental 
(rare). 

fortuna,  ae  [fors] ,  i.,  fate, fortune,  state, 
property. 

forum,  i,  n.,  a  public  place,  market-place, 
forum. 

fossa,  ae  [fodio],  f.,  a  ditch, pit,  moat. 

fovea,  ae,  f.,  a  pit. 

fragor,  oris  [frangS],  m.,  crashing, 
thunder-peal. 

frango,  ere,  fregi,  fractus,  to  break; 
wreck  ;  subdue,  tire  out. 

frater,  tris,  m.,  a  brother. 

fraudulentus  [fraus,  fraud],  adj.,  de- 
ceitful, fraudulent. 

fraudo,  are,  avi,  atus  [fraus,  deceit], 
to  rob,  cheat. 

Fregellae,  arum,  f.,  an  ancient  town  of 
the  Volsci  in  the  southern  part  of 
Latium. 

fremitus,  us  [fremo,  make  noise],  m^ 
uproar,  noise. 

frenum,  i,  n.,  a  bridle,  curb,  bit. 

frequentia,  ae  [frequens],  f.,  a  crowd, 
throng. 

fretus,  adj.,  relying  on  (with  abl.). 

frigidus  [frigeo,  be  cold],  adj.,  cold. 

friges,  frigoris,  n.,  cold. 

frons,  frondis,  f.,  a  bough,  foliage;  gar- 
land. 

frons,  frontis,  f.,  the  forehead,  front. 

fructus,  us,  m.,  fruit,  crop;  profit;  in- 
come ;  adijantag",  result,  ^ff^ct. 

frumentor,  ari,  atus  sum  [frumentum], 
to  get  supplies,  forage. 


VOCABULARY. 


245 


frumentum,  i  [fruor],  n.,  grain;  pi., 

crops. 
frustrSL,  adv.,  in  vain. 
frustror,  ari,  atus  sum   [frustra],   to 

deceive,  disappoint f  frustrate. 
(frux)  frugis,  f.,  fruity  crops. 
fuga,  ae,  f.,  flight. 

fugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee ;  avoid,  escape. 
con  —  confugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee, 
take  refuge. 

de— defugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee 
from,  shun,  avoid. 

dis  —  diffugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee 
apart,  scatter. 
ex  —  effugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  escape. 
pro  —  profugio,  ere,  fugi,  — ,  to  flee, 
escape. 

re  — refugio,  ere,  fugi,  —,  to  flee 
back,  escape. 
fugitivus  [fugio],  did]., fugitive. 
fugo,  are,  avi,  atus  [fugio] ,  to  put  to 
flight,  rout.  [illustrious. 

fulgens  [fulgeo],  adj.,  shining,  bright, 
fulgeo,  ere,  fulsi,  — ,  to  flash,  gleam. 
prae  —  praefulgeo,  ere,  — ,  —,  to 
gleam. 
fulgur,  uris  [fulgeo],  n.,  lightning ;  pi., 

fulgora. 
fulmen,   inis    [fulgeo],    n.,    lightning, 

thunderbolt. 
Fulvius,  i,  in.,  the  name  of  a  Rpman 

gens.    See  Flaccus,  Nobilior. 
funda,  ae,  f.,  a  s'ing. 
fundamentum,  i  [fundo,  to  found]  ^  n., 

ground,  foundation. 
Fundanius,    i,  m.,   C,   tribune  of   the 

people  B.C.  216. 
funditor,  oris  [funda],  m.,  a  slinger. 
fundo,  ere,  fudi,  fiisus,  to  pour,  shed; 
rout,  vanquish. 

con  —  confundo,  ere,  fudi,  fusus,  to 
pour  together,  mingle,  unitp,  confuse. 
dis  —  diffundo,    ere,    fudi,   fusus, 
to  spread  out,  extend,  stretch. 

ex  — effundo,  ere,   fudi,  fusus,  to 
pour  out,  waste. 


per  — perfundo,  ere,  fudi,  fusus, 
to  pour  over ;  inspire. 

fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  to  perform, 
discharge. 

de  — defungor,  fungi,  functus  sum, 
to  perform. 

per  —  perfungor,  fungi,  functus 
sum,  to  fulfil,  perform ;  be  delivered 
from. 

funis,  is,  m.,  a  rope,  cable. 

funus,  eris,  n.,  burial,  funeral  rites; 
corpse. 

Furius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 
See  Camillus,  Purpureo. 

furor,  oris  [furo,  rage],  m.,  rage,  mad- 
ness, fury. 

furtim  [furtum],  adv.,  stealthily,  se- 
cretly. 

fiirtum,  i  [fur,  thief '\,n.,  theft. 

futurus,  see  sum. 

Q. 

Gabinus,  Sid].,  pertaining  to  Gabii ;  pi., 

the  inhabitants  of  Gabii. 
Gabii,  orum,  m.,  an  ancient    town  in 

Latium,  east  of  Rome. 
Galatia,  ae,  f.,  a  province  of  Asia  Minor, 

settled  by  Gallic  tribes  in  the  third 

century  B.C. 
Galba,  ae,  m.,  a  family  name  in   the 

Sulpician  gens  at  Rome. 

(1)  P.  Sulpicius  Galba,  consul  B.C. 
211,  200. 

(2)  Ser.  Sulpicius f  consul  B.C.  144. 
During  his  praetorship  in  Spain  he 
ordered  the  massacre  of  a  band  of 
Lusitanians  who  had  surrendered  to 
him. 

galea,  ae,  f.,  a  leather  helmet. 

Gallia,  ae,  f .,  the  country  of  the  Gauls  j 
modern  France  and  the  territories  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Rhine.  The 
northern  part  of  Italy  was  settled  by 
Gauls  and  was  called  Gallia  Cisalplna; 
hence  the  plural  Galllae. 


246 


VOCABULARY. 


Gain,  5rum,  m.,  the  Oauls. 

Gallicua,   adj.,    Gallic;    pertaining   to 

Gaul. 
grallina,  ae  [gallus,  cock],  f.,  a  hen. 
Oallus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

(1)  Cn.  Cornelius  Gallus,  governor 
of  Egypt  under  Augustus. 

(2)  3/.    Trebius    Gallus,    military 
tribune  in  the  army  of  Caesar. 

geHdus  [gelu,/;'05«],  adj.,  cold,  cool. 
Gellius,  i,  m.,  L.  Gellius  Foplicola  was 

consul  B.C.  72,  censor  B.C.  70. 
Gel6{n),  onis,  m.,  tyrant  of  Syracuse, 
gained  a  victory  over  the  Carthagin- 
ians on  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Sala- 
mis,  B.C.  480. 
gemini.  orum,  m.,  twins. 
Geminus,  i,  m.,  Cn.  Servilius,  was  consul 
B.C.   217,   and   fell    in   the   battle   of 
Cannae, 
gemitus,  us  [gemo,  to  sigh] ,  m.,  groan- 
ing, lamentation. 
gener.  generi,  m.,  a  son-in-law. 
ganero,  are,  avi,  atus  [genus],  to  beget, 

crpate,  biiig  forth. 
generosus  [genusj ,  adj.,  toell-born,  noble. 
gens,   gentis,  f.,  a  nation,  race,  tribe, 

clan,  p-'ople. 
genus,  generis  [root  of  gig(e)no],  n., 
blrt.'i,    descent,  family,     race;    sort, 
class ;  nature,  style. 
Germani  orum,  m.,  the  Germans. 
Germania,  ae,  f.,  Germany. 
gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus,  to  bear,  carry ; 
perform,  do,  camj  out;  wags. 

con  — congero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus, 
to  briny  together,  collect. 
Geryon,  onis,  m.,  a  mythical  king  of 
Spain,  said  to  have  three  bodies,  whose 
cattle  were  carried  off  by  Hercules. 
gigno,  ere,  genui,  genitus,  to  beget,  pro- 
da  e,  bear. 
gladius.  X,  m.,  a  sword. 
globosus  [globus],  adj.,  globular. 
globus,  i,  m.,  a  ball;  band;  crowd. 
gloria,  ae,  f.,  glory,  honor,  fame. 


gloriabundus  [glorior,  to  glory],  adj., 
I      glorying,  exulting  (late  and  rare). 
j   Gortynii,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Gortyn(a),  a  town  in  Crete. 
Gracchus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the 
Sempronian  gens  at  Rome. 

(1)  Tl.  Sempronius  Gracchus,  con- 
sul B.C.  215,  213,  was  killed  by  Hanni- 
bal in  an  ambuscade  212. 

(2)  Ti.  Sempro7iius  Gracchus,  hus- 
band of  the  famous  Cornelia  and  father 
of  the  well-known  Gracchi,  was  tribune 
of  the  people  b.c.  187;  consul,  177,  1G3. 

(3)  C.  Gracchus,  his  son,  the  famous 
tribune,  was  killed  b.c.  121. 

gradior,  gradi,  gressus  sum,  to  step, 
walk. 

ad  —  aggredior,  gredi.  gressus  sum, 
to  approach,  attack,  undertake. 

con  —  congredior,  gredi,  gressus 
sum,  to  come  together,  unite  with, 
engage,  attack. 

de  —  degredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
to  7^ecede. 

dis  —  digredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
to  go  apart,  depart. 

e  — egredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
to  go  out,  leave,  disembark  ;  .mrpas^. 

in  —  ingredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
to  enter. 

pro  —  progredior,  gredi,  gressus 
sum,  to  advance,  proceed. 

re  —  regredior,  gredi,  gressus  sum, 
to  step  back,  withdraw,  return. 

trans  —  transgredior,   gredi,  gres- 
sus sum,  to  cross. 
gradus,  us  [gradior],  m.,a  step ;  degree ; 

position,  rank,  honor. 
Graecia,  ae,  f.,  Greece. 
Graecus,  adj.,  Grecian,  Greek. 
Grains,   adj.,  Grecian,    Greek   (archaic 

and  poetical). 
gramen.  inis,  n.,  gras^. 
gramineus    [gramen],    adj.,    of  grass, 

grassy. 
grandis.  e,  adj.,  large,  grand. 


VOCABULARY. 


gratia,  ae  [grfttUB],  f.,  favor,  regard; 
return,  acknowledgment;  friendship, 
love,  popularity,  influence;  pi.,  grft- 
tiae,  arum,  thanks;  gratia,  for  the 
sake  of. 

gratiosus  [gratia],  adj.,  in  favor; 
agreeable,  favorable. 

gratuiatio,  5ni8  [gratulor],  f.,  r Voic- 
ing y  congratulation. 

gratulor,  ari,  atus  sum  [gratus],  to 
congratulate. 

g^ratus,  adj.,  welcome,  pleasing,  grate- 
ful. 

gn^avis,  e,  adj.,  heavy,  hard,  severe; 
important,  grave ;  troublesome,  griev- 
ous. 

gravitas,  atis  [gravis],  f.,  weight,  dig- 
nity ;  power,  influence. 

gravo,  are,  avi,  atus  [gravis],  to  weigh 
down. 

grex,  gregia,  m.,  a  flock,  band. 

gubernator.  oris  [gubemS,  steer],  m., 
a  pilot. 

guia,  ae,  f.,  the  throat,  neck. 

gusto,  are,  avi,  atus  [gustus,  tasting], 
to  taste. 


habeS,  5re,  ul,  itus,  to  have,  hold,  possess 
keep ;  regard,  consider ;  habere  se, 
to  be ;  insuper  habere,  to  scorn  (late). 
ad  —  adhibeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  bring 
to,  admit,  invite,  summon,  make 
use  of. 

ex  — exhibeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  fur- 
nish, procure. 

prae  — praebeo,'  ere,   ui,   itus,  to 
hold  in  front,  of er,  furnish,  exhibit. 

pro  —  prohibeo,   ere,   ui,  itus,    to 
check,  k^^p  of;  cut  of;  hinder. 
habito,  are,  avi   atus  [freq.  of  habeoj, 

to  dwe  I.  inh'bl' ;  live. 
habitus,  us  [habeoj,  m.,  state,  condition ; 

habit,  manner ;  dress. 
Hadrumetum,  i,  a  city  on  the  African 
coast  southeast  of  Carthage. 


haereo,  Sre,  haesi,  haesTlraB,  to  stick. 
ad  — adhaereo,  ere,  haesI,  haesus, 
to  cling  to. 

con  —  cohaereo,  ere,  haesi,  haesus, 
to  stick  together. 

in  — inhaereo,  ere,  haesi,  haesus, 
to  adhere,  cling. 
Hamilcar,  aris,  m.,  a  Carthaginian  name. 

(1)  A  general  in  the  first  Punic  war, 
defeated  by  Regulus  b.c.  256. 

(2)  Surnamed  Barca,  the  father  of 
Hannibal;  died  b.c.  229. 

Hannibal,  alis,  m.,  a  Carthaginian  name. 

(1)  The  father  of  Hamilcar  Barca. 

(2)  The  son  of  Hamilcar  Barca,  was 
born  B.C.  247,  invaded  Italy  218.  In 
202  he  was  defeated  by  Scipio  at 
Zama:  he  fled  to  the  East,  and  died 
in  183. 

Hanno,  onis,  m.,  a  common  Carthaginian 
name. 

(1)  A  general  taken  captive  in  Sicily 
B.C.  210. 

(2)  A  commander  in  Africa  defeated 
by  Scipio  b.c.  203. 

harioiatio,   onis   [hariolor,  prophesy], 

i.,  a  S'jothsaying,  prophecy. 
Harpalus,  i,  m.,  a  famous  robber  of  the 

fourth  century  b.c. 
Hasdrubal,    alis,    m.,   a   Carthaginian 

name. 

(1)  Son-in-law  of  Hamilcar  Barca. 

(2)  Son  of  Hamilcar  Barca  and 
brother  of  Hannibal;  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  the  Metaurus,  B.C.  207. 

(3)  The  leader  of  the  Carthaginians 
in  the  third  Punic  war,  b.c.  149. 

hasta,  ae,  f.,  a  spear,  dart;  hasta pub- 

lica,  public  sale  or  auction^. 
haud  adv.,  not,  by  no  means. 
haurio,  ire  hausi  haustus,  to  driyik. 
ex  — exhaurio,  ire,  hausi,  haustus, 

to  tak3  out,  eniity  out,  exhaust. 
haustus,  us  [haurioj,  m.,  a  drawing  in, 

drink. 
hebes,  etis,  adj.,  blunt,  dull. 


248 


VOCABULARY. 


HellespontUB,  I,  m.,  the  straits  of  the 

Dardanelles,  leading  from  the  Propon- 

tis  (Sea  of  Marmora)  to  the  Aegean  Sea. 
Helvius,  i,  ra.,  C,  colleague  of  Cato  in 

the  aedileship  b.c.  199. 
Helvetii,  orum,  m.,  a  Celtic  tribe  living 

north  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva  in  modern 

Switzerland. 
hemerodromos,  i,  pi.  oe   [Greek],  m., 

a  courier. 
herba,  ae,  f.,  herhy  grass. 
herbidus  [herba],  adj.,  grassy. 
hercle   [contr.  for  hercule],  inter j.,  hy 

Hercules^  indeed. 
Hercules,  is  [Heracles],  m.,  the  famous 

hero  and  demi-god,  celebrated  for  his 

strength  and  marvelous  deeds. 
Hercynius,  adj.,  Hercynian  (of  a  forest 

in  Germany) . 
hereditas,  atis  [heres],  t..,  heirship ^  in- 

heHtance. 
heredium,  i  [heres],  n.,  an  hereditary 

estate. 
heres,  edis,  m.,  an  heir. 
Herminius,  i,  m.,   T.y  aided   Horatius 

Codes  at  the  Sublician  Bridge, 
hiberna,  orum  [hiems],  n.,  winter  quar- 
ters. 
Hibernia,  ae,  f.,  Ireland. 
hie,  haec,  hoc,  dem.  pron.,  this;  he^  she^ 

it;  as  follows;  the  latter. 
hie,  adv.,  here,  at  this  point. 
hiemo,    Sre,   S,vi,   aturus   [hiems],  to 

winter,  pass  the  winter. 
hiems,  hiemis,  f.,  winter;  storm. 
Hiero,  onis,  m.,  king  of  Syracuse  b.c. 

270-216. 
hilar atus  [hilarus,  gay],  Sidj.,  joyful. 
hinc  [loc.  liic],  adv.,  hence,  from  this 

place  or  time. 
hio,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  stand  open,  gape. 
Hippo,  onis,  m.,  a  city  in  Africa  west  of 

Carthage. 
hippocentaurus,  I  [Greek],  m.,  a  being 

half  horse,  half  man. 
HirtiuB,  i,  m.,  ^.,  a  personal  and  politi- 


cal friend  of  Caesar;  consul  with 
Pansa  B.C.  43 

hirtus,  adj.,  rough,  hairy,  shaggy. 

Hispania,  ae,  f.,  Spain  (including  Portu- 
gal). It  was  divided  into  two  prov- 
inces, H.  Citerior  and  Ulterior;  hence 
the  pi.  Hispaniae. 

Hispanus,  i,  m.,  a  Spaniard. 

historia,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  history,  account. 


Histri,  orum  [Istri],  m.,  the  people  of 
Istria  (Histria),  a  peninsula  at  the 
northern  end  of  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

hodie  [hoc  +  die],  adv.,  to-day. 

hodiernus  [hodie],  adj.,  of  this  day,  to- 
day's. 

homo,  hominis,  m.  and  f.,  a  human  be- 
ing; man,  mankind. 

honestas,  atis  [honestus],  f.,  honor, 
virtue. 

honestus  [honor,]  adj.,  honorable,  up- 
right, noble,  illustrious. 

honor,  oris  [honos],  m.,  honor,  dignity, 
public  office. 

honorificus  [honor  +  facio] ,  adj.,  con- 
ferHng  honor,  full  of  honor. 

hora,  ae,  f .,  an  hour,  the  twelfth  part  of 
the  day  (sunrise  to  sunset)  or  night. 

Horatius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Codes,  Pulvillus. 

horreo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  dread,  shudder  at. 
ab  —  ab-horreo,  ere,  ui,  to  dread; 
to  diferfrom,  be  averse. 

horridus  [horreo],  B.d].,  frightful,  wild. 

horror,  oris,  m.,  hoj^ror. 

hortatus,  us  [hortor],  m.,  encourage- 
ment, urging. 

Hortensius,  i,  m.,  Q.,  a  celebrated 
Roman  orator,  the  friend  and  rival  of 
Cicero;  lived  B.C.  114-50,  consul  69. 

hortor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  urge,  encour- 
age, incite. 

con » cohortor,    ari,    atus    sum, 
to  exhort,  animMe,  encourage. 

de  —  de-hortor,    ari,   atus  sum,  to 
dis  courage ,  diss  ua  de . 


VOCABULARY. 


249 


hortus,  I,  m.,  a  garden,  orchard,  park. 
hospes,  hospitis,  m.,  a  guest,  friend. 
hospitium,  i  [hospes],  n.,   hospitality, 

frif^ndship. 
hospitus,  adj.,  strange,  foreign  (poetic; 

only  f.  sing,  and  neut.  pi.  once). 
hostia,    ae,    f.,     a  sacrificial    animaly 

victim. 
hostllis,  e  [hostis],  adj.,  hostile. 
Hostilius,  i,  m.,  T alius,  the  third  king 

of  Rome;  reigned  B.C.  673-641. 
hostis,  is,  m.,  an  enemy,  foe. 
hue  [hie],  adv.,  hers,  to  this  place. 
huiuscemodi  [hie  +  modus],  adv.,  of  this 

kind. 
hum^nit^s,  &tis  [humanus],  f.,  human- 
ity ;  civilization,  cultivation. 
humanus  [homo],  adj.,/iMma/i;  refined, 

civiliz2d ;  humane. 
humerus,  i,  m.,  the  shoulder. 
humilis,  e  [humus],  adj.,  low;  lowly, 

poor,  mean. 
humilit&s,  fttis   [humilis],  f.,  lowneas, 

humbleness. 
humus,  i,  f.,  the  earthy  ground,  soil. 
Hyginus,  i,  m.,  C.  lulius,  a  freedman 

of  Augustus.    He  wrote  various  books, 

none  of  which  have  survived. 


iaceo,  Sre,  ui,  — ,  to  lie,  lie  dead ;  iacens, 

entis,  one  fallen. 
iacio,  ere,  led,  iactus,  to  throw,  cast, 
hurl;  throw  up,  construct. 

ab  — abicio,  icere,  iecl,  iectus,  to 
throw  away,  fling  down,  hurl. 

ad  —  adicio,  icere,  ieci,  iectus,  to 
throw  to,  fling ;  add. 

con  —  conicio,  icere,  conieci,  con- 
iectus,  to  throw  together,  conjecture ; 
cast. 

de— deicio,  icere,  ieci,  iectus,  to 
throio dovni, dislodge ;  kill;  disappoint. 

dis  — disicio,  icere.  ieci.  iectus,  to 
disperse,  scatter,  rout. 


ex  — eicio,  icere,  ieci.  iectus,  to 
throw  out;  expel;  se  eicere,  rush. 

in  — inicio,  icere,  ieci,  iectus,  to 
throw  in,  infuse ;  lay  on  ;  occasion. 

inter  — intericio,  icere,  ieci,  iectus, 
to  throw  or  place  between ;  elapse,  in- 
tervene (in  pass.) . 

oh  — obicio,  icere,  ieci,  iectus,  to 
place  in  front  of ;  expos?. 

pro  — proicio,  icere,  ieci,  iectus,  to 
throw,  cast  away  ;  reject. 

re- reicio,  icere,  ieci,  iectus,  to 
throw  back :  rppulse. 

sub  subicio,  icere,  ieci,  iectus,  to 
throw  up,  expos". ;  subdue. 

tr9.ns  —  tr&icio  or  tr&nsicio,  icere, 
ieci.  iectus,  to  throw  or  bring  across. 

iacto,  &re,  SLyi,  &tus  [freq.  of  iacio],  to 
toss  or  push  about ;  discuss,  give  out. 

iactiira,  ae  [iacio],  f.,  a  throwing  away, 
loss. 

iam,  adv.,  now,  already,  at  once. 

Iftniculum,  I,  n.,  a  hill  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Tiber. 

iftnua,  ae,  f.,  door,  entrance,  gate. 

ISnus,  i,  m.,  a  Latin  divinity  who  pre- 
sides over  all  beginnings  ;  commonly 
represented  with  two  faces. 

ibi,  adv.,  there ;  thereupon,  then. 

ibidem  [ibi],  adv.,  m  the  same  place,  just 
there. 

ico,  ere,  ici,  ictus,  to  strike,  to  smite 
(rare) . 

idcirco  [id  +  abl.  of  circus],  adv.,  on 
that  account,  therefore. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  dem.  pron.,  the 
same. 

identidem  [idem  et  idem],  adv.,  repeat- 
edly, again  and  again. 

ideo,  adv.,  on  that  account,  therefore. 

idoneus,  adj.,  suitable,  fit ;  capable. 

idus,  uum,  f.,  the  Ides;  either  the  thir- 
teenth or  fifteenth  day  of  the  month. 

igitur,  conj.,  then,  therefore,  accordingly. 

ignavia,  ae  [ignavus,  cowardly],  f., 
cowardice,  baseness. 


250 


VOCABULARY. 


igneus  [ignis] ,  ad  j . ,  fiery . 

ignis,  is,  m.,fire. 

ignoro,  fire,  avi,  atus  [ignSrus,  igno- 
rant]y  to  bs  ignorant,  not  to  know, 
overlook. 

ignosco,  see  nosco. 

ignotus  [ignosco],  adj.,  unknown,  un- 
familiar. 

ilex,  icis,  f.,  an  oak,  holm  oak. 

ilico  [for  in  loco],  adv.,  on  the  spot, 
there;  immediately. 

ilignus  [ilex],  adj.,  oaken. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  dem.  pron.,  that;  he, 
she,  it ;  the  former. 

illic  [ille],  adv.,  there,  in  that  place. 

illo  [ille],  adv.,  thither,  to  that  place  or 
end. 

illyricum,  i,  n.,  a  district  on  the  east 
coast  of  the  Adriatic,  north  of  Epirus. 

iUyrii,  orum,  m.,  the  Illyrians,  the  peo- 
ple of  Illyricum. 

imbellia,  ae  [imbellis,  unwarlike],  f., 
unfitness  for  war  (late). 

imberbis,  e  [in  +barba],  adj.,  beardless. 

imitor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  imitate. 

immanis.  e,  adj.,  huge,  immense. 

immanitas,  atis  [immanis],  f.,  immens- 
ity, siz-",. 

immatiirus  [in  +  matiirus] ,  adj .,  unripe, 
premature. 

immemor,  oris  [in  +  memor],  adj.,  urir 
rninJfuf,  careless. 

immensitas,  atis  [immensus],  f.,  im- 

IWHSttlJ. 

immensus  [in  neg. +metior],  adj.,  im- 

measurable,  vast,  immense. 
immerito      [immeritus,      undeserved], 

adv.,  unjuatly,  undeservedly. 
immitto,  see  mitto. 
immoderatus  [moderor],  adj.,   uncon- 

troll'^.d. 
immolo,    are,    avi,    atus    [in  +  mola, 

inial],    to    sprinkle    with    sacrificial 

iwal,  sacHfice. 
immortaiis,  e  [in  +  mortaiis,  mortal], 

adj.,  immortal. 


immortaiitas,  atis,  f.,  immortality. 

immunis,  e  [in+munus],  adj.,  free 
from  public  services. 

immunitas,  atis  [immunis],  t.,  freedom 
from  public  duties,  immunity.' 

immuto,  see  muto. 

imparatus  [in  +  paratus],  adj.,  not 
7^eady,  unprepared. 

impatiens,  entis  [in  neg.  +  patiens], 
adj.,  impatient,  intolerant,  impetuous. 

impatientia,  ae  [impatiens],  f.,  impa- 
tience. 

impedimentum,  i  [impedio],  n.,  a  hin- 
dixince;  pi.,  impedimenta,  baggage. 

impedio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [in  +  pes],  to 
hinder,  hamper,  prevent,  embarrass. 

impello,  see  pello. 

impendeo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  overhang. 

impense  [impensus],  adv.,  exceedingly, 
very  much. 

impensus  [impendo,  to  expend],  adj., 
expensive,  large. 

imperator,  oris  [impero],  m.,  a  com- 
mander-in-chief, general,  emp2ror. 

imperatum,  i  [impero],  n.,  a  command, 
order. 

imperfectus  [in  +  perficio],  adj.,  unfirv- 
ished,  impeifect. 

imperitus  [in  +  peritus],  adj.,  inexperi- 
enced, unacquainted  loith,  ignorant. 

imperium,  i  [impero],  n.,  command, 
control;  government,  military  author- 
ity ;  sovereignty,  empire. 

impero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  rtile,  com- 
mand  ;  order,  levy ;  to  be  emperor. 

impertio,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [in  +  partio, 
share],  to  share  with,  bestow. 

impetro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  procure,  gain ; 
accomplish,  bring  to  pass ;  succeed. 

impetus,  iis  [in  +  peto],  m.,  an  attack ; 
violence,  vhemence. 

impius  [in  +  pins,  pious],  adj.,  wicked, 
impious. 

impleo,  see  pleo. 

impono,  see  pono. 

importo,  see  porto. 


VOCABTLARY. 


251 


impraesentiSrum  [in  praesenti^  rS- 
rumj,  adv.,  for  ths present,  now. 

impressio,  onis  [imprimo],  f.,  an  onset, 
attack. 

imprimo,  see  premo. 

improbus  [in  neg. +probus,  upright^^ 
adj.,  wicked,  outrageous. 

improvisus  [in  neg. +provideo],  adj., 
umxpected ;  as  noun  in  the  phrases 
de  or  ex  improviso,  unexpectedly,  of 
a  sudden. 

imprudens,  entis  [in  +  neg.  providens], 
adj.,  not  foreseeing,  imprudent,  off 
guard. 

imprudenter  [imprudens],  adv.,  impru- 
denll;/,  unwisely. 

imprudentia,  ae  [imprudens],  f.,  want 
of  foresight,  imprudence. 

impulvereus  [in  neg. +pulvis,  dust]^ 
adj.,  dustl'ss;  without  trouble,  easy. 

imus,  see  Inferus. 

in.  prep.,  with  ace.  after  words  implying 
motion,  to,  into,  towards,  against, 
upon,  over ;  with  abl.,  in,  at,  during, 
amoncf,  in  cas".  of. 

inaequalis.  e  [aequalis],  adj.,  uneven. 

inanis  e,  adj  ,  empty  ;  vain,  idle. 

inaniter  [inanis"",  adv.,  emptily,  vainly. 

inauguro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  watch  for 

.    omen^from  birds. 

inauratus  [aurum],  adj.,  gilded. 

incedo.  see  cedo. 

incendium,  i  [incendo] ,  n.,  fire,  confla- 
gration. 

incendo,  see  candeo. 

incertus  [in  neg.  +  certus] ,  adj.,  uncer- 
tain, doubtful. 

incido,  see  cado. 

incido,  see  caedo. 

incipio,  see  capio. 

incito.  see  cito. 

incivnis,  e  [in  neg.  +  civilis] ,  adj.,  rude, 
xmcivil. 

inclinatus  [inclino,  lean],  adj..  disposed. 

incognitus  [in neg.  +  cognosco],  adj., 
unknown. 


incoho,  axe,  avI,  atus,  to  begin,  under- 
I       take. 

incola.  ae,  m.,  an  inhabitant,  occupant. 
'■   incolo,  see  colo. 

,   incolumis.  e,  adj.,  safe,  unharmed. 
I  incommodum,  i  [in  neg.  +  commodum] , 
I       n.,  inconvenience,    damage,  disaster, 

defeat. 
I   inconditus  [in  neg. +condo],  adj.,  con- 
!      fused,  rude. 

\  incredibilis,  e   [in  neg.  +  credo],  adj., 
j       incredible,  extraordinary. 

incrementum,  i  [incresco],  n.,  growth, 
increase. 

increpito,   are    [increpo],   to    reprove, 
taunt,  blame. 

increpo,  are,  ui,  itus,  to  upbraid. 

incruentus  [in  neg.  +  cruentus,  bloody], 
adj.,  lolt'iout  bloodshed,  bloodless. 

incursio,  onis  [in  +  curro],  f.,  an  incur- 
sion, attack. 

incuso,  are,  avi,  atus  [in  +  causa],  to 
accuse,  blame. 

inde,    adv.,  from  that  place,  thence; 
next,  then. 

index,  dicis  [in-j-dico],  m.,  sign,  mark, 
index. 

Indi,  orum,  m.,  the  people  of  India. 

India,  ae,  f.,  India,  modern  Hindustan. 

indico,  see  dico. 

Indicus,  adj.,  Indian. 

indigeo,  see  egeo. 

indignitas,  atis    [indignus],  f.,  indig- 
nity, insult. 

indignus   [in  neg.  +  dignus] ,  adj.,  un- 
worthy,  undeserving,  shameful. 

inditus,  see  indo. 

indo,  see  do. 

indoles,  is,  f.,  nature,  disposition, 

induco,  see  duco. 

induo.  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  put  on. 

industria,  ae  [industrius],  f.,  industry, 
diligence;  ability. 

indutiae,  arum,  pi.,  f.,  a  truce,  armis- 
tice. 

ineo,  see  eo. 


252 


VOCABULARY. 


inermis,  e,  and  inermus  [in  neg.  + 
arma],  adj.,  unarmed. 

inerrans,  antis  [in  +  erro,  wander]^  adj., 
7iot  icanderlng,  fixed. 

iners,  ertis  [in  neg.  +  ars] ,  adj.,  unskiU 
fid,  idle,  effeminate. 

inertia,  ae  [iners],  f.,  indolence^  inactivity, 

infamia,  ae  [infamis],  f.,  dishonor,  dis- 
grace, infamy. 

infamis,  e  [in  +  fama],  adj.,  infamous. 

infandus  [in  +  for],  adj.,  unspeakable, 
infamous,  disgraceful. 

infans,  antis  [in  neg.  +  for],  adj.,  not 
sp?aMng ;  as  noun,  an  infant. 

inferior,  ius  [inferus],  adj.,  lower,  in- 
ferior. 

infero,  see  fero. 

inferus,  adj.,  below,  vnderyieath.  Comp. 
inferior.    Sup.,  infimus  or  imus. 

infests,  are,  avi,  atus  [infestus],  to 
attack,  molest^  infest. 

infestus,  adj.,  hostile,  dangerous. 

inficio,  see  facio. 

infimus  [superl.  of  inferus],  adj.,  lowest ^ 
at  the  bottom  of. 

infinitus  [in  neg. +  fini3],  adj.,  un^ 
bounded,  vast,  enormous ;  numberless ; 
as  noun,  a  large  amount  or  number. 

infirmus  [in  neg.  4-firmus],  adj.,  in- 
firm, weak. 

infitiae,  arum  [in  neg.  +  for],  f.,  only 
ace.  in  the  phrase  infitias  ire,  to  deny ; 
with  quin  (late) . 

infitior,  ari,  atus  sum  [infitiae],  to  deny. 

inflecto,  see  flecto. 

infra,  adv.,  bdow  ;  prep,  with  ace,  below. 

ingenium,  i  [cf.  gen.  in  gigno],  n.,  dis- 
position, ability,  character. 

ingens,  entis,  adj.,  large,  huge,  great. 

ingratiis  [gratia],  adv.,  against  one's 
icill. 

ingratus  [in  neg. +  gratus]  adj.,  un- 
pl'^a-ant;  thankless,  unprofitable. 

ingredior,  see  gradior. 

inhaereo,  see  haereo. 

inicio,  see  iacio. 


inimiciter  [inimlcus],  adv.,  in  a  hostile 
manner. 

inimicitia,  ae  [inimicus],  f.,  enmity. 

inimicus  [in  neg.  +  amicus],  adj.,  un- 
friendly,  hostile ;  as  noun,  a  personal 
enemy,  as  distinguished  from  hostis,  a 
public  enemy. 

iniquitas,  atis  [iniquus],  f.,  inequality, 
injustice;  bad  character ;  unfavorable 
position. 

iniquus  [in  neg.  +  aequus],  adj.,  uneven, 
unfair,  unfavorable, 

initium,  i  [ineo],  n.,  a  beginning. 

iniiiratus  [in  neg.  +  iiiro],  adj.,  unsworn, 
not  under  oath. 

iniuria,  ae  [in  neg.  +  ius],  f.,  wrong, 
injustice,  violence,  injury. 

(iniussus,  lis)  [iubeo],  m.,  abl.  only, 
without  orders. 

iniuste  [iniustus],  adv.,  unjustly. 

inludo,  see  ludo. 

inlustris,  e,  adj.,  clear,  distinguished, 
glorious. 

inlustro,  are,  avi,  atus  [in  +  lustro; 
cf.  lux],  to  make  bright,  make  famous. 

inmtor,  see  nitor. 

inno,  see  no. 

innocens,  entis  [in  +  noceo],  adj.,  harm- 
less, innocent,  blameless. 

innocentia,  ae  [innocens],  f.,  blameless- 
ness,  innocence. 

innumerus  [in  neg.  4-numerus],  adj., 
countless. 

inopia,  ae  [inops,  needy],  f.,  want,  scar- 
city, poverty. 

inopinans,  antis  [in  +  opinor,  think], 
adj.,  unawares t  off  one's  guard. 

inquam,  def .,  I  say.  See  297,  II,  2 :  144, 
b ;  190,  2. 

inquire,  see  quaero. 

inrideo,  see  rideo. 

inrumpo,  see  rumpo. 

insatiabilis,  e  [in  +  satur, /«?(!,  adj., 
ungating,  not  cloying. 

insatiabiliter   [insatiabilis],   adv.,   in- 


VOCABULARY. 


268 


Inscendo,  see  scand5. 

insciens,  entis  [in  neg.  +8Cio],  adj.,  not 

knowing,  ignorant. 
inBcientia,  ae  [insciens],  f.,  ignorance, 

leant  of  experience. 
inscitus  [in  neg.  4-scio],  adj.,  ignorant, 

foolish, 
inseco,  fire,  ni,  sectus  [se:o,  cut],  to  cut 

into,  cut  up. 
insequor,  see  sequor. 
insero,  see  sero. 
insidiae,  firum   [in+sido,  sit],  f.,   pi. 

atnbiish ;  treachery. 
Insideo,  see  sedeo. 
insidior,  firi,  fitus  sum  [insidiae],  to  lie 

in  wait  for. 
insignis,  e  [in  +  slgnum],  adj.,  remark- 
able, distinguished. 
insigne,  is  [insignis],  n.,  a  sign,  badge, 

ornament. 
insignio,  ire,  IvI,  itus  [insignis],  to  mark, 

distinguish . 
insilio,  see  salio. 
insinuo,  fire,  fivi,  fitus  [in  +  sinuo,  to 

curve],  get  into,  ivork  one's  icay  into. 
Insisto,  see  sisto. 
insolens,  entis    [in  neg. +  soleo],  adj., 

unusual;  hauc/hty,  insolent. 
insolenter  [insolens],  adv.,  haughtily, 

insolently. 
inspecto,  see  specto. 
instabilis,  e  [in  +  stabilis,  from  sto], 

adj.,  unsteady,  variable. 
instfins,  antis  [insto],  adj.,  present,  im- 
mediate, urgent. 
instanter    [instfins],    adv.,    earnestly, 

pressingly. 
instar,  n.,  indecl.,  an  image;  with  gen., 

like. 
instaurfitio,  611^3  [instauro,  renew],  i., 

a  renewal. 
instinguo,  see  stinguS. 
institno,  see  sta-tuo. 
institQtnm,    i    [instituo],    n.,    a  plan, 

design;  custom,  institution. 
inst5,  see  sto. 


Instruo,  see  stru5. 

insuef actus  [in  4-  suesco  +  facio],  adj., 
accustomed,  inured. 

Insuesco,  see  suesco. 

insula,  ae,  f .,  an  island. 

insum,  see  sum. 

insuper,  adv.,  moreover,  besides;  Insu- 
per  habere,  to  scorn  (late) . 

integer,  gra,  grum  [in  +  root  tag  in 
tango],  adj.,  untouched,  new;  full, 
entire,  vigorous ;  de  integro,  anew. 

intellego,  see  lego. 

intemperanter  [intemperfins],  adv., 
without  restraint,  immoderately. 

intemperantia,  ae,  f.,  lack  of  control; 
arrogance ;  insubordination. 

intemperies  (only  ace.  and  abl.  e),  f., 
excess,  fwy. 

intentus  [intendo,  to  stretch],  adj.,  at- 
tentive. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace,  between^  among, 
during. 

inter calfirius,  adj.,  intercalary,  inserted 
in  the  calendar. 

intercede ,  see  cedo. 

intercido,  see  cado. 

intercipio,  see  capio. 

intercludo,  see  claudo. 

interdico,  see  dico. 

interdiu,  adv.,  in  the  daytime,  by  day. 

interefi  [inter -f- is] ,  adv.,  in  the  mean- 
time, meanwhile. 

inter eo,  see  eo. 

interfector,  6ris,m.  [interflcio],  a  slayer, 
murderer. 

interflcio,  see  facio. 

intericio,  see  iacio. 

interiectus,  us  [intericio],  m.,  interven- 
tion. 

interim  [inter +  *im  from  is],  adv.,  in 
the  meantime,  meanwhile. 

interimo,  see  emo. 

interior,  ius  [inter],  adj.,  comp.  (no posi- 
tive), inner,  interior.    Sup.  intimus. 

interitus,  Us  [intereo],  m.,  deaths  de- 
struction. 


254 


VOCABULARY. 


interminor,  Sri,  9,tua  sum  [inter  + 
minor,  th7^eaten]j  to  forbid  with 
threats. 

intermitto,  see  mitto. 

internecio,  onis  [interneco,  destroy] ^  f., 
slaughter,  utter  ruin. 

interpono,  see  pono. 

interpositus,  us  [interpono],  m.,  inter- 
position. 

interpreter,  ari,  &tus  sum  [interpres, 
interprater'],  to  explain,  interpret. 

interrogo,  see  rogo. 

interrumpo,  see  rumpo. 

intersero,  see  sero. 

inter  sum,  see  sum. 

intervallum,  i  [inter  +  vallum],  n.,  an 
interval,  distance. 

intervenio,  see  venio. 

interventus,  us  [intervenio],  m.,  com- 
ing between  (up) ,  intervention. 

intestabilis,  e  [in  neg.  +  testor,  to  wit- 
ness], adj.,  incapable  of  being  a  vnt- 
ness ;  infamous,  abominable. 

intestinum,  i  [intestinus],  n.,  an  intes- 
tine, entrail. 

intestinus,  [intus],  adj.,  internal;  bel- 
lum  intestinum,  civil  war. 

intime,  [intimus,  inmost],  adv.,  very  in- 
timately, most  cordially. 

intolerandus  [toUoJ,  adj.,  intolerable. 

intolerans,  antis,  adj.,  not  enduring, 
impatient. 

intra  [contr.  from  intera],  adv.  and  prep, 
with  ace,  inside  of,  vnthin. 

intrepide  [intrepidus,  undaunted],  adv., 
undauntedly,  intrepidly. 

intro,  are,  avi,  atus  [intro,  xoithin],  to 
enter. 

introeo,  see  eo. 

introitus,  us  [introeo],  m.,  a  going  in, 
entrance. 

intromitto,  see  mitto. 

introrsus  [intro  +  versus  from  verto], 
adv.,  inside,  toward  the  interior. 

intueor,  see  tueor. 

intUB,  adv.,  within,  on  the  inside. 


inusitatus  [in  neg.  +  usitatus,  usual], 
adj.,  unusual,  unfamiUar,  novel. 

inutilis,  e  [in  neg.  +  utilisj,  adj.,  useless, 
unprojitable. 

invado,  see  vado. 

invenio,  see  venio. 

inventor,  oris  [invenio],  m.,  a  discoverer, 
inventor. 

invictus  [in  neg. +  vinco],  adj.,  uncon- 
querable, invincible. 

invidia,  ae  [invideo,  to  envy],  f .,  envy,  ill 
will. 

invioiabilis,  e  [in  +  violo,  to  violate], 
adj.,  inviolable. 

inviolate  [invioiatus],  adv.,  inviolably. 

invioiatus  [in  neg.  +  vioiatus  from 
violoj,  adj.,  sacred,  inviolable. 

invisitatus  [in  neg.  4- visito,  iter,  of 
video],  adj.,  unknown,  extraordinary. 

invisus  [invideo,  to  hate],  2^^].,  hateful, 
hostile,  troublesome. 

invito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  invite,  summon, 

invitus,  adj.,  iinivilling,  on  compulsion. 

invius  [in  neg.  +  via],  adj.,  impassable. 

iocus,  i  (pi.  also  ioca),  m.,  a  jest,  joke. 

Jones,  um,  m.,  the  lonians,  a  branch  of 
the  Greek  race ;  particularly  those  set- 
tled on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 

ipse,  a,  um,  dem.  pron.,  himself,  herself, 
itself,  themselves ;  very ;  et  ipse,  like- 
wise, as  well. 

ira,  ae,  f.,  ayiger. 

iratus  [irascor,  to  be  angry],  adj.,  angry, 

is,  ea,  id,  dem.  pron.,  this  or  that;  he, 
she,  it ;  such. 

iste,  a,  ud,  dem.  pron.,  that,  that  of 
yours. 

ita  [is],  adv.,  in  this  way,  so,  thus;  as 
follows,  in  such  a  way ;  accordingly, 
and  so. 

Italia,  ae,  f .,  Italy.  The  name  did  not 
include  the  basin  of  the  Po  (Cisalpine 
Gaul)  until  the  time  of  Augustus. 

Italicus,  adj.,  Italian. 

itaque  [ita  +  que],  adv.,  and  «o,  there- 
fore, consequently. 


VOCABULARY. 


•25L 


item,  adv.,  likewise,  just  so,  also,  more- 
over. 

iter,  itineris  [eo,  ire],  n.,  a  journey, 
inarch,  road. 

iterum,  adv.,  again,  once  more,  for  the 
second  time. 

itidem  [ita],  adv.,  in  like  manner. 

iuba,  ae,  f.,  a  mane. 

luba,  ae,  m.,  king  of  Numidia,  defeated 
by  Caesar  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus 
B.C.  46. 

iubeo,  ere,  iussi,  iussus  [uncertain ;  per- 
haps ius  +  habeo] ,  to  order,  command. 

iucundus,  a,d}.,  pleasant ;  pleasing ;  joij- 
fvl,  dear. 

liidaei,  orum,  m.,  the  Judaeans,  Jews. 

iiidex,  icis  [ius  +  dico],  m.,  a  judge. 

iudicium,  i  [iudex],  n.,  judgment;  opin- 
ion ;  sentence  ;  trial ;  court. 

iudicc  [iudex],  fire,  fivi,  fitus,  to  judge; 
think,  be  of  the  opinion,;  pronounce, 

dis  —  diiudico,  fixe,  fivi,  fitus,  to  dis- 
tinguish, decide. 

iugerum,  i  [iungo],  n.,  a  measure  of  land, 
somewhat  more  than  half  an  acre. 

iugum,  i  [iungo],  n.,  a  yoke,  ridge. 

lulius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 
See  Caesar,  Proculus. 

iumentum,  i  [iungo],  n.,  a  beast  of  bur- 
den, pack  animal. 

iungo,  ere,  iunxl,  iunctus  [cf.  iugum], 
to  join,  bind,  fasten,  yoke. 

ab  — abiungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iunctus, 
to  unj'asten,  unyoke,  separate,  remove. 
ad^  adiungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iiinctus, 
to  join  to,  fasten  to,  add. 

con  —  coniungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iunctus, 
to  units,  connect,  form  by  associating. 
se  —  seiung5,  ere,  iiinxi,  iunctus,  to 
disunite,  separate. 

iunior,  see  iuvenis. 

lunius,  i,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 
See  Brutus,  PuUus,  Silanus. 

luno,  onis,  f.,  the  chief  female  divinity  of 
the  Latins,  the  sister  and  wife  of 
Jupiter. 

A.  &  W.   LAT.  R.  — 17 


luppiter,  lovis,  m.,  the  chief  god  of  the 
Latins.  He  was  originally  a  person'fl- 
cation  of  the  sky,  and  had  the  control 
of  thunder,  lightning,  rain,  and  storms. 

iurgiosus  [iiirgium,  quarrel],  adj.,  quar- 
relsome (rare). 

iiiris  consultus,  m.,  a  lawyer. 

iliro,  fire,  Svi,  fitus,  and  iuror,  ari,  atus 
sum  [ius],  tn  take  an  oath,  swear. 

con  —  coniuro,    fire,    fivi,   fitus,   to 
conspire,  plot. 

de  — deiero,  are,  fivi,  fitus,  to  fake 
an  oath,  swear. 

ius,  iiiris,  n.,  right,  justice,  authority; 
court. 

iusiiirandum,  i  [iiis  +  iiiro],  u.,an  oath ; 
with  adigere,  to  bind  by  oath. 

(iussus,  us)  [iubeo] ,  m.,  command  (only 
ab.  sing.). 

iiistitia,  ae  [ius],  i.,  justice,  uprightness. 

iustus  [ius],  2n{].,just,  fair;  proper,  fit- 
ting;  regular. 

iuvencus,  i,  m.,  a  bullock. 

iuvenilis,  e  [iuvenis],  adj.,  youthful. 

iuvenis,  e,  adj.,  young.    Comp.  iiinior. 

iuventa,  ae  [iuvenis],  f.,  youth. 

inventus,  utis  [iuvenis] ,  m.,  youth ;  men 
(from  seventeen  to  forty-six  years  old). 

iuvo,  fire,  iuvi,  iutus,  to  help,  aid. 

ad  —  adiuvo,    iuvfire,   iuvi,   iutus, 
to  assist,  support. 

iUxtfi,  adv.,  near. 

K. 

K.,  the  abbreviation  for  the  Roman  prae- 

nomen  Kaeso. 
KaL  =  Kalendae,  firum,  f.,  the  Kalends, 

the  first  day  of  the  month. 

L. 
L.  =  Lucius. 
L.  =  50. 

Labienus,  i,  m.,  T.  Attius  Lablenus,  a 

lieutenant  in  Caesar's  army. 
Laberius,  !,  m.    See  Diirus. 


256 


VOCABULARY. 


labor,  labl,  lapsus  sum,  to  slip. 

de— delabor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  to 
glide  down. 

pro  —  proiabor,  Iftbi,  lapsus  sum, 
to  fall  headlong. 

labor,  oris,  m.,  labo7%  toil,  misfor- 
tune. 

laboro,  are,  avi,  atus  [labor],  to  toil, 
strive ;  be  in  distress  ;  he  troubled. 

labrum,  i  [lambo],  n.,  the  lip;  edge, 
rim. 

lac,  lactis,  n.,  milk. 

Lacedaemon,  onis,  f.,  the  city  of  Sparta, 
the  capital  of  Laconia. 

Lacedaemonius,  adj.,  Lacedaemonian, 
Spartan. 

lacesso,  ere,  ivi,  itus  [lacio,  entice'], 
to  rouse,  annoy,  attack. 

Lacinius,  adj.,  of  Lacinium,  a  promon- 
tory in  the  southern  part  of  Italy. 

lacrima,  ae,  f.,  a  tear. 

lacrimabilis,  e  [lacrimo],  adj.,  lament- 
able. 

lacrimo,  are,  avi,  atus  [lacrima],  to 
weep. 

laetifico,  are,  avi,  atus  [laetus  +  facio], 
to  cheer,  gladden. 

laetitia,  ae  [laetus,  joyful],  f.,  joy,  re- 
joicing. 

laetus,  di.^].,  joyful, pleasing,  rich. 

Laevinus,  i,  m.,  P.  Valerius,  was  consul 
B.C.  280;  defeated  by  Pyrrhus,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Siris. 

lambo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  lick,  lap. 

Lampsacus,  i,  f.,  a  town  on  the  Helles- 
pont. 

laneus  [lana,  wool],  adj.,  woolen. 

languidus,  adj.,  weak,  sluggish. 

lanio,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  tear,  mangle, 
lacerate. 

lapis,  idis,  m.,  a  stone ;  milestone. 

lapicidinae,  arum  [lapis +  caedo],  f., 
stone  quarries. 

lapsus,  us  [labor] ,  m.,  a  gliding,  flight. 

Larcius,  i,  m.  (Lartius),  the  name  of  an 
ancient  Roman  gens. 


(1)  T.  Lartius  Flavus  w?iS  appointed 
the  first  dictator  B.C.  501. 

(2)  *Sp.i/arciz^5  aided  Horati us  Codes 
at  the  Sublician  bridge. 

Larentia,  ae,  f.,  the  wife  of  Faustulus, 
foster-mother  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

largior,  iri,  itus  sum,  to  give  freely,  dis- 
tribute; bribe. 

largitio,  onis  [largior],  f.,  liberality, 
bribery. 

lascivia,ae  [l3iSCivvLB,  sportive],!.,  jollity. 

lassitudo,  inis  [lassus,  weak] ,  f.,  weak- 
ness, weariness. 

lateo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  lie  hid,  escape  notice. 

Latinus,  i,  m.,  son  of  Aeneas  Silvius, 
mythical  king  of  Alba  Longa. 

Latinus,  adj.,  Latin;  pertaining  to 
Latium;  pi.,  the  Latins. 

Latium,  i,  n.,  a  district  on  the  west  coast 
of  central  Italy,  between  the  Tiber 
river  and  the  district  of  Campania. 

latitude,  inis  [latus],  f .,  width,  breadth, 
extent. 

latro,  onis,  m.,  a  robber,  brigand. 

latro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  bark. 

latrocinium,  i  [latro],  n.,  brigandage^ 
pij^acy,  robbery. 

latrocinor,  ari,  atus  sum  [latro],  to  be  a 
robber,  commit  piracy. 

latus,  adj.,  broad,  wide. 

latus,  eris,  n.,  a  side ;  flank. 

laudo,  are,  avi,  atus  [laus],  to  praise, 
commend. 

con  —  conlaudo,   are,   avi,    atus, 
to  praise  highly,  commend. 

laureus  [laurus],  adj.,  of  laurel. 

laurus,  i  (abl.  lauru  and  lauro),  f.,  a 
bay  tree,  laurel. 

laus,  laudis,  t.,  praise,  fame,  glory. 

lautus  [lavo,  wash],  adj.,  washed;  ele- 
gant, distinguished. 

Lavinium,  i,  n.,  a  city  on  the  seacoast  of 
Latium,  founded  by  Aeneas  and  named 
in  honor  of  his  wife  Lavinia. 

laxo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  loose,  spread 
out,  relax. 


VOCABULARY. 


257 


lectica,  ae  [lectus],  f.,  a  couch,  chair, 

litter. 
lecticula,   ae    [dim.  of   lectica],  f.,  a 

small  litter;  bier. 
lectio,  onis  [lego],  f.,  reading. 
lectulus,  i   [dim.   from  lectus,  couch], 

m.,  a  bed. 
legatio,  onis  [lego],  f.,  an  embassy. 
legfttus,  i   [legoj,  m.,  an  ambassador, 

legate ;  lieutenant,  deputy. 
legio,  onis  [lego],  f.,  a  legion, 
legionarius  [legio],  adj.,  pertaining  to 

a  legion,  legionary. 
legitimus  [lex],  adj.,  lawful ,  legale  legit- 
imate. 
lego,  Sxe,  S.yi,  fttus,  to  send^  dispatch ; 

bequeath. 
de  —  delego,  fire,  ftvi,  fitue,  to  refer. 
lego,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  to  gather,  collect ; 

select,  appoint ;  read,  recite. 
con  — conligo,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  to 

collect,  gather;  obtain,  get,  acquire; 

se  colligere,  to  rally. 
de  — deligo,    ere,   legi,    lectus,   to 

select,  pick  out ;  levy. 
dis  — dnigo,   ere,   lexi,   lectus,   to 

choose  out ;  love. 
ex  — eligo,  ere,  legi,  lectus,  to  pick 

out,  choose. 
inter  — intellego,  ere,  lexi,  lectus, 

to  discern;  ascertain;  know,  under- 
stand. 
nee  — neglego,    ere,    le^,    lectus, 

to  neglect,  disregard,  despise. 
lenis.  e,  adj.,  gentle ^  smooth. 
lenio  iri.  ivi,  itus  [l§nis],  to  soothe. 
Lentulus,  i,  m.,  L.  Cornelius  was  consul 

B.C.  275. 
Leonidfis,  ae,  m.,  the  famous  Spartan 

king  who    perished    at    Thermopylae 

B.C.  480. 
lepide  [lepidus],  adv.,  pleasantly,  wit- 
tily. 
lepidus,  adj.,  pleasant,  elegant,  witty. 
Lepidus,  i,  m.,  M.  Aemilius,  a  member 

of  the  second  triumvirate,  was  consul 


with  Caesar  b.c.  46.    He  was  deprived 

of  his  power  by  Augustus,  and  died 

B.C.  13. 
lepus,  oris,  m.,the  hare. 
levis,  e,  adj.,  light,  trivial,  easy. 
lex,  legis,  f.,  a  law,  decree. 
Lexovii,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Gaul, 
libenter    [libens,   glad],  adv.,   gladly, 

cheerfully. 
liber,    era,  erum,    adj.,  free;   pi.  m., 

liberi,  children. 
liber,  bri,  m.,  a  book. 
liberfilis,  e  [liber],  adj.,/ree-6orn,  noble ; 

liberal,  generous. 
liberfiliter  [liberfilis],  adv.,  graciously, 

kindly ;  freely,  generously. 
libere  [liber],  sidy.,  freely,  boldly. 
libero,  fire,  fivi,  fitus  [liber],  to  set  free, 

release. 
libertas,  fitis  [liber],  i.,  freedom. 
libra,  ae,  f.,  a  pair  of  scales;  a  pound. 
librfirius,   i    [liber],   m.,    a  secretary; 

copyist,  translator. 
licentia,  ae  [liceiiB],f.,  freedom, license. 
liceor,  liceri,  licitus  sum,  to  bid  (at 

an  auction) . 
licet,    lic§re,    licuit    or    licitum    est, 

impers.,  it  is  allowed,  permitted. 
Licinius,  i,  a  Roman  gens  name.    See 

Grassus,  LucuUus,  Miirena. 
Licinus,  i,  M.  Fabius,  consul  b.c.  246. 
Liger,  eris,  m.,  the  river  Loire,  in  France. . 
ligneus  [lignum,  wood],  adj.,  made  of 

wood,  wooden. 
ligo,  fire,  fivi,  fitus,  to  bind. 

ad  —  adligo,  fire,  fivi,  fitus,  to  bind 

fast. 

d9  — delig5,  fire,  fivi,  fitus,  to  bind 

fast,  tie,  fasten. 
Lig^res,  um,  m.,  the  people  of  Liguria, 

a  district  on  the  northwest  coast  of 

Italy  near  the  modern  Gulf  of  Genoa. 
Lilybaeum,  i,  n.,  a  Carthaginian  town 

in  western  Sicily. 
limen,  inis,  n.,  a  threshold;  house. 


258 


VOCABULARY. 


llneamentum,  I   [linea,  a  line],  n.,  a 

line,  feature,  lineament. 
lingua,  ae,  f.,  the  tongue. 
lingula,  ae   [lingua],  f.,  a  tongue  of 

land,  peninsula. 
linquo,  ere,  liqui,  — ,  to  leave. 

re  —  relinquo,  ere,  liqui,  lictus,  to 

leave,  bequeath. 
linum,  i,  n.,flax. 
liquor,  oris,  m.,  a  fluid,  liquid. 
littera,  ae,  f.,  a  letter  (of  the  alphabet) ; 

pi.,  writing,  literature,  letters;  a  letter. 
litteratus  [littera],  adj.,  learned,  edu- 
cated. 
litus,  oris,  n.,  a  shore,  beach. 
lituus,  i,  m.,  an  augur's  staff. 
Livius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. 

See  Salinator. 
loco,  are,  avi,  atus  [locus] ,  to  place. 
con  — conloco,    are,   avi,   atus,   to 

place,  station ;  arrange. 
Locri,  orum,  m.,  (1),  an  ancient  Greek 

city  in  southern  Italy.     (2)  The  inhab- 
itants of  the  city,  Locrians. 
locupleto,  are,  avi,  atus  [locuples,  rich], 

to  enrich. 
locus,  i,  pi.  loci  and  loca,  m.,  a  place, 

spot ;  room ;  position,  rank,  condition. 
locutus,  see  loquor. 
Lollius,  i,  m.,  M.,  propraetor  of  Galatia 

under  Augustus,  was  consul  B.C.  21. 
longe  [longus],  adv.,  at  a  distance,  far, 

by  far. 
Longinus,  i,  m.,  Sp.  Cassius,  one  of  the 

foremost  conspirators  against  Caesar 

B.C.  44. 
longinquus  [longus],  adj.,  remote,  dis- 
tant; prolonged. 
longitudo,  inis  [longus],  f.,  length. 
longurius,  i  [longus],  m.,  a  long  pole. 
longus,  adj.,  long,  tall;  distant^  tedious. 
Longus,  i,  m.,   Ti.  Sempronius,  consul 

B.C.  218 ;  defeated  by  Hannibal  at  the 

Trebia. 
loquor,  loqul,  locutus  sum,  to  speak, 

say. 


con  —  conloquor,  i,  locutus  sum,  to 

talk  with,  hold  a  conference,  converse. 

lorica,  ae  [lorum,  strap],  f.,  a  corselet  of 
leather;  coat  of  mail. 

Lucani,  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Lucania,  a  district  in  southern  Italy. 

Lucretia,  ae,  f.,  the  wife  of  Collatinus. 
Her  disgrace  at  the  hands  of  Sextus 
Tarquinius  led  to  the  establishment  of 
the  republic. 

Lucretius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Tricipitinus. 

LucuUus,  i,  m.,  L.  Licinius,  famous  for 
his  wealth  and  luxury,  was  born  (prob- 
ably) B.C.  110;  consul  74;  conducted 
the  war  against  Mithridates  74-63 ;  died 
57  or  56. 

ludibrium,  i  [ludus],  n.,  mockery. 

liidicrum,  i  [ludus],  n.,  sport,  game,  fes- 
tival. 

ludo,  ere,  lusi,  lusus,  to  play. 

ex  —  eludo,  ere,  lusi,  lusus,  to  elude, 
avoid;  deceive;  mock. 

in  —  inludo,  ere,  lusi,  lusus,  to  jeer 
at,  ridicule ;  cheat. 

ludus,  i,  m.,  play,  game ;  place  of  train- 
ing, school. 

lugeo,  ere,  luxi,  lilctus,  to  mourn,  be- 
ivail. 

Lugotorix,  igis,  m.,  the  chief  of  a  tribe 
of  Britons. 

lumbus,  i,  m.,  the  loin. 

lumen,  inis  [lux],  n.,  a  light. 

luna,  ae,  f.,  the  moon. 

Luna,  ae,  f.,  the  goddess  of  the  moon, 
identified  with  Diana. 

lupa,  ae,  f.,  a  she-wolf. 

Lupercal,  aiis,  n.,  a  grotto  on  the  Pala- 
tine hill  at  Rome  sacred  to  the  god 
Pan.  L.  ludibrium,  the  Lupercalian 
festival. 

Lusitanus,  adj.,  Lusitanian,  of  a  prov- 
ince in  the  southwest  of  Spain. 

lusus.  us  [ludo],  m.,  sport. 

Lutatius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Catulus. 


VOCABULARY. 


259 


lilx,  lacis,   f.,   light,  daylight;   prima 

luce,  at  dawn. 
luxuria,  ae  [luxus,  excess],  f.,  luxury , 

extravagance. 
luxurior,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  revel. 
Lycaeus,  i,  m.,  an  epithet  of  the  god 

Pan. 
Lysias,  ae,  m.,  a  celebrated  Athenian 

orator,  who  lived  about  458-378  B.C. 
Lysimachus,  i,  m.,    an   Athenian,   the 

father  of  Aristides. 


M.  =  Marcus. 

M.'  =  Manius. 

M.  =  1000. 

Macedonia,  ae,  f.,  an  extensive  country 

north  of  Greece.    The  inhabitants  were 

not  usually  reckoned  as  Greeks.  Under 

Alexander  Macedonia  became  the  chief 

power  in  the  ancient  world. 
maestus,  adj.,  sad. 
magis,  adv.,  more,  rather;  eo  magis, 

all  the  more;  sup.  maxime,  greatly, 

chiefly,  exceedingly. 
magister,    tri,    m.,    a    master,    ruler, 

teacher ;  magister  equitum,  a  military 

officer,  master  of  the  horse. 
magistratus,  us  [magister],  m.,  a  mag- 

if^trate;  magistracy. 
Magnesia,  ae,  f.,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor 

near  Mt.  Sipylus  in  Lydia. 
magnificus      [magnus  +  facio],     adj., 

splendid,  magnificent,  noble. 
magnitudo,  inis  [magnus],   f.,  magni- 
tude, greatness  or  size. 
mag^opere  or  magno  opere,  adv.,  very 

greatly,  exceedingly. 
magnus,  adj.,  great,  large,  abundant, 

powerful.    Comp.  malor;  sup.  maxi- 

mus. 
Mago.  onis,  m.,  the  brother  of  Hannibal, 

captured  by  Scipio  in  Spain. 
maior,  see  magnus.     As  m.  noun,  ma- 

iores,  ancfstors. 


Mains,  I,  m.,  the  month  of  May;  usually 
as  adj.,  agreeing  with  mensis,  Kalen- 
dae,  Idus. 

malacia,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  calm. 

male  [mains],  adv.,  badly,  ill,  unhap- 
pily, unsuccessfully.  Comp.  peius; 
sup.  pessime. 

maleficium,  i  [male  +  facio],  n.,  mis- 
chief, damage,  harm. 

maio,  see  volo. 

mains,  adj.,  bad,  evil,  hurtful,  Comp. 
peior;  sup.  pessimus.  As  noun,  ma- 
lum, i,  n.,  misfortune. 

mains,  1,  m.,  a  mast. 

Mamilius,  i,  m.,  see  Octavius. 

mamma,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  breast,  dug. 

manceps,  ipis  [manns  +  capio],  m.,  a 
purchaser  at  public  auctio7is,  con- 
tractor, renter. 

mandatum,  i  [mando],  n.,an  order j  com- 
mand. 

mando,  are,  avi,  atus  [manns  +  do],  to 
commission,  enjoin,  command. 

con  —  commendo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
commend  or  commit  for  protection,  en- 
trust, recommend. 

re  — remando,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
send  back  word  (very  rare) . 

Mandubracius,  i,  m.,  a  British  chief. 

mane,  adv.,  in  the  morning. 

maneo,  ere,  mansi,  mansus,  to  stay, 
continue ;  abide  by. 

per  —  permaneo,  ere,  mansi,  man- 
sum,  to  continue,  remain. 

re  —  remaneo,  ere,  mansi,  — ,  to  re- 
main behind. 

Manilius,  i,  m.,  M.,  was  congul  B.C.  149, 
and  carried  on  war  against  Carthage. 

manipulus,  i  [manus  +  pleo]  ,m.,a  com- 
pany of  soldiers,  maniple  (one  third  of 
a  cohort),  the  original  standard  of 
which  bore  a  handful  of  hay. 

Manlius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens. 

M.  Manlius,  surnamed  Capitolinus, 
consul  B.C.  392,  aided  in  the  defense  of 


260 


VOCABULARY. 


the  capitol  against  the  Gauls.  See  also 
Censonnus,  Torqu&tus,  Vulso. 

xn&no,  are,  avi,  — ,  to  trickle ;  spread. 

manubiae,  arum  [manus],  f.,  prize- 
money. 

mansuefacio,  ere,  feci,  factus  [man- 
suesco  (manus  +  suesco) ,  to  grow  used 
to  the  hand -\-fSiCio],  to  tame;  pass., 
to  grow  tame. 

manumitto,  ere,  misi,  missus  [manus  + 
mittoj,  to  make  free,  evfranchise. 

manus,  us,  f.,  a  hand;  hand,  troop; 
force ;  combat ;  dare  manus,  to  yield ; 
per  manus,  in  succession. 

Marathon,  onis  (ace.  ona),  f.,  a  small 
deme  or  ward  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Attica,  about  twenty-three  miles  from 
Athens. 

Marathonius,  adj.,pe7'^aimn5r  to  Maj^a- 
thon. 

Mardonius,  i,  m.,  the  son-in-law  of  Da- 
rius, defeated  at  Plataea  b.c.  379. 

Marcellus,  i,  m.,  a  famous  family  name 
in  the  Claudian  gens. 

(1)  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  a  cele- 
brated general,  was  consul  b.c.  214. 
He  captured  Syracuse  b.c.  212,  but  was 
defeated  and  slain  in  his  fifth  consul- 
ship by  Hannibal  b.c.  208. 

(2)  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  son  of 
(1),  was  consul  b.c.  196. 

(3)  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  consul 
B.C.  51,  a  violent  opponent  of  Caesar. 
Caesar  afterwards  pardoned  him,  and 
Cicero,  his  intimate  friend,  returned 
thanks  in  the  oration  Pro  Mar  cello. 

Marcius,  i,  m.,  Ancus  Marcius,  the 
fourth  king  of  Rome,  B.C.  640-616. 
See  also  Corioianus. 

Marcus,  i,  m.,  a  common  praenomen. 

mare,  is,  n.,  the  sea. 

Marius,  i,  m. 

(1)  C,  one  of  the  most  famous 
Roman  generals,  born  b.c.  157;  was 
seven  times  consul.  He  defeated  a  vast 
horde  of  barbarian  invaders  from  Ger- 


many,   at   Aquae    Sextiae,    b.c.   102; 
died  B.C.  86. 

(2)  C.  Marius,  his  son,  consul  b.c. 
82. 

maritimus  [mare],  adj.,  pertaining  to 
the  sea,  marine,  maritime. 

maritus,  i  [mas],  m..,  a  husband. 

marmor,  oris  [Greek],  n.,  marble. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.,  an  ancient  Roman 
divinity  worshiped  as  the  god  of  war. 

Martins,  i  [Mars],  m.,  the  month  of 
March;  usually  an  adj., -agreeing  with 
mensis,  Idus,  Kalendae,  etc. 

Martins  [Mars] ,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Mars, 
Campus  Martins,  see  Campus. 

mas,  maris,  m.,  a  male. 

Masinissa,  ae,  m.,  king  of  Numidia,  was 
an  ally  of  Scipio  Africanus  in  Africa, 
B.C.  202.  He  reigned  until  the  third 
Punic  war,  and  died  B.C.  148. 

Masurius,  i,  m.,  Sabinus,  an  eminent 
Roman  lawyer,  lived  in  the  first  cen- 
tury A.D. 

mater,  tris,  f.,  a  mother. 

materfamilias,  see  familia. 

materia  and  materies,  ae  [mater],  f., 
material ;  timber,  wood. 

mathematicus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  a  rnathe- 
matician. 

matrona,  ae  [mater],  f.,  a  matron, 
woman. 

maturus,  adj.,  ripe, mature;  seasonable, 
fit. 

Mauretania,  ae,  f.,  a  district  on  the 
northwestern  coast  of  Africa,  embrac- 
ing parts  of  modern  Morocco  and 
Algiers. 

Mayors,  tis,  m.,  Mars. 

maxime  [maximus],  see  magis. 

Maximus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  surname. 

(1)  Q.  Fabius  Maximus  was  magis- 
ter  equitum  to  the  dictator  Papirius 
B.C.  325.  He  was  consul  six  times,  the 
last  in  B.C.  296. 

(2)  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  son  of  (1), 
was  defeated  by  the  Samnites  B.C.  292. 


VOCABULARY. 


261 


He  escaped  degradation  by  his  father's 
offer  to  serve  as  his  lieutenant  in  his 
next  campaign. 

(3)  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  grandson 
of  (2) ,  surnamed  Cunciator  from  his 
caution,  was  a  famous  general  in  the 
second  Punic  war.  He  was  five  times 
consul;  died  B.C.  203. 

medicina,  ae  [medicus],  f.,  medicine; 
remedy. 

medicus,  i  [medeor,  heal],  m.,  a  physi- 
cian, surgeon. 

mediocris,  ere  [medius],  adj.,  common, 
moderate,  mediocre. 

mediocriter   [mediocris],  adv.,  moder- 
ately, somewhat. 

mediterraneus  [medius  +  terra],  adj., 
inland,  removed  from  the  sea, 

meditor,  ftri,  &tus  sum,  to  reflect  upon, 
practice,  meditate. 

medium,    i   [medius],   n.,  the   middle, 
midst,  space  between. 

medius,  adj.,  middle,  between, 

melior,  adj.,  see  bonus. 

melius,  adv.,  see  bene. 

membrum,  1,  n.,  a  limb  (of  the  body). 

memor,  oris,  adj.,  mindful,  grateful. 

memoria,  ae  [memor],  i.,  memory;  re- 
port, record,  time,  age. 

memoriSIia,   ium   [memoria],  n.,   me- 
moirs. 

memoro,  are,  fivi,  atus,  to  remind  of, 
speak  of,  recount. 

Menapii,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  the  Belgae 
living  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine. 

mendacium,  i  [mendax,  false],   n.,   a 
lie. 

mens,  mentis,  f.,  the  mind;  disposition; 
reason. 

mensa,  ae,  f .,  a  table. 

mensis,  is,  m.,  a  month. 

mensura,  ae    [metier],  f.,  a  measure; 
mensura  ex  aqua,  a  water  clock. 

mentio,  onis,  f.,  mention. 

mentior,  iri,  itus  sum,  to    lie,  cheat, 
pretend. 


mercator,  5ris  [mercor],  m.,  a  trader ^ 

merchant. 
mercatura,  ae  [mercor],  f.,  trade,  mer- 
chandise. 
mercennarius    [merces],    adj.,    hired; 

subst.,  a  mercenary,  hireling,  sei^ant. 
merces,  edis,  f.,  a  price ;  pay. 
mercor,  ari,  atus  sum  [merx,  wares], 

to  trade,  purchase. 
Mercurius,  i  [cf.  merx],  m.,  a  Latin  god 

of  commerce  and  gain. 
mereo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  andmereor,  §rl,  itus 

sum,  to  get,  earn,  deseiwe  ;  serve. 
mergo,   ere,   mersi,   mersus,    to    dip, 

plunge,  sink. 
de  —  demergo,  ere,  mersi,  mersus, 

to  sink. 

sub  —  submergo,  ere,  mersi,  mer- 
sus, to  submerge. 
meridianus  [meridies],  adj.,  of  midday. 
meridies,  ei  [medius  +  dies],  m.,.  mid- 
day, noon;  the  south. 
meritum,  i  [mereor],  n.,  desert,  merit, 

service,  kindness. 
Morula,   ae,   m.,  L.   Cornelius,  consul 

B.C.  193. 
meta,  ae,  f .,  a  goal. 

metallum,  i  [Greek],  n.,  metal;  amine. 
Metellus,!,  m.,   Q.  Caeci^iws,  surnamed 

Creticus,  was  consul  B.C.  60. 
metier,  iri,  mensus  sum,  to  measure  or 

deal  out,  distribute. 
dis  —  dimetior,  iri,  mensus  sum,  to 

measure  off,  measure. 
meto,  ere,  messui,  messus,  to  reap. 
de  — demeto,  ere,  messui,  messus, 

to  cut  down,  reap. 
metus,  lis,  m.,fear,  dread. 
mens,  adj.,  my,  mine. 
Mezentius,  i,  m.,  a  legendary  king  of 

Caere  in  Etruria. 
migro,  are.  avi,  atus,  to  migrate,  remove. 
de  —  demigro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  move 

from,  migrate. 

re  —  remigro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  come 

back,  return. 


262 


VOCABULARY. 


miles,  itis,  m.  and  f.,  a  soldier. 
miliarium,  i,  n.,  a  milestone^  mile,  see 

cut  on  p.  14. 
militaris,  e  [mfles],  adj.,  military;  as 

noun,  a  soldier ;  res  mHitEris,  the  art 

of  war,  military  operations. 
nulitia,  ae  [miles],  f.,  rnilitary  service. 
milita,  are,  avi,  atum,  [miles],  to  be  a 

soldier,  wage  war. 
mille,    indecl.    adj.,    a    thousand;    pi. 

mHia,  um,  as  noun,  n.,  thousand,  thou- 
sands (M). 
Milo,  onis,  m.,  a  celebrated  athlete  from 

Crotou,  of  the  sixth  century  B.C. 
Miltiades,  is,  m. 

(1)  Sou  of  Cypselus,  an  Athenian, 
became  tyrant  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonese. 

(2)  Son  of  Cimon,  nephew  of  (1), 
with  whom  Nepos  has  confused  him, 
was  also  an  Athenian,  and  succeeded 
to  the  kingdom  (tyranny)  of  the  Cher- 
sonese. In  B.C.  490  he  led  the  Athe- 
nians at  the  famous  battle  of  Marathon. 

minaciter  [minax,    threatening],  adv., 

threateningly. 
Minerva,  ae,  f.,  the  virgin  daughter  of 

Jupiter,  the  Latin  goddess  of  wisdom 

and  of  all  skilled  arts, 
minimus,  adj.,  least,  smallest;  see  par- 
vus, 
ministro,  are,  avi,  atus  [minister],  to 

attend,  serve. 
ad  —  administro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

help,  perform;  oversee^  govern. 
sub  —  subministro,  are,  avi,  atus, 

to  supply,  provide. 
minor,  us,  adj.,  less,  smaller;  see  parvus, 
minor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  threaten. 
Minucius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Riifus,  Thermus. 
minuo,  ere,  i,  utus  [minus],  to  diyninish, 

reduce;  settle;  recede  (of  the  tide). 
minus  [minor],  adv.,  less,  not;  nihilo 

minus,  notwithstanding,  none  the  less. 
mirabilis,  e  [miror],  adj.,  wonderful. 


mirftculum,  I   [mIror],  n.,  a   wonder, 
m,arvely  miracle. 

mirandus     [miror],     adj.,    wonderful, 
strange. 

miror,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  wonder  at,  be 
astonished. 

ad^admlror,  ari,  atus  sum,  to 
wonder  at,  admire. 

de  — demiror,  ari,  atus  sum,  to 
wonder,  be  amazed. 

mirus,  adj.,  wonderful. 

miser,  era,  erum,  adj.,  unhappy,  unfor- 
tunate, pitiable. 

miserandus    [miseror,    to  pity],   adj., 
pitiable,  lamentable. 

misericordia,  ae  [miser  +  cor],  f.,  pity, 
compassion,  mercy. 

missiUs,  e  [mitto],  adj.,  that   can  be 
throicn. 

Mithridates,  is,  m.,  surnamed  the  Great, 
king  of  Pontus,  B.C.  120-63. 

Mithridaticus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Mith- 
ridates. 

mitigo,  are,  avi,  atus  [mitis  +  ago] ,  «o 
soften. 

mitis,  e,  adj.,  mild,  kind, placid. 

mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to  seiid,  dis- 
patch ;  throw,  shoot ;  let  go. 

ab  —  amitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 
send  aivay,  los'* ;  dismiss. 

ad  —  admitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 
permit,  admit,  give  audience  to ;  com- 
mit. 

con  — committo,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
to  join ;  intriLst,  commit ;  cause,  do ; 
pugnam  committere,  to  join,  begin, 
battle. 

dis  — dimitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 
dismiss,  let  go,  lose,  abandon. 

ex  —  emitto,  ere,  misi,  missus;  to 
send  forth,  discharge;  throw  away; 
let  go. 

in  — immitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 
se7id  into  or  against,  hurl;  sink;  admit. 
inter  — inter  mitto,  ere,  misi,  mis- 
sus, to  interposp,  interrupt ;  stop,  cease. 


intrS  *  mtr5mitt3,  ere,  misi,  mis- 
sus, to  send  or  let  into,  introduce. 

ob  — omitto,  ere,  misi,  missus,  to 
lay  aside,  omit,  throio  away,  neglect. 

per  — permitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
to  permit ;  intrust. 

prae  —  praemitto,  ere,  misi,  mis- 
sus, to  send  forward. 

pro  —  promitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
to  sendforxoard;  2'>romise,  assure. 

re  —  remitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
send  hack,  relax ;  abate. 

sub  — submitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
send  secretly,  dispatch ;  furnish ;  loioer. 

monile,  is,  n.,  a  necklace,  collar, 

mobilis,  e  [moveo],  adj.,  fickle,  change^ 
able,  movable. 

mobilitas,    fttis    [mobilis],   f.,   speed; 
fickleness. 

mobiliter  [mobilis],  adv.,  easily. 

moderor,  ari,  fttus  [modus],  to  check, 
restrict,  regulate. 

moderatio,  onis  [moderor],  f.,  modera- 
tion, self-control. 

moderatus    [moderor],    adj.,    self -con- 
trolled, temperate,  modest. 

modicus  [modus],  adj.,  small, moderate. 

modius,  i  [modus],  m.,  a  measure, peck. 

modo  [modus],  adv.,  only,  just ;  now. 

modus,  i,  m.,  a  measure,  amount ;  man- 
ner. 

moenia,  ium,  n.  pL,  city  lo alls,  fortifica- 
tions ;  city. 

moles,  is,  f.,  mass,  mound;  dike,  dam. 

molestia,  ae  [molestus,  troublesome],  f., 
trouhlesomeness,  annoyance. 

mollis,    e,    adj.,  soft,    gentle,   smooth; 
yielding. 

Molossi,  orum,  in.,  a  semi-Greek  people 
living  in  the  southern  part  of  Epirus. 

momentum,  i  [moveo],  n.,  a  short  time, 
time. 

Mona,  ae,  f.,  the  Isle  of  Anglesea,  ndrth 
of  Wales. 

moneo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  advise,  icarn, 
remind. 


VOCABULARY.  v  268 

monitus,  fls  [mone5],  m^J^ 

monocolus,  i  (Greek),  ra.,  one-legged 
(late) ,  epithet  applied  to  a  fabled  race 
of  giants,  each  with  but  one  leg  of 
prodigious  strength. 

mons,  montis,  m.,  a  mountain,  hill, 
height. 

monstro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  show,  point 
out,  declare. 

de  —  demonstro,    are,    avi,    atus, 
to  point  out,  state;  explain,  prove. 

monstrum,  i  [monstro],  n.,  an  omen, 
miracle. 

monumentum,  I  [moneo],  n.,  a  m,onu- 
ment,  record;  tomb. 

morbus,  I,  m.,  sickness,  disease. 

moribundus  [morior],  adj.,  at  the  point 
ofdjath. 

morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum,  to  die. 
ex  —  emorior,  mori,  — ,  — ,  to  die  off. 

Morini,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  the  Belgae 
living  near  the  Strait  of  Dover. 

moror,  ari,  atus  sum  [mora],  to  delay, 
wait. 

morosus  [m.oa],8id].,  fretful,  capricious. 

mors,  mortis  [morior],  f.,  death. 

mortuus  [morior],  adj.,  dead. 

mos,  moris,  m.,  a  custom,  habit;  char- 
acter, manners. 

motus,  lis  [moveo],  m.,  motion,  disturb- 
ance, revolt. 

moveo,  ere,  movi,  motus,  to  move,  re- 
move, influence,  excite. 

con  —  commoveo,  ere,  movi,  motus, 
to  arouse,  disturb,  move,  influence. 

per  — permoveo,  ere,  movi,  motus, 
to  rouse  thoroughly ,  alarm;  induce. 
re  —  removed,  ere,  movi,  motus,  to 

.    remove,  put  aside,  dismiss,  withdraw. 
sub  —  submoveo,  ere,  movi,  motus, 
to  drive  off,  dislodge. 

mox,  adv.,  soon,  directly,  then. 

mugio,  ire,  ivi,  — ,  to  low,  bellow. 

muliebris,  e  [mulier],  adj.,  pertaining 
to  a  woman,  woman-like. 

mulier,  eris,  f.,  a  looman,  wife. 


264 


VOCABULARY. 


multimodis  [multus  + modus],  adv.,  in 
many  ways. 

multitudo,  inis  [multus],  f.,  a  multi- 
tude. 

multo,  ftre,  ftvi,  fttus  [multa,  a  Jine] ,  to 
fine,  depHve  ;  punish,  condemn. 

multum,  multo  [multus],  adv.,  much, 
by  /«^>  greatly.  Comp.  plus;  sup. 
plurimum. 

multus,  adj.,  comp.  plus,  sup.  plurimus, 
much;  pi.  many,  multo  die,  late  in 
the  day. 

Munda,  ae,  f.,  a  Roman  colony  in  the 
south  of  Spain. 

munditia,  ae  [mundus,  neat],  f.,  neat- 
ness, cleanliness. 

mundus,  i,  m.,  the  world,  universe. 

municipium,  i,  n.,  a  town  possessing  the 
right  of  Roman  citizenship,  but  gov- 
erned by  its  own  laws;  a  free  town. 

munimentum,  i  [munio],  n.,  a  fortifica- 
tion, defense. 

munio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum  [moenia],  to 
fortify,  secure,  guard. 

munitio,  onis  [munio],  f.,  fortification, 
fortified  works,  defenses. 

munus,  eris,  n.,  a  duty,  se^^ice;  gift. 

miiralis,  e  [miirus],  adj.,  pertaining  to 
a  v)all. 

Murena,  ae,  m.,L.  Licinius,  consul  b.c.  62. 

murteus  [murtus],  adj.,  of  myrtle. 

murtus,  i  [Greek],  f.,  myrtle. 

murus,  i.  m.,  a  wall. 

Mus,  Muris,  m.,  P.  Decius,  was  consul 
B.C.  279,  and  fought  against  Pyrrhus. 

mutatio,  onis  [muto],  f.,  change. 

mutilus,  adj.,  maimed,  mutilated;  mu- 
tilae  comibus,  without  horns. 

muto,  ftre,  avi,  atus,  to  change. 

con  — commuto,    are,    avi     atus, 
to  change,  alter,  exchange. 

in  — immuto,    are,    avi,    atus,    to 
change. 

Myus,  untis  (ace.  iinta) ,  f .,  an  Ionian  city 
in  Caria,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Meander. 


N. 


nactus,  see  nanciscor. 

Naevius,  i,  m.,  M.,  a  tribune  of   the 

people  B.C.  185. 
nam,  con j., /or,  hut. 
Namnetes,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  on  the  west 

coast  of  Gaul  north  of  the  Loire, 
namque,  conj.,/o7*  indeed,  for  truly. 
nanciscor,  i,  nactus  sum,  to  get,  obtain. 
naris,  is,  f.,  the  nostril;  pi.  nose. 
narro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  narrate,  tell. 
de  —  denarro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  tell, 

relate  (very  rare) . 
nascor,  i,  natus  sum,  to  he  horn ;  arise, 

proceed. 
ex  —  enascor,  i,  natus  sum,  to  grow 

or  spring  out. 
natalis,  e  [natus],  adj.,  pertaining  to 

hirth,  natal ;  dies  natalis,  a  birthday. 
natio,  onis  [nascor],  f.,  a  nation,  tribe, 

people. 
nativus  [natus],  adj.,  natural,  native. 
natura,  ae  [natus],  f.,  nature,  disposi- 
tion ;  situation. 
naturaiis,  e  [natura],  adj.,  natural 
natus  [nascor],    adj.,  lit.   horn;    with 

annos  and  numerals,  old. 
naufragium,    i    [navis  +  frango],    n., 

shipwreck,  ruin. 
nauta,  ae  [for  navita,  from  navis],  m., 

a  sailor. 
nauticus  [nauta],  adj.,  nautical, 
navaiis,  e  [navis],  adj.,  naval. 
navicula,  ae  [dim.  of  navis],  f.,  a  small 

vessel,  hoat. 
navigatio,  onis  [navigo],  f.,  a  voyage; 

navigation. 
navigium,  i  [navigo],  n.,  a  vessel,  hoat. 
navigo,   are,  avi,  atus   [navis  +  ago], 

to  sail,  navigate. 
navis,  is,  f.,  a  ship,  vessel;  navis  longa, 

war  ship,   galley ;    navis   oneraria, 

transport. 
Navius,  I,  m.,  Attus,  a  famous  augur  of 

the  time  of  Tarquinius  Priscus. 


VOCABULARY. 


265 


nav5,  are,  ftvl,  atus  [(g)navu8,  busij], 
to  be  busy  at,  perform  with  vigor. 

Naxus  [Naxos],  i,  f.,  one  of  the  Cy3la- 
des  Islands  in  the  Aegean  Sea. 

ne,  conj.,  that  .  .  .  not,  lest,  not  to; 
that. 

ne  .  .'.  quidem,  not  .  .  .  even  (the  em- 
phatic word  is  placed  between) . 

ne,  enclitic  interrog.  particle,  whether; 
ne  .  .  .  an  or  ne  .  .  .  ne,  whether  .  .  . 
or. 

nebulo,  onis  [nebula,  mist],  m.,  a  worth- 
less fellow,  scamp. 

nee,  see  neque. 

necessario  [necessarius] ,  adv.,  neces- 
sarily. 

necessarius  [necesse],  adj.,  necessary, 
indispensable ;  as  noun,  an  intimate 
friend,  relative. 

necesse,  indecl.  adj.,  necessary,  inevi- 
table. 

necessitas,  atis  [necesse],  f.,  necessity ^ 
pressure. 

necessitudo,  inis  [necesse],  f.,  friend- 
ship, intimacy. 

necne,  conj.,  or  not. 

neco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  kill, 

necto,  ere,  nezui,  nexus,  to  bind^  tie; 
contrive. 

nefastus  [nefas,  crime],  adj.,  unhal- 
lowed, unpropitious. 

neglego,  see  lego. 

nego,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  say  no,  deny, 
refuse. 

negotium,  i  [nee  +  otium],  n.,  business ; 
toil,  trouble. 

Nemetes,  urn,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Germans  set- 
tled in  Gaul  near  modern  Speier. 

nemo,  inis  [ne  +  homo],  m.  and  f.,  no 
one. 

Neocles,  i.  m.,  an  Athenian,  the  father 
of  Themistocles. 

Nepos,  Otis,  m.,  Cornelius,  the  historian, 
lived  probably  B.C.  99-24. 

nepos,  Otis,  m.,  grandson;  nephew 
(late) ;  pi.,  descendants. 


Neptunus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  god,  brother 

of  Jupiter,  and  chief  divinity  of  the  sea. 
nSquaquam  [ne  +  quaquam,  anywhere] , 

adv.,  not  at  all,  by  no  means. 
neque  or  nee  [ne  +  que],  adv.,  nor,  and 

.  .  .  not;   neque  .  .  .  neque  or  nee, 

neither  .  .  .  nor. 
nequiquam,  adv.,  in  vain,  to  no  purpose. 
Nero,  onis,  m.,  C.  (App.)  Claudius  Nero 

was  consul  B.C.  207  with  Livius  Salina- 

tor,  and  defeated  Hasdrubal  at  Sena. 
Nervii,  orum,  m.,  a  brave  and  warlike 

tribe  of  the  Belgian  Gauls  who  lived 

between    the    river     Sabis     (modern 

Sambre)  and  the  sea. 
nervus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  a  sinew^  muscle, 

nerve. 
neu,  see  neve, 
neuter,  tra,  trum  [n§  -f  uter],  pron., 

yieither. 
neve  or  neu  [ne-hve],  conj.,  nor ;  and 

.  .  .  not ;  neve  .  .  .  neve,  neither  .  .  . 

nor. 
nex,  necis,  f.,  death ;  murder,  slaughter, 
Nicias,  ae,  m.,  the  physician  of  Pyrrhus, 

who  offered  to  poison  his  master. 
Nicomedes,  is,  m.,  sumamed  Philopator, 

king  of  Bithynia,  expelled  by  Mithri- 

dates,  but  restored  by  the  Romans. 
nihil  [ne  +  hilum,  a  trifle],  n.,  indecl., 

nothing,  not  at  all. 
nihilo  [abl.  of  nihilum],  none  the  .  .  . ; 

nihilo  minus,  none  the  less. 
NIlus,  i,  m.,  the  river  Nile. 
nimbus,  i,  m.,  a  rain  storm,  cloud. 
nimis,  adv.,  too  much,  very,  excessively. 
nimius  [nimis],  adj.,  excessive,  too  much, 

too  great. 
nisi  [ne  +  si],  conj.,  ifn,ot,  unless,  except. 
nitor,  i,  nisus  or  nixus  sum,  strive,  at- 
tempt; rely  upon. 
con  —  conitor,   1,   nisus   or   nixus 

sum,  to  strive,  struggle,  endeavor. 
in  —  innitor,  i,  nisus  or  nixus  sum, 

lean  on. 
re  —  renitor,  i,  to  withstand,  resist. 


266 


VOCABULARY. 


no,  nftre,  navl,  to  swim. 

in  — inno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  swim 

in. 
trans  —  trano,  are,  avi,  — ,  to  swim 

acj'oss. 
Nobilior,  oris,  m.,  M.  FulviuSy  consul 

B.C.  189,  when  he  conquered  the  Aeto- 

lians. 
nobilis,  e  [nosco],  adj.,  noted ,  notable, 

renowned,  noble. 
nobilitas,    atis    [nobilis],    f.,    renown, 

nobility ;  the  nobles. 
nobilito,  are,   avi,   atus   [nobilis],   to 

make  famous. 
nocens,   entis  [noceo],   adj.,   harmful, 

hurtful. 
noceo,  ere,  ui,  iturus,  to  hurt,  injure, 

mohst. 
noctu  [nox],  adv.,  by  night. 
nocturnus  [noctu],  adj.,  nocturnal,  by 

night. 
nodus,  i,  m.,  a  knot;  joint ;  knob. 
nolo,  see  volo. 

nomen,  inis  [nosco],  n.,  a  name,  a  re- 
nown ;  account ;  pretense ;  authority. 
Nomentanus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Momen- 
tum, a  Sabine  city. 
nominatim  [nomino],  adv.,  by  name. 
nomino,   are,   avi,   atus    [nomen],    to 

name,  call,  mention. 
non,  adv.,  not,  no. 
nonagesimus,  num.  adj.,  ninetieth. 
nonaginta,  num.  adj.,  ninety  (XC). 
nondum  [non  +  dum] ,  adv.,  not  yet. 
nonnullus   [non  +  niillus] ,  adj.,  some, 

several. 
nonnumquam  [non  +  numquam],  adv., 

sometimes. 
nonus  [novem],  adj.,  ninth. 
nos,  nosmet,  pi.  of  ego,  we. 
nosco,  ere,  novi,  notus,  to  know. 

ad  —  agnosco,  ere,  gnovi,  gnitus,  to 

recognize. 
con  — i  cognosco,  ere,  gnovi,  gnitus, 

to  learn,  discover;  knoiv  thoroughly; 

investigate. 


re  +  con  —  rec5gn5sc5,  ere,  gnovi, 
gnitus,  to  recall,  recognize. 

in— ignosc5,  ere,  gnovi,   gnotum, 
to  overlook,  forgive,  excuse. 
\  noster,  tra,  trum  [nos],  adj.,  our,  our 
!       own. 
i   notitia,  ae  [nosco],  f.,  knowledge.^ 

nota,  ae  [of.  nosco],  f.,  a  mark,  sign, 
stamp. 

noto,  are,  avi,  atus  [nota],  to  mark, 
call  attention  to,  mention,  blame. 

notus  [nosco],  adj.,  well  known,  familiar. 

novacula,  ae,  f.,  a  razor. 

novem,  num.,  nine. 

novitas,  atis  [novus],  f.,  newness,  rare- 
ness, novelty. 

novus,  adj.,  new,  fresh ;  novae  res,  a 
revolution. 

nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 

noxa,  ae  [noceo],  f.,  an  offense,  c?nme. 

nubo,  ere,  nupsi,  nuptum,  to  veil  one's 
self,  mai^y. 

nudo,  are,  avi,  atus  [nudus],  to  make 
bare,  strip,  expose. 

nudus,  adj.,  naked,  bare. 

niillus  [ne  +  iUlus],  adj.,  none,  no;  as 
noun,  no  one  (gen.  nullius ;  dat.  nulli) . 

num,  interrog.  particle,  expects  the  an- 
swer no. 

Numa,  ae,  m.,  see  Pompilius. 

niimen,  inis  [nuo,  to  nod],  n.,  a  divinity, 
divine  power. 

numerus,  i,  m.,  number,  account;  cha?'- 
acter,  rank. 

Numidae,  arum,  m.,  the  Numidians. 

Numidia,  ae,  f.,  a  country  of  northern 
Africa,  west  of  the  Carthaginian  terri- 
tory. 

Numitor,  oris,  m.,  son  of  Proca,  grand- 
father of  Romulus. 

nummus,  i,  m.,  money;  coin;  sesterce 
(=4.1  cents). 

numquam  [ne  +  umquam],  adv.,  never. 

nunc,  adv.,  noio. 

niincupo,  are,  avi,  atus  [nomen  + 
capio].  to  call,  call  by  nam^. 


VOCABULARY. 


26 


nilntio,  Sxe,  Svi,  SLtus  [nHntius],  to  tell, 
announce,  report. 

de  — denuntio,  are,    avi,  atus,   to 
an7iounce,  denounce,  order,  threaten. 

ex  —  enuntio,    are,    avi,    atus,    to 
speak  out,  tell. 

pro  —  pronuntio,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
tell,  declare,  recite,  appoint. 

re  —  renuntio,  are,   avi,   atus,    to 
bring  hack  ivord,  report. 
nuntius,  i,  m.,  a  messenger;  message. 
nuptiae,  arum,  [nubo],  f .,  nuptials,  mar- 
riage. 
nusquam  [ne  +  usquam],  adv.,  nowhere, 

in  no  place. 
n&tus,  us  [nuo,  to  nod\,  in.,  a  nod,  mo- 
tion ;  command,  promvie. 


ob,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account  of ,  for, 
because  of. 

obduco,  see  duco. 

obeo,  see  eo. 

obicio,  see  iacio. 

obitus,  us  [obeo],  m.,  destruction,  death. 

obnozius  [ob  +  noxa],  adj.,  liable,  ex- 
posed to. 

obru5,  see  ru5. 

obscure  [obscurus],  adv.,  obscurely, 

obscuro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  darken, 
obscure. 

obsecro,  see  sacr5. 

obsequor,  see  sequor. 

observantia,  ae  [observe],  f.,  obse?^)- 
ance,  respect,  honor,  attention. 

observo,  see  servo. 

obses,  idis  [obsideo],  m.  and  f.,  a  host- 
age. 

obsessio,  5nis  [obsideS],  f.,  siege,  block- 
ade. 

obsideo,  see  sedeo. 

obsidid,  onis  [obsideo],  f.,  a  siege. 

obsidionaiis,  e  [obsidio],  adj.,  pertain- 
ing to  a  siege. 

obsigno,  see  signo. 


obsisto,  see  sisto. 

obsonium,  i  [Greek],  n.,  a  sauce,  relish, 
side  dish. 

obstinatio,  onis  [obstino,  persist],  i., 
persistence,  stubbornness,  obstinacy. 

obstinatus  [obstino],  ad].,  persistent. 

obstupefacio,  ere,  feci,  factus,  to  aston- 
ish. 

obtempero,  see  tempero. 

obtestatio,  onis  [obtestor],  f.,  protesta- 
tion, entreaty,  adjuration. 

obtestor,  see  tester. 

obtineo,  see  teneo. 

obtingo.  see  tango. 

obtrectatio,  onis  [obtrecto],  f.,  detrac- 
tion, jealousy,  envy. 

obtrecto,  see  tracto. 

obtrunco,  are,  — ,  atus,  to  kill,  slay. 

obturbo,  see  turbo. 

obvenio,  see  venio. 

obverto,  see  verto. 

obviam  [ob  +  via],  adv.,  in  the  way, 
towards;  obviam  venire  or  Ire,  to 
meet. 

occasio,  onis  [occid5],  f.,  an  occasion, 
opportunity. 

occasus,  Us  [occido],  m.,  agoing  down, 
setting. 

occido,  see  cado. 

occido,  see  caedo. 

occipio,  see  capio. 

occults,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  occulo, 
to  cover],  to  hide,  conceal;  secrete, 

occultus  [occulo,  to  cover],  adj.,  hidden, 
secret,  concealed. 

occumbo,  see  *cumbo. 

occupatio,  onis  [occupo],  f.,  engage- 
ment, occupation. 

occupo,  are,  avi,  atus  [ob  +  capi5],  to 
seize,  hold,  occupy,  attack,  employ. 

occurro,  see  curro. 

Oceanus,  i,  m.,  the  Atlantic  and  its 
divisions  in  contrast  with  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 

Octavianus,  i,  m.,  see  Caesar  and  Augus- 
tus. 


268 


VOCABULARY. 


Octavius,  I,  m. 

(1)  C/i.,  a  partisan  of  Sulla,  was 
consul  B.C.  87  with  L.  Cornelius  Cinna. 
The  latter  adhered  to  Marius,  and  Oc- 
tavius was  massacred  when  they  tri- 
umphed. 

(2)  Octavius  Mamilius,  dictator  of 
Tusculum,  son-in-law  of  Tarquinius 
Superbus. 

octavus  [octo],  adj.,  eighth. 
octingenti,  ae,  a  [octo  +  centum] ,  num. 

adj.,  eight  hundred  (DCCC). 
octo,  num.  adj.,  eight  (VIII.). 
octodecim,  num.  adj.,  eighteen  (XVIII.). 
octogesimus    [octoginta],    num.    adj., 

eightieth. 
octoginta    [octo],    num.    adj.,    eighty 

(LXXX.). 
oculus,  i,  m.,  the  eye. 
odi,  odisse,  def.,  to  hate. 
odium,  i  [odij,  n.,  hatred^  aversion. 
offendo,  ere,  i,  fensum,  to  hit  upon, 

meet  with,  find. 
offensio,  onis  [offendo],  f.,  a  hurting; 

harm;  offense. 
offero,  see  fero. 
officium,  i   [opus  +  facio],  n.,  service, 

favor ;  duty,  office. 
oleaginous  [olea,  olive"],  adj.,  of  olive. 
Olympia,  ae,  f.,  a  town  in  the  western 

part  of  the  Peloponnesus. 
Olympias,  adis,  f.,  an   Olympiad,  the 

space  of  four  years   intervening  be- 
tween the   games  at   Olympia.    The 

period  was  widely  used  in  assigning 

dates,  the  first   Olympiad   beginning 

B.C.  776. 
Olympius,  Sid].,  pertaining  to  Olympus, 

the  abode  of  the  Greek  gods, 
omitto,  see  mitto. 
omnino  [omnis],  adv.,  in  all,  altogether, 

only,  in  general ;  at  all. 
omnis,  e,  adj.,  every,  all. 
onerarius  [onus],  adj.,  laden,  for  freight; 

navis    oneraria,    a    transport    ship, 

freight  ship. 


onero,  are,  avi,  atus  [onus],  to  load; 
burden,  oppress. 

onus,  oris,  n.,  a  load,  weight,  cargo; 
difficulty,  trouble. 

onustus  [onus],  adj.,  loaded, 

opera,  ae  [opus],  f.,  work,  pains,  aid; 
operam  dare,  take  pains. 

operio,  see  pario. 

opimus,  Sid].,  fertile,  rich,  splendid. 

opinio,  onis  [opinor],  f.,  an  opinion,  be- 
lief; expectation;  report,  reputation. 

opinor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  think,  believe. 

oportet,  ere,  uit,  impers.,  it  is  necessary, 
proper;  one  ought ;  it  behooves. 

oppeto,  see  peto. 

oppidum,  i,  n.,  a  walled  town. 

oppleo,  see  pleo. 

oppono,  see  pono. 

opportune  [opportunus],  adv.,  season- 
ably, suitably. 

opportunitas,  atis  [opportunus],  f., 
fitness,  opportunity,  advantage. 

opportunus  [ob  +  portus],  adj.,  fit, 
suitable. 

opprimo,  see  primo. 

oppiignatio,  onis  [oppugno],  f.,  an  as- 
sault, attack,  siege. 

oppugno,  see  pugno. 

ops,  opis,  f.,  power,  help;  pi.,  opes, 
wealth,  resources. 

optimus,  see  bonus. 

opto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  hope,  desire. 
ad^adopto,    are,    avi,    atus,    to 
adopt. 

opus,  operis,  n.,  work,  business,  need; 
fortification;  magno  opere  or  magno- 
pere,  very  much,  exceedingly. 

ora,  ae,  f .,  a  coast,  shore. 

oraculum,  i  [oro],  n.,  an  oracle,  proph- 
ecy. 

oratio,  onis  [oro,  speak],  f.,  speech, 
icords. 

orator,  oris  [oro],  m.,  an  orator,  ambas- 
sador. 

orbis,  is,  m.,  circle;  the  world  (sc.  ter- 
rarum) . 


VOCABULARY. 


269 


orbitas,  atis  [orbus,  destitute],  f.,  be- 
reav''m"nti  orphanage. 

Orcynius,  adj.,  see  Hercynius. 

ordino,  are,  avi,  atus  [ordoj,  to  arrange, 
regulate. 

ordior,  iri,  orsus  sum,  to  begin, 

ordo,  inis,  f.,  an  order,  rank,  row. 

Oriens,  entis  [orior],  m.  (sc.  sol),  the 
rising  sun ;  the  east. 

origo,  inis  [orior],  f.,  an  origin,  source, 
pedigree;  pi.  Origines,  the  title  of  a 
work  by  Cato  upon  the  early  history 
of  the  Italian  cities. 

orior,  iri,  ortus  sum,  to  rise,  begin, 
spring  from. 

ad  —  adorior,  iri,  ortus  sum,  to  rise 
up  against,  attack  ;  attempt. 

con  —  co6rior,   iri,  ortus  sum,  to 
arise;  happen,  break  out. 

ornamentum,  i  [orno],  n.,  an  orna- 
ment. 

ornatus  [orno] ,  adj.,  equipped. 

orno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  furnish;  honor, 
decorate;  increase. 

ad  —  adomo,    are,    avi,    atus,  to 
adorn,  honor. 

6ro,  are,  avi,  atus  [os],  to  pray,  beg,  en- 
treat. 

OS,  oris,  n.,  the  mouth,  face  ;  voice. 

OS,  ossis,  n.,  a  bone. 

osculor,  ari,  atus  sum  [osculum,  kiss, 
from  os],  to  kiss. 

ex  —  exosculor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to 
praise  greatly,  admire  (late). 

Osismi,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Gaul. 

ostendo,  see  tendo. 

ostentum,  i  [ostendo],  n.,  a  prodigy, 
iconder. 

ostium,  i  [os],  n.,  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

Otacilius,  i,  a  Roman  gens  name.  See 
Crassus. 

otium,  i,  n.,  leisure,  ease,  peace,  retire- 
ment. 

ovaiis,  e  [ovo],  adj.,  pertaining  to  an 
ovation  (late). 


ovatio,  onis  [ovo],    f.,    an  ovation,  a 

lesser  triumph. 
OVO,  are,  — ,  — ,  to  exult;  receive  an 

ovation,  triumph. 


P.  =  Publius. 

pabuiator,  oris  [pabulor],  m.,  a  forager. 

pabulor,  ari,  atus  sum  [pabulum],  to 

forage. 
pabulum,  i,  n.,food. 
paciscor,  i,  pactus   sum,    to   bargain, 

agree,  stipulate. 
paco,  are,  avi,  atus  [pax],   to  pacify, 

make  peaceful. 
pactio,  onis  [paciscor],  f.,  a  bargain, 

arrangement. 
Padus,  i,  m.,  the  River  Po. 
paene,  adv.,  almost,  nearly. 
paenitet,  ere,  uit,  impers.,  to  repent, 

regret,  be  sorry. 
pagus,  i,  m.,  a  district,  canton. 
Palae(o)pharsaius,  i,  f.,  see  Pharsaius 
Palaestina,  ae,  f.,  Palestine. 
palam,  adv.,  openly,  publicly. 
Paiatinus,  i  [sc.  mons],  adj.,  the  Pala- 
tine Hill ;  see  plan,  p.  12. 
Paiatium,  i,  n.,  the  Palatine  Hill. 
pallium,  i,  n.,  a  Grecian  cloak,  mantle. 
palma,  ae,  f .,  the  palm. 
palus,  udis,  f.,  a  marsh,  fen ;  Caprae 

or   Caprea   Paliis,    Goat   Swamp,    a 

marsh  at  Rome. 
Pamphylium,  i,  adj.,  P.  Mare,  a  large 

gulf   in    the   southern  coast  of  Asia 

Minor. 
pan,  Panos,  m.,  a  (Greek)  god  of  the 

fields  and  shepherds. 
Paniscus,  i,  m.,  a  little  (statue  of)  Pan. 
panis,  is,  m.,  bread. 
Pansa,  ae,  m.,  C.   Vibius,  consul  with 

Hirtius  B.C.  43. 
Paphlagonia,  ae,  f.,  a  country  in  Asia 

Minor  between  Bithynia  and  Pontus 

on  the  shore  of  the  Black  Sea. 


270 


VOCABULARY. 


Papirius,  I,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Cursor. 

Papirius  Fraetextatiis,  of  whom  an 
anecdote  is  related  by  Gellius,  I.,  23,  is 
not  otherwise  known. 

Fapus,  i,  m.,  Q.  AemiliuSj  was  consul 
B.C.  282  and  278. 

par,  paris,  adj.,  like,  equal,  suitable, 
same. 

par^tus  [paro],  adj.,  preparer?,  ready. 

parce  [parous,  spai^ing],  adv.,  sparingly. 

parco,  ere,  peperci  and  parsi,  parcitum 
and  parsum,  to  spare,  omit. 

parens,  entis  [pario],  m.  and  f.,  a  father 
or  another,  parent ;  relation  (late  use). 

pareo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  appear,  obey,  be 
subject  to. 

ad  —  appSreo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  appear ; 
to  serve. 

con  —  compareo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  ap- 
pear, show  one's  self. 

pario,  ere,  peperi,  partus  and  paritus, 
to  bring  forth,  produce,  obtain,  get. 

ob  — operio,  ire,  perui,  pertus,  to 
cover,  hide. 

re  —  reperiS,  ire,  repperi  or  reperi, 
repertus,  to  find,  discover,  ascertain. 

paro,  are,  avi,  fitus,  to  prepare  ;  obtain; 
equip. 

ad  — apparS,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  pro- 
vide, get  ready,  furnish. 

con  —  compare,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
prepare,  get  together,  procure. 

prae  —  praeparo,   are,   avi,    atus, 
to  make  ready  beforehand,  provide. 
re  —  reparo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  renew. 

pars,  partis,  f.,  a  part,  number;  dis- 
trict ;  side,  direction ;  party,  faction. 

PartW,  orum,  m.,  the  Parthians,  a  Scyth- 
ian people  southeast  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
In  the  second  century  b.c,  they  over- 
ran the  country  east  of  the  Euphrates, 
and  founded  a  kingdom  which  success- 
fully resisted  the  encroachments  of  the 
Roman  power  for  two  centuries. 

partim  [pars],  adv.,  partly. 


partior,  irl,  itus  sum  [pars],  to  divide; 

partitus,  divided. 
partus,  us  [pario],  m.,  birth;  progeny. 
parum,  adv.,  too  little,  not  enough. 
parumper  [parum],  adv.,  a  while. 
parvulus    [parvus],    adj.,  very    small, 

trifling;  as  noun,  parvulus,  i,  m.,  a 

child. 
parvus,    adj.,    small,    trifliiig.     Comp. 

minor;  sup.  minimus, 
pascor,  i,  pastus  sum,  to  feed,  eat. 
passim  [passus  from  pando,  to  spread], 

adv.,  in  all  directions,  everywhere. 
passus,  us,  m.,  a  step,  pace  ;  mille  pas- 

suum,  pi.  milia  passuum,  a  Roman 

mile  =  4854  English  feet. 
pastor,  oris  [pasco,  feed],  m.,  a  shep- 
herd. 
pastus,  us  [pascor],  m.,  pasture,  fodder ; 

feeding. 
Patavium,  i,  n.,  a  city  in  the  north  of 

Italy,  modern  Padua, 
patefacio,   ere,   feci,  factus  [pateo  + 

facioj,  to  open,  disclose ;  pass.,  patefio. 
pateo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  be  open,  extend,  be 

manifest. 
pater,  tris,  m.,  a  father,  ancestor. 
paternus  [pater],  adj.,  fatherly,  of  a 

father. 
patientia,  ae  {j^bXIot],  t.,  patience,  suh- 

mission,  suffering. 
patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  to  suffer,  per- 
mit. 
per  —  perpetior,  i,  pessus  sum,  to 

endure,  be  patient  under. 
patria,   ae     [patrius],   f.,  fatherland, 

country,  home. 
patrimonium,  ii  [pater],  n.,  a  paternal 

estate,  patrimony. 
patulus  [pateo] ,  adj.,  spreading,  open. 
paucitas,   atis    [paucus],    f.,  fewness, 

small  number. 
paucus.  adj.,  feio,  little. 
pauiatim  [paulum],  adv.,  little  by  little, 

gradually. 
paulisper  [paulum],  adv.,  a  short  time. 


VOCABULARY. 


271 


paul5  and  paulum  [paulus] ,  adv.,  by  a 

little. 
Paulus,  i,  m.,  a  family  name  in  the  Aemi- 

lian  gens  at  Rome. 

(1)  L.  Aemilius  PauliLS,  a  distin- 
guished general,  consul  B.C.  219  and 
216.  In  the  latter  year  he  fell  in  the 
defeat  at  Cannae. 

(2)  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  surnamed 
Macedonieus,  was  the  son  of  (1).  As 
consul  a  second  time  in  b.c.  168,  he 
conquered  Perseus,  king  of  Macedonia, 
in  the  battle  of  Pydna. 

pauper,  eris,  adj., poor. 

Fausanias,  ae,  m.,  king  of  Sparta,  com- 
mander of  the  Greek  forces  at  Plataea 
B.C.  479. 

pavesco,  ere,  ~,  —  [paveo,  to  be  afraid]y 
to  become  alarmed  (very  rare). 

con  — compavesco,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  be 
thoroughly  terrified. 

ex  —  expavesco,  ere,  pSvi,  — ,  to 
dread,  fear  greatly  (rare). 

pavor,  oris  [paveo,  be  afraid],  m., 
terror. 

pax,  pacis,  t.,  peace. 

pectus,  oris,  n.,  the  breast. 

(pecu),  n.,  cattle,  large  cattle  ;  only  nom. 
ace.  pi.  pecua. 

pecunia,  ae  [pecus],  f.,  money. 

pecuniosus  [pecunia],  adj.,  rich. 

pecus,  oris,  n.,  cattle. 

pecus,  udis,  f.,  cattle. 

pedalis,  e  [pes],  adj.,  afoot  thick. 

pedes,  itis  [pes],  m.,  a  foot  soldier ;  in- 
fantry. 

pedester,  tris,  tre  [pes],  adj.,  on  foot. 

peditatus,  Hs  [pedes],  m.,  infantry. 

pedisequus,  i  [pes  +  sequor],  m.,  a  fol- 
lower, footman,  servant. 

Peducaeus,  i,  m..  Sex.,  a  friend  of  Atti- 
cus,  governor  of  vSardinia  under  Caesar, 
B.C.  48. 

pellis,  is,  f.,  a  skin,  hide. 

pello,  ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  to  drive  off; 
expel;  defeat,  conquer. 

A.  &  W.  LAT.  R.  — 18 


(1)  ad  —  appello,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
call,  address,  name,  appeal  to,  accuse. 

(2)  appello,  ere,  pull,  pulsus,  to 
drive  to,  direct^  steer  for. 

con  — compello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus, 
to  drive  together,  collect;  force,  compel. 
de  — depello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus,  to 
drive  away,  dislodge,  deter. 

ex  — expello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus,  to 
drive  out,  expel,  remove. 

in  — impello,  ere,  puli,  pulsus,  to 
urge  on,  incite,  impel. 

pro  —  propelld,  ere,  puli,  pulsus, 
to  drive  away,  put  to  flight,  rout,  repel, 
defeat. 

Peloponnesus,  i,  f.,'  the  Peloponnesus, 
modern  Morea. 

Penates,  ium,  m.,the  Penates,  household 
gods;  a  home,  dwelling.  The  images 
of  the  Penates  were  kept  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  house ;  the  hearth  and 
the  table  were  sacred  to  them. 

pendo,  ere,  pependi,  pensum,  to  weigh ; 
pay,  suffer,  ponder. 

ad  —  appendo,  ere,  di,  sus,  to  weigh 
out. 

penes,  prep,  with  ace,  loith,  iri  the  power 
of. 

pemtVLQ,  Sid].,  inner ;  sup.  innermost. 

per,  prep,  with  ace,  through,  by  means 
of,  by. 

peraeque,  adv.,  regularly,  uniformly. 

perago,  see  ago. 

peragro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  wander 
through. 

percipio,  see  capio. 

percontatio,  onis  [percenter],  f.,  ask- 
ing, inquiring. 

percenter,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  inquire, 
question,  search  out. 

percurro,  see  curro. 

percussor,  oris  [percutio],  m.,  a  stabber, 
murderer. 

percutio,  ere,  cussi,  cussus  [per  + 
quatio,  shakel,  to  thrust  through, 
strike,  kill. 


272 


VOCABULARY. 


perdiscS,  see  disc5. 

per  do,  see  do. 

perdoixi5,  see  dom5.     ' 

perduco,  see  duco. 

pereo,  see  eo. 

perequito,  see  equito. 

perennitas,  atis  [perennis,  pereiinial], 

f .,  perpetuity  J  unf ailing  ness. 
perexiguus  [per  +  exiguus],  adj.,  very 

small. 
perfects  [perfectus,  perficio],  adv.,pe?'- 

fectly. 
perfero,  see  fero. 
perfodio,  see  fodio. 
perfuga,  ae  [perfugio],  m.,  a  desertery 

refugee. 
perfugium,  i,  [perfugio],  n.,  a  place  of 

refuge,  refuge. 
perfundo,  see  fundo. 
perfungor,  see  fungor. 
Pergamenus,   adj.,  pertaining  to  Per- 

ganium,  a  city  in  Mysia  (Asia  Minor) . 
pergo,  see  rego. 

periculum,  i,  n.,  trial;  risk,  danger. 
peritus,  adj.,  skilled,  experienced,  famil- 
iar with. 
perlucidus     [per  +  lucidus,     shining], 

adj.,  transparent,  pellucid. 
perlustro,  are,  avi,  atus  [per +  lustro], 

to  examine. 
permaneo,  see  maneo. 
permirandus  [miror] ,  adj.,  very  ivonder- 

ful{\2Lte). 
permissus,  Hs  [permitto] ,  m. ,  permission. 
parmitto,  see  mitto. 
permoveo,  see  moveo, 
permutatio,  onis  [permuto],  f.,  change ^ 

exchange. 
pernicies,   ei   [per  +  nex],  f.,  destruc- 
tion, ruin. 
pernicitas,   atis    [penux,    nimble],    f., 

nimbleness,  activity. 
perobscunis     [per  +  obscums],     adj., 

very  obscure. 
perpauci,  ae,  a  [per +  paucu8],  adj., 

very  few. 


perperam,  adv.,  lorongly. 

Perpema,  ae,  m.,  M.,  was  consul  b.c.  92, 
and  died  in  49,  at  the  age  of  ninety- 
eight. 

perpetior,  see  patior. 

perpetro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  perform, 
commit. 

perpetuo  [perpetuus],  adv.,  continu- 
ally. 

perpetuus  [per  +  peto],  adj.,  continu- 
ous, entire,  perpetual ;  in  perpetuum, 
fo7'ever. 

perrexi,  see  pergo. 

perrumpo,  see  rumpo. 

persequor,  see  sequor. 

Perses,  ae,  m.,  a  Persian.  In  Eutro- 
pius,  VII.  6,  the  Parthians. 

Perseus,  ei  [Perses,  ae],  m.,  the  last  king 
of  Macedonia,  defeated  by  Paulas  at . 
the  battle  of  Pydna,  b.c.  168. 

persevero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  persist, 
persevere. 

Persicus,  adj.,  Persian. 

Persis,  idis,  f.,  Persia. 

perspicio,  see  *specio. 

persuadeo,  see  suadeo. 

pertaedet,  ere,  taesum  est,  to  be  tired 
of,  sick  of. 

perterebro,  see  terebro. 

perterreo,  see  terreo. 

pertinacia,  ae  [per  +  tenax,  from  te- 
neo],  f.,  obstinacy. 

pertineo,  see  teneo. 

perturbatio,  onis  [perturbo],  f.,  confu- 
sion. 

perturbo,  see  turbo. 

Perusia,  ae,  f.,  a  city  in  Etruria. 

pervenio,  see  venio. 

perverto,  see  verto. 

pes,  pedis,  m.,  a  foot;  pedem  referre, 
to  retreat. 

pestilentia,  ae  [pestis,  plague],  i.,  a 
pestilence,  plague. 

Petilii,  orum,  m.,  two  tribunes  of  the 
people  who  accused  the  elder  Scipio  of 
embezzlement  b.c.  187. 


VOCABULARY. 


273 


peto,  ere,  ivi,  itus,  to  aim  at,  seek,  ask, 
request ;  try  to  reach ;  attack. 
ob  —  oppeto,  ere,  ivi,  itus,  to  meet. 
re  —  repeto,  ere,  ivi,  itus,  to  attack 
or  seek  again;  take  back,  recall,  re- 
peat. 

Petreius,  i,  m.,  a  partisan  of  Pompey; 
fought  against  Caesar  in  Spain,  Greece, 
and  Africa. 

petulans,  antis  [peto],  adj.,  saucy, pet- 
ulant. 

petulantia,  ae  [petulans],  t., petulance. 

phalerae,  arum  [Greek],  f.,  a  metal 
breastplate  (especially  for  horses). 

Fhalericus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  P hale- 
rum,  one  of  the  harbors  of  Athens. 

Fhameas,  ae,  m.,  see  Famea. 

Pharnaces,  is,  ra.,  the  son  of  Mithri- 
dates,  who  succeeded  his  father  as 
king  of  Pontus.  He  was  defeated  by 
Caesar  in  the  battle  of  Zela  B.C.  47. 

Fharsalus,  i,  f .,  a  city  in  Thessaly  where 
Caesar  defeated  Pompey  B.C.  48. 

Fhidippus,  i  [Fhidippides  or  Fhilippi- 
des],  m.,  a  celebrated  Athenian  runner 
B.C.  390. 

Fhilippi,  orum,  m.,  a  city  in  Macedonia 
famous  for  the  defeat  of  Brutus  and 
Cassius  by  Octavianus,  b.c.  44. 

Fhilippus,  i,  m. 

(1)  King  of  Macedon  B.C.  359-336, 
father  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

(2)  King  of  Macedon  b.c.  220-178  ; 
entered  into  alliance  with  Hannibal 
and  was  defeated  by  Flamininus  at 
Cynocephalae  b.c.  197. 

philosophus,  i  [Greek] ,  m.,  a  philosopher. 
Picenum,  i,  n.,  a  province  of  Italy  on  the 

Adriatic  coast  north  of  Latium. 
Fictones,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  on  the  west 

coast  of  Gaul  south  of  the  Loire, 
pietas,  atis  [plus,  dutiful],  f.,  devotion, 

piety. 
pigmentum,  I  [pingo,  to  paint],  n.,  a 

color,  paint. 
pigritia,  ae,  f.,  sloth,  laziness. 


pilum,  i,  n.,  a  heavy  javelin;  pike. 

pinna,  ae,  f.,  a  feather,  wing;  pinnacle. 

Piraeus,  i  (Piraeeus),  m.,  the  chief  har- 
bor of  Athens. 

pirata,  ae,  m.,  a  pirate. 

piraticus,  [pirata],  adj.,  piratical,  per- 
taiuiiig  to  pirates. 

Pisistratus,  i,  m.,  an  Athenian  noble 
who  made  himself  master  (tyrant)  of 
Athens  b.c.  560. 

placeo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  please,  be  agree- 
able; seem  best  to;  placuit,  it  was 
decreed. 

dis  —  displiceo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  dis- 
please, be  unsatisfactory. 

placide  [placidus,  calm],  adv.,  calmly, 
placidly. 

place,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  appease. 

plaga,  ae,  f .,  a  snare ;  a  stretch  of  coun- 
try, zone,  tract. 

plane  [planus],  ^dv., plainly,  assuredly. 

pianities,  ei  [planus],  t.,  plain. 

planus,  adj.,  level, fiat;  clear, plain. 

Plataeae,  arum,  f.,  Plataea,  a  small 
town  in  Boeotia  where  the  Persians 
.were  defeated  by  the  Greeks  under 
Pausanias  b.c.  479. 

Plataeensis,  e,  adj.,  Plataean. 

Plato,  onis,  the  famous  Athenian  phil- 
osopher, pupil  of  Socrates.  He  lived 
about  428-347  b.c. 

plebs,  plebis,  and  plebes,  ei,  f .,  the  com- 
mon  people,  the  populace,  plebeians. 

plenus  [pleo],  did].,  full. 

pleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  to  fill. 

con  —  compleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  to  fill 
up;  complete;  occupy. 

ex  —  expleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  to  fill 
full. 

in  — impleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  to  fill, 
finish. 

ob  —  oppleo.  ere.  evi,  etus,  tofillup. 

plerumque  [plerusque],  adv.,  mostly, 
generally,  very  often. 

plerusque,  [plerus,  very  many],  adj., 
very  many ,  most ;  the  majority. 


274 


VOCABULARY. 


plico,  are,  — ,  — ,  to  fold.  ' 

ad  —  applico,  are,  avi  (ui) ,  atus 
(itus) ,  to  attach ;  lean  against. 

circum  —  circumplico,  are,  avi, 
atus,  to  icind  about. 

ex  — explico,  are,  avi  (ui),  atus 
(itus),  to  unfold;  explain,  narrate; 
arrange  y  perform. 

Plinius,  i,  m.,  C.  Plinius  Secundus, 
known  as  Pliny  the  Elder,  a  volumi- 
nous Latin  author,  a.d.  23-79. 

plumo,  are,  avi,  atus  [pluma,  feather], 
to  cover  ivith  feathei^s  (late). 

plumbum, i,  n.,  lead;  plumbum  album, 
tin. 

plures.  plurimus,  see  multus. 

plus,  plurime,  see  multum. 

Plutarchus,  i,  m.,  Plutarch,  a  Greek 
writer  of  the  first  century  a.d.,  the 
author  of  the  famous  "  Lives "  of 
Greek  and  Roman  worthies. 

Pluto (n),  onis,  m.,  the  Greek  god  of  the 
lower  world. 

poculum,  i,  n.,  a  drinking  cup. 

poena,  ae,  f .,  compensation,  punishment, 
penalty. 

Poenicus,  older  form  of  Fiinicus,  adj., 
Phoenician,  Carthaginian. 

Poenus,  i,  m.,  a  Carthaginian. 

poeta.  ae,  m.,  a  poet. 

poUex,  icis,  m.,  the  thumb,  great  toe; 
digitus  poUex,  thumb. 

poUiceor,  eri,  itus  sum,  to  promise,  vol- 
unteer. 

pollicitatio,  onis  [poUiceor],  f.,  a  prom- 
ise. 

Pollux,  ucis,  m.,  a  demigod,  the  twin 
brother  of  Castor. 

Pometia,  ae,  f .  (also  Suessa  Fometia) , 
an  ancient  town  of  the  Volsci  in  the 
south  of  Latium. 

pompa,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  procession; 
parade,  pomp. 

Pompeius,  i,  m. 

(1)  Cn.,  surnamed  Magnus,  the  tri- 
umvir, was  born  B.C.  106;  consul  70; 


completed  the  piratical  war  67,  the 
Mithridatic  war  65.  With  Caesar  and 
Crassus  he  formed  the  first  trium- 
virate 60.  The  civil  w^ar  between 
Caesar  and  Pompey  began  49,  and  the 
latter  was  defeated  at  Pharsalus  48. 
He  fled  to  Egypt,  where  he  was  mur- 
dered September,  48. 

(2)  C7i.,  the  son  of  the  triumvir,  col- 
lected his  father's  adherents  in  Spain, 
where  he  was  defeated  by  Caesar  in 
the  battle  of  Munda  B.C.  45. 

(3)  Sex.,  the  younger  son  of  the  tri- 
umvir, collected  a  fleet  and  maintained 
himself  against  the  authorities  at 
Rome  for  some  years  after  Caesar's 
death. 

Pompilius,  i,  m.,  Numa,  the  second  king 

of  Rome,  reigned  b.c.  715-673. 
Pomponius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Atticus. 
Pomptinus,  i,  adj.,  P.  Ager,  sl  marshy 
district  in  the  southern  part  of  Latium. 
pondo  [pondusj,  adv.,  by  loeight. 
pondus,  eris,  [pendo] ,  n.,  weight. 
pono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  to  put,  set, 
place;  set  aside;  appoint,  pitch;  posi- 
tus, situated. 

ante  —  antepono,  ere,  posui,  posi- 
tus, to  place  in  front,  prefer. 

con  —  compono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  place  together,  to  arrange,  settle; 
finish. 

de  — depono,  ere,   posui,   positus, 

to  lay  aside,  lay  down,  place ;  give  up. 

ex  — expono,  ere,   posui,  positus, 

to  set  in  order ;  place  out ;  land;  state, 

expose. 

in  — inpono,  ere,  posui,  positus,  to 
put  on,  establish,  set. 

inter  — interpono,  ere,  posui,  posi- 
tus, to  place  between,  interpose ;  allege. 
ob  —  oppono,   ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  set  b-'fore,  expose. 

prae  — pono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  set  over,  place  in  command  of. 


VOCABULARY. 


275 


pro  —  propono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 

to  set  forward,  present ;    declare,  ex- 
pound; raise. 

re  —  repono,  ere,  posui,  positus, 
to  put  hack,  replace ;  to  put  aside. 

pons,  pontis,  m.,  a  bridge. 

Fonticus  [Pontus],  adj.,  pertaining  to 
Pontus;  Ponticum  (mare),  the  Black 
Sea. 

Pontus,  i,  m. 

(1)  Pontus  EuxinuSy  the  Black  Sea. 

(2)  A  country  ou  the  southern  coast 
of  the  Black  Sea. 

(3)  A  district  on  the  western  shore 
of  the  Black  Sea,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Ister  (Danube) . 

populor,  ari,    &tus   sum,    to  plunder, 

ravage,  lay  waste . 
populus,  i,  m.,  a  people. 
Porcius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Cato. 
porrectus,  see  porrigo. 
porrigo,  see  rego. 
porro  [pro],  2i^Y.,  forward,  henceforth, 

furthermore,  again. 
porta,  ae,  f.,  a  gate. 
portend© ,  see  tendo. 
portentum,  i  [portendo],    n.,   a   sign, 

token. 
porto,  are,  Svi,  atus,  to  hear,  hring, 

convey. 
ab  —  asporto,   are,   Svi,   atus,    to 

carry  off,  remove. 
con  — comporto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

hring  tog'ither,  colled,  carry. 
de  —  deporto,   are,   avi,   atus,    to 

carry  off,  remove  ;  hring  hack,  gain. 
im— importo,   are,    avi,    atus,    to 

hring  into,  import. 
re  —  reporto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  caii^ 

hack. 
trans  — transports,  are,  avi,  atus, 

to  carry  over,  transport. 
Porsena,  ae  (Porsenna),  m.,  Lars,  king 

of  Clusium  in  Etruria,  attempted  to  re- 
store Tarqninius  to  his  throne,  B.C.  508. 


Portunus,   i,    m.,    the   Roman   god   of 

harbors. 
portus,  us  [cf.  por  in  porto],  m.,  a  har- 
bor, port;  portum  capere,  to  make  port. 
posco,  ere,  poposci,  — ,  to  demand,  ask. 
ex  — exposes,  ere,  poposci,  — ,  to 

demand. 
possessio,  onis  [possido],  f.,  possession, 

estate. 
possideo,  ere,  sedi,  sessus  [sedeo],  to 

occupy,  hold,  possess. 
possido,  ere,  sedi,  sessus  [cans,  of  pos- 
sideo], to  take  possession  of. 
possum,    posse,    potui    [potis,    ahle  -{- 

sum],   to   he   ahle;    can;   plurimum 

posse,  to  have  great  poioer. 
post,  adv.,  after,  later;  anno  post,  a 

year  later. 
post,  prep,  with  ace,  behind,  after. 
postea  [post  +  ea],  adv.,  afterwards. 
posteaquam    [postea  +  quam],    conj., 

after. 
posteruB    [post],    adj.,    the  following, 

next ;  posterity.  Comp.  posterior ;  sup. 

postremus  or  postumus. 
posthac,  adv.,  after  this,  hereafter. 
postliminium,  i  [post  +  limen],  n.,  a 

return  home  ;  restoration  of  rank  and 

privileges. 
postquam  [post .  .  .  quam],  conj.,  after, 

lohen. 
postremus   [see  posterns],   adj.,   last, 

final;  postremo,  ad  postremum,  at 

last. 
j   postridie    [posterus  +  die],    adv.,   the 

next  day. 
I   postuiatio,  onis  [postulo] ,  f . ,  a  demand, 

application ;  complaint. 
postuiatum,  i  [postulS],  n.,  a  demand, 
I       request. 
postulS,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  ask,  request, 

demand. 
Postumius,  i,  m.,  A.  Postumius  Alhus, 

dictator  b.c.  498,  when  the  battle  of 

Lake  Res^illus  was  fought.     See  also 

Albinus. 


276 


VOCABULARY. 


pot§ns.  entis  [possum],  adj.,  powerful. 

potentia,  ae  [potens],  f.,  mighty  inflvr- 
ence. 

potestHs,  atis  [possum],  f.,  might, 
power;  opportunity ,  permission ;  au- 
thority,  sovereignty. 

potior,  iri,  itus  sum  [potis,  able'],  to  get 
possession  of,  acquire. 

potius  [potis],  adv.,  rather,  more, 
soo7ier;  sup.  potissimum. 

prae,  prep,  with  abl.,  before;  in  com- 
parison with. 

praeacutus  [prae  +  acutus],  adj.,  with 
sharp  point,  sharpened. 

praebeo,  see  habeo. 

praeceps,  cipitis  [prae  +  caput] .  adj., 
headlong,  hasty  ;  steep,  precipitous. 

praeceptum,  i  [praecipio],  n.,  teaching, 
counsel;  instructions. 

praecido,  see  caedo. 

praecipio,  see  capio. 

praecipuus  [praecipio],  adj.,  special, 
particular ;  eminent,  prominent. 

praeclarus,  adj.,  very  bright,  splendid, 
renjwned. 

praecliido,  see  claudo. 

praeda,  ae,  f.,  booty;  advantage. 

praedico,  see  dico. 

praedictio,  onis  [praedico],  f.,  a  predic- 
tion, prophecy. 

praedium,  ii,  n.,  a  farm,  estate. 

praedo,  onis  [praeda],  m.,  a  robber, 
pirate. 

praedor,  ari,  atus  sum  [praedo],  to  rob, 
pillage,  get  booty. 

praefatus,  see  praefor. 

praefectura,  ae  [praef ectus] ,  f.,  a  gov- 
ernorship, prefecture. 

praefectus,  i  [praeficio],  in.,  a  leader, 
commander. 

praefero,  see  fero. 

praeficio,  see  facio. 

praefigo,  see  figo. 

praefor,  fari,  fatus  sum  [prae  +  for,  to 
say],  to  say  before;  invoke. 

praef ulgeo,  sec  fulgeo. 


praemittS,  see  mitt5. 

praemium,  i  [prae  +  emo],  n.,  a  reioard, 
prize. 

Praeneste,  is,  n.,  a  town  in  Latium  east 
of  Rjrae,  modern  Palestrina. 

praeparo,  see  paro. 

praepono,  see  pono. 

praerumpo,  see  rumpo. 

praes,  praedis  [prae  +  vas,  bait],  m.,  a 
surety,  bondsman. 

praescrlbo,  see  scribo. 

praesens,  entis  [praesum],  adj.,  at  hand, 
present. 

praesensio,  onis  [prae  +  sentio],  f., 
a  presentiment. 

praesentia,  ae  [praesens],  f.,  presence; 
in  praesentia,  temporarily,  for  the 
present. 

praesidium,  ii  [praesideo],  n.,  a  defense, 
protection;  guard,  garrison;  post, 
station. 

praesto,  see  sto. 

praesum,  see  sum. 

praeter,  prep,  with  ace,  beyond,  except, 
contrary  to,  besides. 

praeterea  [praeter  +  ea] ,  adv.,  besides, 
hence foi'th. 

praetereo,  see  eo. 

praeter quam  [praeter  +  quam] ,  adv., 
excepA,  beyond,  besides. 

praetexo,  see  texo. 

praetextatus  [praetextus] ,  adj.,  wear- 
ing a  purple-bordered  robe  peculiar  to 
magistrates  and  children. 

praetor,  oris  [praeitor,  from  praeeo], 
m.,  a  general,  commander;  praetor, 
judge. 

praetorius  [praetor],  adj.,  of  ov  belong- 
ing to  the  commander ;  praetoi^ian,  of 
praetorian  rayik. 

praetura,  ae  [praetor],  f.,  the  praetor- 
ship. 

pravus,  adj.,  bad,  wicked. 

prehendo,  ere,  hendi,  hensus,  to  grasp. 
con  —  comprehendo,  ere,  di.  hen- 
sus, to  catch,  seize,  anxst. 


VOCABULARY. 


277 


de  —  dSprehendo,  ere,  di,  hensus,  to 

capture,  detect. 
re  — reprehendo,  ere,   dl,  hensus, 

to  check ;  upbraid. 
premo,   ere,  pressi,  pressus,   to  press, 

harass,  pursue,  oppress. 
de  —  deprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus, 

to  press  down,  sink,  silence. 
in  —  imprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus, 

to  imprint,  mark,  stamp. 
ob  — opprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus, 

to  weigh  down  ;  overwhelm,  surprise. 
re  —  reprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressus, 

to  repress,  check. 
presse   [pressus,    from   premo],    adv., 

closely,  tightly. 
pretiose   [pretiosus,  costly,  from  pre- 

tium],  adv.,  expensively,  richly. 
pretlum,    i,    n.,   price,  value;    reward, 

money. 
prex,  precis,  f.,  a  prayer,  entreaty,  curse 

(usually  plural). 
pridie  [cf.  pri(or)  4-die],  adv.,  the  day 

before. 
primipilus,   X   [primus  +  pilus] ,  m.,  a 

chief  centuHon. 
primo  [primus],  adv.,  at  first. 
primum  [primus],  adv., ^rs<;  cum  pri- 

mum,  as  soon  as. 
piimus,  ?i&].,  first,  foremost;  prim&luce, 

at  daybreak. 
princeps,   ipis    [primus  4-capio],    m., 

a  chief,  leader,  prince. 
principfitus,  us  [princeps],  m.,  a  chief 

authority  (in  a  state) ;  headship,  leader- 
ship. 
principium,  i  [piinceps],  n.,  a  begin- 
ning, origin. 
prior,  us,  adj.,  former,  previous,  first ; 

sup.  primus. 
Priscus,  i,  m.,  elder,  a  surname  of  the 

the  first  king  Tarquinius. 
priscus    [prius],    adj.,    former,    elder; 

primitive,  strict. 
pristinus  [prior],  2^^].,  former,  old. 
prius  [prior],  adv.,  before,  sooner. 


priusquam  [prius  .  .  .  quam],  conj.,  be- 
fore, sooner  than. 
privatim  [privatus],  adv.,  privately,  as 

a  single  individual. 
privatus  [privo,  to  set  apart],  adj.,pn- 

vatp. 
privignus,  i  [privus,  prius  +  gigno],  m., 

a  stepson. 
pro,  prep,  with  abl.,  in  front  of,  before; 

for,  in  behalf  of ,  instead  of;  in  propor- 
tion to ;  as,  on  account  of. 
problema,  atis  [Greek],  n.,  a  question, 

problem;  pi.,  the  title  of  a  work  of 

Aristotle. 
probabilis,  e   [probo],  adj.,  probable; 

commendable,  good. 
prdb&tus  [probo],  adj.,  approved. 
probo,  are,  fivi,  atus  [probus,  good], 

to  test,  to  approve,  prove. 
ad  — approbo,    £re,  S.vi,    fttus,   to 

approve. 
con  —  comprobo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

approve,  sanction;  confirm. 
Proca,  ae,  m.,  king  of  Alba  Longa,  father 

of  Numitor  and  Amulius. 
procedo,  see  cedo. 
procella,  ae,  f.,  a  storm,  tempest. 
proceres,  um,  m.,  chiefs. 
proceritas,    atis    [procerus,    tall],   L, 

height,  tallness. 
procreo,  see  creo. 

procul,  adv.,  at  a  distance,  far  from. 
Proculus,  i,  m.,  P.  lulius,  the  Roman 

senator  to  whom  Romulus   appeared 

after  his  death. 
procumbo,  see  *cumb3. 
prociiratio,    onis    [procUr5],    f.,    care, 

charge,  sei*vice. 
procure,  see  euro, 
prodeo,  see  eo. 

prodigium,  i,  n.,  a  prodigy ,  portent. 
proditio,  onis  [prodo],  f.,  treason. 
proditor,  oris   [prodo],  m.,  a   traitor, 

betrayer.  * 

prodo.  see  do. 
produco,  see  duc5. 


278 


VOCABULARY. 


proelior,  ari,  atus  sum  [proelium],  to 
fight. 

proelium,  i,  n.,  a  battle,  combat,  engage- 
ment. 

prof  anus  [fanum,  shinne],  adj.,  unholy, 
common,  prof ane. 

profecto  [pro  +  factum],  adv.,  indeed, 
assuredly. 

profero,  see  fero. 

professus,  see  profiteor. 

proficiscor,  i,  fectus  sum  [pro  +  facis- 
cor,  from  facio],  to  set  out,  proceed; 
spring  from,. 

profiteor,  see  fateor. 

profligo,  see  fligo. 

profluo,  see  fluo. 

profugio,  see  fugio. 

progenies,  ei,  f.,  race,  descendants. 

prognatus  [pro+(g)natus],  adj.,  sprung 
from,  born  of. 

progredior,  see  gradior. 

progressus,  us  [progredior],  m.,  prog- 
ress, advarice. 

proMbeo,  see  habeo. 

proicio,  see  iacio. 

proinde  [pro  +  inde] ,  adv.,  hence,  there- 
fore, then. 

proiabor,  see  labor. 

promisee  [promiscus,  comynoni,  adv., 
indiscriminately. 

promissus  [promitto],  adj.,  long,  flow- 
ing (of  hair). 

promitto,  see  mitto. 

promptus  [promo,  set  forth],  adj.,  pre- 
pared, quick,  prompt. 

promunturium,  i  [promineo,  project], 
n.,  a  headland. 

pronuntio,  see  nuntio. 

propago,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  propagate,  in- 
crease, extend. 

propatulum,  i,  n.,  a  courtyard. 

prope,  prep,  with  ace,  near,  close  to. 

prope  (comp.  propius,  sup.  proximo), 
adv.,  near,  nearly,  almost ;  proximo, 
nearest,  next ;  last,  most  recently, 

propello,  see  pello. 


propere,  adv.  [properus,  quick],  hastily, 
speedily. 

propinquitas,  atis,  f.  [propinquus], 
7iearness,  relationship. 

propinquus,  adj.,  near;  as  noun,  a  rela- 
tive, relation. 

propior,  us  (sup.,  proximus)  [prope], 
adj.,  nearer  ;  proximus,  nearest,  next, 
last. 

propitius  [prope],  adj.,  propitious. 

propono,  see  pono. 

propositum,  i  [propono] ,  n.,  a  purpose, 
proposition ;  subject. 

proprius,  adj.,  one^s  own,  particular. 

propter,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account  of, 
in  consequence  of. 

propterea  [propter  +  ea] ,  adv., /or  this 
reason,  therefore;  propterea  quod, 
because. 

propugnaculum,  i  [propugno],  \i.,abul- 
10 ark,  defense. 

propugnatio,  onis  [propugno],  f.,  a  de- 
fense. 

propugno,  see  pugno. 

propulso,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  pro- 
pello], to  drive  off,  repulse. 

prora,  ae,  f.,  the  proio,  fore  part  of  a 
ship. 

proripio,  see  rapio. 

prorumpo,  see  rumpo. 

prorsum  [pro  +  vorsum,  from  verto], 
adv.,  absolutely,  at  all. 

prorsus  [pro  +  versus,  from  verto], 
adv.,  certainly ;  in  short. 

proscribo,  see  scribo. 

prosecutus,  see  prosequor. 

prosequor,  see  sequor. 
I   Proserpina,  ae,  f .,  the  mythical  daughter 
of  Ceres,  carried  off  by  Pluton  to  be- 
come the  queen  of  the  lower  world. 

prospecto,  see  specto. 

prospectus,  iis  [prospicio],  m.,  a  view, 
sight. 

prospere,  adv.,  favorably,  successfully. 

prosperitas,  atis  [prosperus,  favora- 
ble], f.,  good  fortune,  prosperity . 


VOCABULARY. 


279 


prospicio,  see  ^specio. 

prosterno,  see  sterno 

prosum,  see  sum. 

protego,  see  tego. 

protinus,  adv.,  foi'wai'd,  at  o?ice,  imme- 
diately. 

proturbo,  see  turbo. 

prout,  conj.,  as,  just  as,  according  as. 

proveho,  see  veho. 

provided,  see  video. 

provincia,  ae,  f.,  a  province. 
rovoco,  see  voco. 

provolo,  see  1  volo. 

proxime,  see  prope. 

proximus,  see  propior. 

prudentia,  ae  [prudens,  contr.  from 
providens],  i.,  foresight,  prudence. 

Prusias,  ae,  m.,  king  of  Bithynia. 

Ftolemaeus,  i,  m.,  a  name  borne  by  the 
kings  of  Egypt  after  Alexander  the 
Great. 

pubes,  is,  f.,  youth,  young  men. 

publico  [publicus],  adv.,  in  the  name  of 
the  state,  publicly. 

publico,  are,  S,vi,  &tus  [publicus],  to 
make  public ;  confiscate. 

Fublicola,  ae,  m.,  P.  (L.)  Valerius,  was 
consul  B.C.  509,  after  the  resignation 
of  Collatinus. 

publicus  [contr.  from  populicus,  from 
populus] ,  adj.,  belonging  to  the  state, 
public,  common. 

Publius,  i,  m.,  a  frequent  Roman  prae- 
nomen. 

pudicitia,  ae  [pudicus],  f.,  modesty, 
virtue. 

pudicus  [pudeo,  be  ashamed],  adj.,  mod- 
est, virtuous. 

pudor,  oris,  m.,  shame,  modesty. 

puer.  pueri.  m.,  a  child,  boy ;  servant. 

puerilis,  e  [puer],  adj.,  of  a  child,  boy- 
ish ;  puerili  aetate,  in  childhood,  when 
a  boy. 

pueritia,  ae  [puer],  f.,  boyhood. 

puerulus,  i  [dim.  of  puer],  m.,  a  little  boy. 

pugna,  ae,  f.,  a  fight,  combat. 


pugno,  are,  avi,  atus  [pugna],  to  fight, 

combat. 
de  — depugno,    are,    avi,   atus,    to 

fight  fiercely. 
ex  — expugno,    are,    avi,   atus,   to 

storm,  attack ;  take  by  assault. 
ob  — oppugno,    are,   avi,   atus,  to 

attack,  storm,  besiege. 
pro  — propugno,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

fight,  attack;  protect. 
pulcher,  chra,  chrum,  adj.,  beautiful, 

fine. 
Pulcher,  chri,  m.,  P.  Claudius,  the  son 

of  App.  Claudius  Caecus,  consul  b.c. 

249,  was  defeated  by  the  Carthaginians 

in  a  naval  battle. 
pulchre    [pulcher],    adv.,    beautifully, 

finely,  very. 
pulchritudo,  inis  [pulcher],  f.,  beauty. 
Pulio,  onis,  m.,  T.,  a  centurion  in  Cae- 
sar's army. 
pullulo,  are,  avi,  atus  [pullus] ,  to  spring 

up,  increase. 
Pullus,   i,  m.,    L.    lunius,    consul  b.c. 

249. 
pullus,  i,  m.,  a  young  animal;  chicken. 
pulsus,  us  [pello],  m.,  a  blow,  stroke, 
Pulvillus,   i,   m.,   M.  Horatius,  consul 

B.C.  509. 
pulvis,  eris,  m.,  dust. 
Plinicus,  adj.,  Punic,  Phoenician ;  Car- 
thaginian (as  founded  by  Phoenicians). 
pupilla,  ae  [dim.  of  piipa,  girl],  f.,  the 

pupil  of  the  eye. 
puppis,  is,  f.,  the  stern. 
Purpureo,  onis,  m.,  L.  Furius,  consul 

B.C.  196. 
pus,  piiris,  n.,  matter,  pus. 
puteal,  aiis  [puteus],  n.,  a  well  curb. 
puteus,  i,  m.,  a  icell,pit. 
puto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  think,  consider, 

suppose. 
dis  — disputo,    are,    avi,    atus,    to 

treat  of,  investigate,  debate. 
Pydna,  ae,  f.,  a  town  in  Macedonia,  near 

the  coast  of  the  Thermaic  Gulf. 


280 


VOCABULARY, 


Pygmaeus,  i,  m.,  a  pigmy;   a  race  of 

fabulous  dwarfs  in  Africa. 
Pylaemenes,  is,  m.,  king  of  Paphlagonia, 

expelled  by  Mithridates. 
Pyrenaeus,  i,  m.,  the  Pyi^enees. 
Pyrrhus,  i,  m.,  king  of  Epirus,  invaded 

Italy  B.C.  280,  and  defeated  the  Romans 

in  two  battles.   He  was  finally  defeated 

B.C.  275. 
Pythia,  ae,  f.,  a  name  applied  to  the 

priestess  of  Apollo  at  Delphi. 


Q.  =  Quintus. 

qua  [qui],  adv.,  lohere ;  in  what  direc- 
tion, hoio. 
quadragesimus     [quadraginta  j ,    num. 

^di].,  fortieth. 
quadraginta,  num.  2l&].,  forty  (XL.). 
quadr^ns,    antis     [quattuor],    m.,    a 

quarter. 
Quadrigarius,  i,  m.,  Q.  Claudius,  a  Roman 

historian  who  lived  about  100-78  B.C. 
quadringenti,    ae,  a    [quattuor  +  cen- 
tum] ,  num.  2,^].,  four  hundred  (CCCC). 
quadringentesimus  [quadringenti],  adj., 

four  hundradih. 
quadringenties    [quadringenti],     num. 

adv.,  four  hundred  times. 
quaere,    ere,    quaesivi,    quaesitus,    to 

.seek,  ask. 
con  — conquiro,  ere,  quisivi,  quisi- 

tus,  to  seek  for ;  bring  together. 
in  —  inquiro,  ere,  quisivi,  quisitus, 

to  search  into,  investigate,  inquire. 
re  — require,  ere,  quisivi,  quisitus, 

to  ask,  require ;  lack. 
quaestio,  onis  [quaero],  f.,  an  inquiry ; 

investigation ;  trial. 
quaestor,  oris  [quaero],  m.,  a  quaestor, 

state  trea'iurer;  quartermaster. 
quaestus,  us  [quaero],  m.,  gain. 
quaiis,  e   [quis],  interr.  adj.,  of  what 

sortf  what  sort  of? 
quam  [quis],  adv.,  how  much,  how ;  as, 

than;  aftpr;  with  sup.,  as  possible. 


quamdiu,  adv.,  how  long,  as  long  as. 
quamquam,   conj.,  although,  even   if; 

hoivever. 
quam  vis  [quam  +  volo],  adv.,  as  you 

ivill;  however  much  or  many. 
quando,  adv.,  ever,  at  any  time;  when. 
quanto  [quantus],  adv.,  by  how  much; 

quanto  .  .  .  tanto,  as  ...  so. 
quantum  [quantus],  adv.,  how  much, 

how  far,  as  far  as,  as. 
quantus,  adj.,  how  great,  how  much; 

after  tantus,  as. 
quare  [qua  +  re],  adv.,  wherefore,  why. 
quartarius,  i    [quartus],  m.,  a  small 

measure,  gill. 
quarto  [quartus],  adv.,  the  fourth  time. 
quartus  [quattuor],  num.  adj., /owr^A. 
quasi  [quam  +  si],  conj.,  as  if. 
quater,  adv., /owr  times. 
quattuor,  num.  adj.,/ow?'  (IV.). 
quattuordecim       [quattuor  +  decern] , 

num.  ^&].,  fourteen  (XIV.). 
-que,  conj.,  enclitic,  and. 
queo,  quire,  quivi,  quitus,  to  be  able, 

can. 
quercus,  lis,  f.,  an  oak. 
querneus  [quercus],  adj.,  of  oak ^  of  oak 

leaves. 
queror,  i,  questus  sum,  to  complain, 

lament. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  pron.,  who,  which; 

qui  often  =  et  is,  cum  (since)  is,  ut  is. 
qui,  quae  or  qua,  quod,  indef.  pron.  or 

adj.,  any,  any  one,  anything. 
quia  [qui],  conj.,  because,  since. 
quicquam,  see  quisquam. 
quicumque,  quaecumque,  quodcumque, 

indef.  rel.    pron.,  whoever,  whatever, 

whichever. 
quid  [quis],  interr.  adv.,  whyf 
quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam  and  quid- 
dam,  indef.  pron.,  a  certain,  a  certain 

one;  somebody. 
quidem,  adv.,  indeed,  at  least,  assuredly, 

to  be  sure  ,*  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even. 
quies.  etis,  f.,  rest,  repose,  quiet;  .sleep. 


VOCABULARY. 


281 


quilibet,   quaelibet,    quodlibet    (quid- 

libet),  indef.  pron.,  any  one  you  please, 

any  one,  who  or  whatsoever. 
quin  [old  abl.  qui  +  ne],  conj.,  that,  that 

7iot,  but  that,  without. 
quinam,  see  quisnam. 
quindecim     [qulnque  +  decern],     uum. 

Sid}.,  fifteen  (XV.). 
quindecimvir,    i,    m.,  a  member  of  a 

board  of  fifteen  men. 
quingenti,  ae,  a  [qulnque  +  centum], 

num.  adj.,^ye  hundred  (D.). 
quini,  ae,  a,  num.  distrib.  Sidj.,  five  each, 

five  at  a  time. 
quinquageni,    ae,    a    [quinqu2Lgint&], 

num.  distrib.  ad].,  fifty  each. 
quinquS,gesimus  [quinqu^ginta] ,  num. 

adj.,  fiftieth. 
quinquagint^,  num.  ad].,  fifty  (L.). 
quinque,  indecl.  num.  adj.,^i;e  (V.). 
quinquies    [quinque],    num.   adv.,  five 

tim-'s. 
Qulntius,  i,  m.,   the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Gincinn&tus,  Flamininus. 
qulntus  [quinque],  num.  ad].,  fifth. 
Quintus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  praenomen. 
QuirinlUis,    is    [sc.    collis],    adj.,    the 

Quirinalf  one  of   the    seven  hills  of 

Rome. 
Quirinus,  i,  m.,  the  Sabine  god  of  war ;  a 

name  given  to  Romulus  after  his  death. 
Quirites   (i)um,  m.,  a  name  applied  to 

the  Romans  as  citizens ;  in  their  mili- 
tary capacity  they  were  Romani. 
quis,  quae,  quid,   inter r.  pron.,  who? 

v)hich?  whatf 
quis,  quae  or  qua,  quid,  indef.  pron., 

any  one  or  thing,  any. 
quisnam,  quaenam,  quidnam,    interr. 

^Ton.,who?  which  f  what?  who  then? 

what  then? 
quispiam,    quaepiam,    quodpiam    and 

quidpiam,  indef.   pron.,    some,    any, 

some  one. 
quisquam,  quaequam,  quicquam,  indef. 

pron.,  any  one,  anytJiiiu/. 


quisque,  quaeque,  quidque  or  quodque, 

indef.  pron.,  each,  every,  every  one; 

unus  quisque,  each  one. 
quivis,  quae  vis.  quidvis  or  quodvis  [qui 

+  voloj,  indef.    pron.,  any  one  you 

please,  any. 
quo  [qui],  adv.,  (1)  rel.  adv.,  whither, 

where;     (2)    interr.    adv.,    whither? 

where?  (3)  indef.  adv.,  to  any  place, 

anywhere, 
quo  [qui],  conj.,  with  comparatives,  in 

order  that,  that,    that  thereby;    quo 

minus,  that  not. 
quoad  [qui  +  ad],  conj.,  as  long  as; 

until,  till. 
quod   [qui],   conj.,    because,  supposing 

that,  in  that,  so  far  as ;  quod  si,"  but  if. 
quominus,  see  quo. 
quondam,  adv.,    once,  formerly,  some 

time. 
quoniam  [quom  (=cum)  +iam],  conj., 

since,  seeing  that,  because. 
quoque,  conj.,  also,  too, 
quoque  =  et  quo. 
quousque,  adv.,  till  when?   how  long? 

until  (late). 
quot,  indecl.  adj.,  how  many,  as  many 

as. 
quotannis  [quot  +  annus] ,  adv.,  yearly, 

each  year. 
quotienscumque,    adv.,    as    often    as, 

V)he7iever. 

B. 

radius,  i,  m.,  a  ray. 
rac^,  icis,  f.,  a  root,  base. 
rSdo,  ere,  rasi,  rasus,  to  shave. 
ramus,  i,  m.,  a  branch,  hough. 
rapio,  ere,  rapui,  raptus,  to  seize,  carry 
away,  plunder. 

ab— abripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  to 
take  away  forcibly,  carry  off. 

ad  — adripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  to 
snatch,  lay  hold  on,  appropriate. 

dis  —  diripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  to 
tear  asunder,  ravage,  plunder. 


T-\BR>A^*> 


282 


VOCABULARY. 


ex  — eripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptus,  to 

take  or  snatch  away ;  rescue ;  deprive. 

r^Lrus,  adj.,  few,  scattered,  separate, 

ratio,  onis  [reor],  f.,  a  reckoning y  ac- 
count; method^  science;  reason,  re- 
gard, manner. 

ratus  [reor],  adj.,  thought  out,  defined, 
fixed.    See  also  reor. 

Kaurici,  orum,  a  tribe  living  near  the 
Helvetii. 

rebellio,  onis  [re  +  bellum],  f.,  a  re- 
newal of  war,  7'evolt. 

rebello,  see  bello. 

recedo,  see  cedo. 

recens,  entis,  adj.,  recent,  late,  fresh. 

recenseo,  see  censeo. 

receptus,  us  [recipioj,  m.,  a  drawing 
back,  retreat,  refuge. 

recido,  see  cado. 

recipio,  see  capio. 

reciproco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  move  hack 
and  forth,  brandish. 

reciprocus,  alj.,  alternating, 

recito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  read  aloud,  re- 
cite. 

reclino,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  clino,  leanl, 
to  lean  back ;  reclinatus,  leaning 
back. 

recognosco,  see  nosco. 

recondo,  see  do. 

recorder,  ari,  atus  [re  +  cor],  to  remem- 
ber, recall. 

rectum,  Sidv.,  forward,  in  front. 

rectus  [rego],  adj.,  straight,  direct. 

recupero,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  capio], 
to  get  back,  recover. 

recurvo,  are,  — ,  atus  [re  +  curvus, 
b-'^nt'],  to  bend  or  cuy^ve  back. 

recuse,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  causa],  to 
refuse,  object,  decline,  hesitate. 

reddo,  see  do. 

redeo,  see  eo. 

redigo,  see  ago. 

redimo,  see  emo. 

redintegro,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  +  inte- 
gro.  to  make  ichole],  to  renev} ;  revive 


reditus,  lis  [rede9],  m.,  a  return,  income, 
interest. 

rediico,  see  duco. 

refero,  see  fero. 

reficio,  see  facio. 

refugio,  see  fugio. 

regia,  ae  [rex],  f.,  a  palace. 

Regillus,  i,  m.,  a  small  lake  (now  dry) 
in  Latium,  east  of  Rome. 

regina,  ae  [rex]  f.,  a  queen. 

regio,  onis  [rego] ,  f.,  a  direction ;  region, 
territory ;  recta  regione,  parallel  with. 

regius  [rex],  adj.,  kingly,  royal. 

regno,  are,  avi,  atus  [regnum],  to  be 
king,  rule. 

regnum,  i  [rex],  n.,  kingship,  suprem- 
acy ;  kingdom  ;  reign. 

rego,  ere,  rexi,  rectus,  to  regulate,  rule, 
conduct. 

ex  —  erigo,   ere,   rexi,   rectus,    to 
raise,  erect,  build;  stimulate. 

per  — pergo,  ere,  perrexi,  rectus, 
to  goon,  march,  hasten. 

por   (=pro) — porrigo,  ere,   rexi, 
rectus,  to  reach  out,  extend. 

regredior,  see  gradior. 

Regulus,  i,  m.,  M.  Atilius,  surnamed 
Seii^anus,  was  consul  B.C.  256.  He 
was  defeated  in  Africa  and  taken 
prisoner,  255. 

regulus,  i  [rex],  m.,  a  chieftain. 

reicio,  see  iacio. 

relanguesco,  ere,  langui,  — ,  to  groiv 
faint,  relax,  abate. 

religio,  onis  [re  +  ligo],  f.,  religion, 
scruple,  sanction. 

religiose  [religiosus] ,  adv.,  religiously, 
sc7'npulously . 

relinquo,  see  linquo. 

reliquiae,  arum  [reliquus],  f.,  remains, 
remnant. 

reliquus  [relinquo],  adj.,  remaining, 
rest  of;  future,  suhsequerit ;  nihil 
reliqui  facere,  to  leave  nothing  un- 
done. 

remando,  soc  mando. 


VOCABULARY. 


283 


remaneo,  see  maneo. 

remedium,  ii  [medeor,  heal],  n.,  a  rem- 
edy, cure. 

remez,  igis  [remus  +  ago] ,  m.,  a  rower. 

Eemi,  orum,  m.,  a  powerful  tribe  of  the 
Belgae  who  formed  alliance  with 
Caesar. 

remigo,  are,  — ,  — ,  [remex],  to  row. 

remigro,  see  migro. 

remissus  [remitto],  adj.,  remiss,  indul- 
gent, relaxed. 

remitto,  see  mitto. 

remoUesco,  ere,  — ,  —  [mollis],  to  become 
sojten°d  or  enei^ated. 

removeo,  see  moveo. 

Remus,  i,  m.,  the  brother  of  Romulus. 

remus,  i,  m.,  an  oar. 

renitor,  see  nitor. 

renovo,  are,  avi,  atus  [re-f  novua],  to 
renew. 

renuntio,  see  nuntio. 

reor,  reri,  ratus  sum,  to  think,  suppose ; 
ratus,  thinking. 

reparo,  see  paro. 

repente  [repens,  sudden],  adv.,  sud- 
denly. 

repentinus  [repens],  adj.,  sudden,  unex- 
pected. 

reperio,  see  pario. 

repeto,  see  peto. 

repo  ere,  si,  tus,  to  creep,  crawl. 

repono,  see  pono. 

reports,  see  porto. 

repraesento,  are,  avi,  atus  [re  -f  prae- 
sensj ,  to  represent,  depict. 

reprehendo,  see  prehendo. 

reprimo,  see  premo. 

repudio,  are,  avi,  atus  [repudium,  di- 
vorce, from  pudet],  to  reject,  scorn ; 
repudiate,  divorce. 

require,  see  quaero. 

res,  rei,  f .,  a  thing,  affair,  business,  event, 
circumstance,  condition,  fortune  ; 
action,  undertaking ;  cause,  oppor- 
tunity ;  property,  wealth ;  reality ;  res 
publica,  the  state,  commonwealth ;  res 


familiaris,  private  property ,  fortune ; 

res  gestae,  deeds,  exploits. 
rescinds,  see  scindo. 
rescisco.  see  scisco. 
rescribo,  see  scribo. 
reservo,  see  servo, 
resists,  see  sistS. 
respiciS,  see  *  specie. 
respondeS,  see  spondeS. 
responsum,  i  [respondeo],  n.,  an  answer. 
restituS,  see  statuS. 
rests,  see  stS. 
resurgS,  see  surgS. 
retards,  see  tardS. 
rete,  is,  n.,  a  net,  snare. 
retentus,  see  retineS. 
retineS,  see  teneS. 
retrS,  adv.,  backward ;  behind. 
reus,  i,  m.,  defendant,  prisoner,  culprit. 
reverentia,  ae  [re  -I-  vereor],  f.,  respect, 

awe,  revei^ence. 
reverts,  see  verto. 
reverter,  see  vertS. 
revinciS,  see  vinciS. 
reviviscS,  ere,  — ,  —  [re  -}-  vivS],  to  come 

to  life  again. 
revocS,  see  vocS. 
revolS,  see  (1)  volS. 
rex,  regis  [regS],  m.,  a  king. 
Bhea,  ae,  f.,  also  called  Rhea  Silvia,  the 

mother  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 
Rhenus,  i,  m.,  the  Rhine. 
Bhodanus,  i,  m.,  the  Rhone. 
Bhodii,  Srum,  m.,  the  Rhodians,  people 

of  Rhodes,  an  island  southwest  of  Asia 

Minor. 
rideS,  ere,  risi,  risus,  to  laugh. 

in  —  inrideo,  ere,  risi,  risus,  to  laugh 

at,  ridicule. 
de  —  derides,   ere,   risi,   risus,    to 

mock,  deride. 
rima.  ae,  f.,  a  crack,  cleft. 
ripa,  ae,  f.,  the  bank  of  a  river. 
risus,  lis  [rideS],  m.,  laughter. 
rite,  adv.,  ceremonially,  duly;  justly, 

fitly- 


284 


VOCABULARY. 


ritus,  fls,  m.,  a  religious  ceremony ^  rite ; 

habit,  manner;  abl.  ritu,  with  gen., 

in  the  manner  of,  like. 
robur,  oris,  n.,  the  oak;  strength, vigor. 
robustus    [robur],   adj.,  hard,    strong, 

robust. 
rogatus,  us  [rogo],  m.,  a  desire,  request. 
rogo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  ask,  desire. 

ad  — adrogo,    are,    avi,    atus,    to 

claim;  demand  arrogantly . 
de  — derog5,  axe,  avi,  atus  [rogo], 

to  take  away,  diminish. 
inter  — interrogo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

ask,  question,  examine. 
rogum,  i,  n.,  a  bier,  pyre. 
Roma,  ae,  f.,  Rome. 
Romanus,  adj.,  Roman. 
Romani,  orum,  m.,  the  Romans. 
Romuiaris,  e,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Romur- 

lus. 
Romulus,  i,  m.,  (1)  the  founder  of  Rome, 

the  son  of  Rhea  Silvia  and  Mars;  (2) 

son  of  Agrippa,  a  mythical  king  of 

Alba, 
rostrum,  i  [rodo,  gnaw],  n.,  the  beak  or 

ram  of  a  ship ;  a  beak,  bill,  snout. 
rota,  ae,  f.,  a  wheel. 
ruber,  bra,  brum,  adj.,  red. , 
rubus,  i,  m.,  a  bramble  bush. 
Rufinus,  i,  m.,  P.  Corne^ms,  consul  with 

Dentatus  B.C.  290. 
Rufus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

(1)  M.  Minucius  Rufus,  magister 
equitum  to  Q.  Fabius  Maximus  B.C.  217, 
consul  B.C.  221. 

(2)  P.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  tribune  of 
the  people  B.C.  88;  killed  by  Sulla, 
whom  he  had  deserted. 

(.3)  P.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  a  legate  in 
Caesar's  army  in  Gaul  B.C.  56. 

ruina,  ae  [ruo],  f.,  downfall,  ruin. 

Ruminaiis,  e,  adj.,  of  Rumina,  the  god- 
dess of  nursing  mothers ;  R.  Jicus,  the 
fig  tree  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

riimor,  oris,  m.,  a  rumor,  report. 

rumpo,  ere,  riipi,  ruptus,  to  burst,  break. 


con  —  corrump5,  ere,  rflpi,  ruptus, 

to  break  up ;  destroy ;  con^upt,  offer 
violence  to. 

in  —  inrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus,  to 
break  in,  fall  upon  ;  interrupt. 

inter —  interrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  rup- 
.     tus,  to  break  apart. 

per  —  perrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus, 
to  break  through,  ruin. 

prae  —  praerumpo,  ere,  rupi,  rup- 
tus, to  break  or  tear  off. 

pro  —  prorumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus, 
to  break  out. 
ruo,  ere,  rui,  atus  (fut.  part,  ruiturus), 
to  fall. 

dis  — diruo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  tear 
asunder,  destroy. 

ob  — obruo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  over- 
whelm, oppress. 

sub  —  subruo,    ere,    ui,   utus,   to 
undermine. 
rursus  [revorsus,  reverto],  adv.,  on  the 

other  hand,  again,  backwards. 
rusticus  [rus,  country],  adj.,  t^ral,  rus- 
tic. 

S. 

Sabini,  orum,  m.,   a   race    in   central 

Italy,  adjoining  Latium  on  the  east. 
Sabinus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  surname. 

(1)  Q.  Titurius  Sabinus,  a  lieutenant 
in  Caesar's  army. 

(2)  Masurius  Sabinus,  an  eminent 
Roman   lawyer  of   the  first  century 

A.D. 

Sabis,  is,  m.,  a  river  in  the  north  of 
Gaul  flo^ving  into  the  Meuse ;  modern 
Sambre. 

sacellum,  i  [sacrum],  n.,  a  chapel,  shrine. 

sacer,  era,  crum,  adj.,  holy,  sacred;  as 
noun,  sacra,  n.  pi.,  rites,  sacrifices. 

sacerdos,  otis  [sacer],  m.  andf.,  a  priest, 
priestess. 

sacerdotium,  i  [sacerdos] ,  n.,  the  priest- 
hood. 

sacrarium,  i  [sacer],  n.,  a  shrine. 


VOCABULARY. 


285 


sacrifice,  ire,  avi,  atus  [sacer  +  f acio] , 

to  offer  sao'ltice. 
sacrificium,  i  [sacrifico],  n.,  a  saa^ijice. 
sacrilegUB,    i.    m.,    o?ie    loho  plunders 

temples. 
sacro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  consecrate. 
con  —  consecro,  are,  avi.  atus,  to 

consecrate. 
ex  — exsecror,  ari,  atus    sum,  to 

curse,  abhor,  swear  to. 
ob  — obsecro,   are,    avi,    atus,  to 

implore,  supplicate. 
saepe,  adv.,  often,  frequently . 
saepio,  ire,  si,  tus,  to  inclose,  fortify. 
saevio,  ire,  ii,  itus  [saevus,  fierce],  to 

rage,  punish  cruelly. 
sag^tta,  ae,  f.,  an  arrow. 
Sagittarius,  i  [sagitta],  in.,  an  archer ^ 

bowman. 
Sagra(s),  ae,  f.,  a  small  river  in  the 

south  of  Italy,  not  far  from  Locri. 
Saguntini  orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of 

Saguntum. 
Saguntum,  i,  n.,  a  city  on  the  east  coast 

of  Spain, 
sal,  sails,  m.,  salt;  wit,  elegance. 
Salamis,  inis  (ace.  ina),  f.,  a  small  island 

off  the  western  coast  of  Attica. 
Salaminius,  ad].,  pertaining  to  Salamis. 
Salinator,  oris,  m.,  M.  Livius,  consul 

B.C.  210  with  Claudius  Nero. 
salio,  ire,  ui.  saltus,  to  leap. 

de  —  desilio,  ire,  ui,  sultus,  to  leap 

down,  dismount. 
in  — insilio,  ire,  ui,  — ,  to  spring  on, 

dash  at. 
trans  —  transilio,  ire,  ui,  — ,  to  leap 

over ;  paf^s  by  ;  e  rceed. 
saltatim  [salio],  adv.,  by  leaps. 
saltus,  us,  m.,  a  mountain  chain  ;  dejile, 

glen. 
salum,  i  [sal]  (only  ace.  and  abl.  sing.), 

n.,  the  open  sea. 
saluto,  are,  avi,  atus  [salus] ,  to  salute. 
con— consalHto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

salute. 


salus,  utis  [salveo],  f.,  health,  safety. 

(salveo),  ere,  — ,  —  [salvus],  to  be  well, 
be  greeted. 

salvus,  adj.,  safe,  sound. 

Saxnnites,  ium,  m.,  the  Samnites,  a 
branch  of  the  Sabine  race  who  inhab- 
ited the  mountains  of  central  Italy. 

sancte  [sanctusj,  adv.,  solemnly,  con- 


sanctitas,  atis  [sancio,  to  hallow],  t, 
sanctity,  sacredness. 

sanctus  [sancio,  to  hallow],  adj.,  hal- 
lowed, sacred. 

sano,  are,  avi,  atus  [sanuB,  sound],  to 
heal,  cure. 

Santones,  um  (Santoni),  m.,  a  tribe  on 
the  west  coast  of  Gaul,  north  of  the 
Garonne  River. 

sarcina,  ae,  f.,  a  pack,  load  of  baggage. 
See  page  77. 

Sardinia,  ae,  f .,  Sardinia. 

Sardiniensis.  e,  adj.,  Sardinian. 

Sardis  (Sardes),  ium,  f.,  the  capital  of 
Lydia  in  Asia  Minor. 

sarmentum,  i  [sarpo,  to  prune] ,  n.,  brush- 
wood, faggot. 

satis,  adv.,  enough,  sufficiently,  rather. 

satisfacio,  ere,  feci,  factus  [satis + 
facio],  to  satisfy. 

Satumus,  i,  m.,  a  Latin  god  of  agricul- 
ture and  civilization;  the  father  of 
Jupiter,  Juno,  and  other  divinities. 

saturo,  are,  avi,  atus  [satur,  fulJ]^  to 

fill- 
saucio,   are,   avi,    atus    [saucius],   to 

wound. 

saucius,  adj.,  wounded. 

Sauromatae,  arum  (Sarmatae),  m.,  the 
tribes  of  southern  Russia  and  districts 
on  the  west. 

Saverrio,  onis,  m.,  P.  Sulpicius,  con- 
sul B.C.  279  with  Decius  Mus.  They 
were  defeated  by  Pyrrhus  near  Auscu- 
lum. 

saxum,  i,  n.,  a  stone,  rock. 

scando,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  climb. 


286 


VOCABULARY. 


ad  —  ascendo,  ere,  scendi,  scensus, 

to  ascendy  mount;  go  on  hoard  (ship). 
con  —  conscendo,  ere,  scendi,  scen- 
sus, to  mount,  ascend;  in  navem  con- 
scendere,  to  embark  on. 

d^ — descendo,  ere,  scendi,  scensus, 
to  descend ;  resort  to ;  yield. 

ex  —  escendo,  ere,  scendi,  scensus, 

to  mount;   in  navem  escendere,  to 

embark. 

in  —  inscendo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  mount. 

trans  —  transcends,  ere,  scendi,  — , 

to  climb  over,  surmount,  cross. 

Bcapha,  ae  [Greek] ,  f .,  a  skif,  light  boat. 

scato,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  bubble,  gush  (old 

and  poetic). 
sceleratus    [scelus],   adj.,   wicked^  in- 
famous. 
scelus,  eris,  n.,  a  sin,  crime. 
scienter  [scio],  adv.,  cleverly,  wisely. 
scientia,  ae  [scio],  f.,  knoivledge,  skill. 
scilicet  [scire  +  licet],  adv.,  evidently, 

namely,  that  is. 
scindo,  ere,  scidi,  scissus,^^o  tear  or 
break  down. 

dis  —  discindo,  ere,  scidi,  scissus, 
to  tear  apart  or  in  pieces. 

re  —  rescinds,  ere,  scidi,  scissus, 
to  tear  open. 
scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitus,  to  know,  under- 
stand. 
Scipio,  onis,  m.,  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious families  at  Rome;  members  of 
the  Cornelian  gens. 

(1)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Asina,  con- 
sul B.C.  221. 

(2)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio,  consul  b.c. 
218;  defeated  by  Hannibal  at  the 
Ticinus  and  the  Trebia;  killed  with 
his  brot^ier  Cn.  in  Spain  b.c.  212. 

(3)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus 
{Maior),  the  son  of  (2),  one  of  the 
greatest  of  Roman  heroes.  He  was 
consul  in  B.C.  205,  and  defeated  Han- 
nibal at  Zama.  He  died  (probably) 
183. 


(4)  L.  Cornelius  Scipio,  the  brother 
of  (3),  was  consul  190.  He  defeated 
Antiochus  at  Magnesia  and  assumed 
the  surname  of  Asiaticus. 

(5)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus 
(Minor) ,  the  son  of  L.  Aemilius  Paulus, 
was  adopted  by  the  son  of  Africanus 
Maior.  He  was  consul  b.c.  147,  and 
conducted  the  third  Punic  war  to  its 
close.  In  133  he  captured  the  city  of 
Numantia  in  Spain,  from  which  he  is 
called  Numantinus.  He  died  mysteri- 
ously b.c.  129. 

(6)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio,  the  father- 
in-law  of  Pompey,  was  adopted  by 
Metellus,  and  sometimes  is  known  by 
that  name.  With  Cato  he  was  defeated 
by  Caesar  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus, 
B.C.  46. 

sciscitor,  ari,  atus  sum  [scisco],  to  in- 
quire. 
scisco,    ere,    scivi,    scitus    [scio],   to 
approve,  enact. 

ad  —  ascisco,  ere,  scivi,  scitus,  to 
approve,  receive,  unite. 

con  — conscisco,  ere,  scivi,  scitus, 
to  approve  of,  decree ;  necem  sibi  con- 
sciscere,  to  commit  suicide. 

de  — descisco,  ere,  scivi  (ii),  scitus, 
to  withdraw,  desert,  revolt. 

re  — rescisco,  ere,  scivi  (ii),  scitus, 
to  discover,  ascertain. 
scitum,   i    [scisco],    n.,  a   statute,   de- 
cree. 
Scopas,  ae,  m.,  a  famous  Greek  sculptor, 
scribo,  ere,  scripsi,  scriptus,  to  write, 
write  down. 

con  — conscribo,  ere,  scripsi,  scrip- 
tus, to  enroll,  enlist. 

de  —  describe,  ere,  scripsi,  scriptus, 
to  describe,  define,  af^s'ign,  divide. 

prae  —  praescribo,  ere,  scripsi, 
scriptus,  to  direct,  command,  pre- 
scribe. 

pro  —  proscribo,  ere,  scripsi,  scrip- 
tus, to  punish,  outlaw,  proscribe. 


VOCABULARY. 


287 


re  »  rescribo,  ere,  scrips!,  scriptus, 

to  write  again,  reply;  place  to  one's 
credit. 

sub  —  subscribo,  ere,  scrips!,  scrip- 
tus, to  write  under,  subscribe  to,  sign 
(especially  to  sign  an  accusation  as 
prosecutor) . 

scriptor,  oris  [scribo],  m.,  a  writer, 
author,  clerk. 

Sc3rtlies  (a),  ae,  m.,  Scythian,  the  wan- 
dering tribes  of  Europe  and  Asia  north 
of  the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas.  See 
Sauromatae. 

secretus  [^secemo,  to  separate],  adj., 
separate,  hidden ;  as  noun,  secretum, 
a  secret,  mystery. 

secundum  [sequor],  prep,  with  ace, 
along,  next  to,  according  to. 

secundus  [sequor],  adj.,  second;  favor- 
able, successful. 

securus  [se,  ioithout-\- guxsl],  ad].,  free 
from  care,  secure,  sure. 

secus,  adv.,  otherwise;  comp.  setius; 
nihilo  setius,  nevertheless. 

sed,  conj.,  but ;  yet. 

sedatus  [sedo,  settle],  adj.,  calm,  quiet. 

sedeo,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  to  sit,  settle, 
remain,  be  encamped. 

dis  —  dissideo,  ere,  sedi,  — ,  to  sit 
apart ;  strive,  quarrel. 

in  —  insideo,  ere,  sedi,  — ,  to  sit  on, 
be  fixed ;  with  equo,  to  be  mounted  on. 
ob  —  obsideo,  ere,  sedi,  sessus,  to 
besiege,  occupy ;  ivatch  closely. 

sides,  is  [sedeo],  f.,  a  seat;  settlement, 
habitation. 

seditio,  onis  [se(d)  -fitio,  from  ire],  f., 
a  sedition,  rebellion. 

seges,  etis,  f.,  a  cornfield;  crop, produce. 

segnis,  e,  adj.,  slow,  sluggish. 

Segontiaci,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons. 

Segovax,  actis,  m.,  a  British  chieftain 
in  Cantium. 

segrego,  are,  avi,  atus  [se,  apart  from 
-h  ffrex],  to  separate,  segregate. 

seiungo,  see  iungo. 


Seleucus,  i,  m.,  king  of  Syria,  surnamed 

Nicator;  reigned  B.C.  312-280. 
selibra,  ae,  f.,  a  half  pound. 
semel,  adv.,  once. 
semen,  inis,  n.,  seed. 
semibarbari,  orum,  m.,  semi-barbarians, 
semirutus  [ruo],  adj.,  half  razed,  half 

mined. 
semita,  ae,  f.,  a  path,  byway. 
semper,  adv.,  always,  ever. 
Sempronius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  gens  name. 
Ti.  Sempronius,  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple b.c.  2 IG.    See  Gracchus,  Longus. 
Sena,  ae,  f.,  a  small  town  on  the  eastern 

coast  of  Italy. 
senator,  oris  [senex,  old],  m.,  a  senator; 

councillor. 
senatus,  us  [senex],  m.,  the  council  of 

elder.^,  senate. 
senecta,  ae  [senex],  f.,  old  age  (poetic), 
senectus,  utis  [senex],  f.,  old  age. 
senex,  senis,  adj.,  old:  as  noun,  an  old 

man.    Comp.  senior. 
Senones,  um,  m.,  a  powerful  tribe  of  the 

Gauls   living  west    of    the  Seine.    A 

branch  settled  in  Italy  (near  Ravenna) 

and  burned  Rome  b.c.  390. 
sensus,  us  [sentio],  m.,  sense,  feeling ^ 

opinion. 
sententia,  ae  [sentio],  f.,  ayi  opinion, 

judgment;  sense;  sententiam  ferre. 

to  judge. 
sentio,  ire,  sensi,   sensus,   to  perceive, 

think ;  feel,  know,  imagine. 
con  —  consentio,  ire,  sensi,  sensus, 

to  agree,  accord. 
dis  —  dissentio.  Ire,  sensi,  sensus,  to 

differ  in  opinion,  disagree. 
sentis,  is,  m.,  a  thorn,  brier. 
separatim   [separo,  to  separate],  adv., 

separately,  singly. 
separatus   [separo,  to  separate],  adj., 

separate,  distinct. 
sepelio,  ire,  ivi,  sepultus,  to  bury ;  per- 
form the  funeral  rites. 
\,  is,  I.,  a  hedge. 


A.   &   W.    LAT.   R.- 


-19 


288 


VOCABULARY. 


septem,  num.  adj.,  seven  (VII.). 
septentriones,     um     [septem  +  trio, 

plow-ox],  m.,  the  constellation  of  the 

Great  Bear ;  the  North. 
Septimus  [septem],  adj.,  seventh. 
septingentesimus    [septingenti] ,  num.    I 

adj.,  seven  hundredth.  \ 

septingenti,  ae,  a  [septem -h  centum] , 

num.  adj.,  seven  hundred  (DCC). 
septuS,gesimus     [septu&ginta],     num. 

adj.,  seventieth. 
septuaginta,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  seventy 

(LXX.). 
sepulcrum,  i  [sepelio],  n.,  a  grave,  sepul- 

cher. . 
sepultilra,  ae  [sepelio],  f.,  burial. 
Sequani,  orum,  ra.,  an  important  tribe 

in  the  eastern  part  of  Gaul  north  of  the 

Rhone. 
sequor,!,  secutussum,  to  follow,  pursue; 

ensue. 
con  —  consequor,  i,  secutus  sum, 

to  pursue,  overtake  ;  arrive;  obtain. 
in  —  insequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  to 

pursue,  follow  up. 

ob  —  obsequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  to 

submit  to,  indulge  in,  assist. 
per  —  persequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  to 

pursue,  prosecute ;  relate. 
pro  —  prosequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  to 

follow  after,  pursue ;  address. 

sub  —  subsequor,  i,  secutus  sum, 

to  follow  after,  follow . 
serenus,  adj.,  clear,  serene. 
Sergius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  gens  name.    See 

Catilina. 
serius  [severus],  adj.,  grave,  serious. 
sermo,  onis  [sero,  to  weave],  m.,  talk, 

conversation,  discourse. 
sero  [serus,  late],  adv.,  too  late. 
sero,  ere,  sevi,  satus,  to  plant,  sow. 
con  —  consero,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  join 

in  battle ;  conserere  manus,  to  fight 

hand  to  hand. 
de  —  desero,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  leave, 

abandon,  desert. 


in  — insero,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  fasten 

into ;  insert. 

inter  •»  inter  sero,  ere,   ui,  tus,  to 
insert;  allege. 

serpens,  entis  [serpo,  to  creep],  i.,  ser- 
pent, snake. 

Sertorius,  i,  Q.,  an  officer  in  the  army 
of  Marius.  He  went  to  Spain  as  pro- 
praetor in  B.C.  82,  and  maintained  an 
independent  command  until  his  death 
in  72. 

servilis,  e  [servus],  adj.,  servile,  of 
slaves. 

Servilius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Casca,  Geminus. 

servio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itus,  to  be  the  slave 
of ,  follow,  devote  one's  self  to. 

servitium,  i  [servus],  n.,  slavery ;  slaves. 

servitus,  litis  [servus],  f.,  slavery. 

Servius,  i,  m.,  see  Tullius. 

servo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  save,  keep, 
ivatch. 

con  —  conservo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
save,  spare,  maintain. 

ob  —  observo,    are,    avi,    atus,    to 
observe,  watch. 

re  —  reservo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  keep 
back,  reserve,  preserve. 

servulus,  i  [servus],  m.,  a  young  slave, 
boy. 

servus,  i,  m.,  a  slave,  sei^ant. 

sestertius,  i  [semis  +  tertius],  m.,  a  ses- 
terce (HS.) ;  a  silver  coin  =  4.1  cents; 
neut.  pi.  sestertia  (sc.  milia) ,  used  with 
distrib.  num.  adj.,  thousands  of  sester- 
ces ;  as  neut.  sing,  sestertium  (sc.  cen- 
tena  milia)  used  with  num.  adv.,  to 
denote  millions. 

setius,  see  secus. 

seu  or  sive  [siH- ve,  or],  conj.,  lohether, 
either;  seu  .  .  .  sen,  ichether  .  .  .  or, 
either  .  .  .  or. 

severe  [severus],  adv.,  .sti^ictly,  severely. 

severitas,  atis  [severus],  f.,  strictness, 
severity,  sternness. 

severus,  adj.,  serious,  strict,  harsh. 


VOCABULARY. 


289 


sex,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  six  (VI.). 
sexageni,  ae,  a  [sexagintS],  num.  adj., 

sixty  each,  sixty. 
sexagesimus    [sexagintSL] ,    num.   adj., 

sixtieth. 
sexaginta,  num.  adj.,  sixty  (LX.). 
sexcentesimus  [sexcenti] ,  num.  adj.,  six 

hund?'edth. 
sexcenti,  ae,  a   [sex  +  centum],  num. 

adj.,  six  hundred  (DC). 
sexies  [sex],  adv.,  six  times. 
Sextius,  1,  m.,  see  Baculus. 
sextus  [sex],  num.  adj.,  sixth. 
si,  conj.,  if,  lohether ;  quod  si,  hut  if. 
Sibyllinus,  adj..  Sibylline,  pertaining  to 

the  Sibyllae  or  prophetesses. 
sic,    adv.,   so,    thus;  sic  .  .  .  ut,  just 

as. 
siccitas,  atis  [siccus],  f.^dryness,  drouth. 
siccus,  adj.,  dry. 
Sicilia,  ae,  f.,  Sicily. 
sicut  [sic  +  ut],  adv.,  jz^^  as. 
sicuti  [sic-huti],  3idv.,  just  as  if. 
sidus,  eris,  n.,  a  constellation. 
signifer,  feri   [signum  -f  fero],  m.,   a 

standard  bearer,  ensign. 
significo,   are,    avi,    atus    [signum + 

facio],  to  make  signs,  signify,  notify. 
signo,  are,  &vi,  atus  [signum],  to  make 

a  sign. 
ob  —  obsigno,  &re,   avi,   atus,    to 

seal. 
signum,  i,  n.,  a  sign,  mark;  seal;  sig- 
nal ;  standard,  image. 
Siianus,  i,  m.,  D.  Junius,  consul  with 

L.  Murena  b.c.  62. 
sUentium,  i  [silens,  silent],  n.,  silence, 

quiet. 
Silenus,  i,  m.,  an  historian  quoted  by 

Cicero,  Livy,  and  other  writers;  said 

by  Nepos  to  have  lived  in  the  camp  of 

Hannibal. 
Silius,  i,  T.,  an  officer  of  Caesar's  army, 
silva,  ae,  f.,  a  wood,  forest. 
silvestris,    e     [silva],     adj.,    wooded, 

woody ;  living  in  the  woods. 


Silvia,  ae,  f.,  S.  gens,  the  race  of  Sil- 

vius.    See  Bhea. 
Silvius,  i,  m.,  king  of  Alba  Longa,  son 

of  Ascanius.    The  name  was  used  as 

a  surname  by  his  descendants, 
similis,  e,  adj.,  like. 

similitudo,    inis     [similis],    f.,   resem- 
blance, similarity. 
simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time,  at  once; 

simul  .  .  .  simul,  both  .  .  .  and,  partly 

.  .  .  pai^tly :   simul   atque,    as    soon 

as. 
simulacrum,  i  [simulo],  n.,  an  image, 

representation. 
simulo,  are,  avi,  atus  [similis] ,  to  make 

like ;  pretend. 
dis  —  dissimulo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

pretend,  dissemble. 
simultas,    atis     [simul],    f.,    rivaby, 

jealousy. 
sine,  prep,  with  abl.,  without. 
singuiaris,  e  [singuli],  adj.,  one  by  one, 

single ;  singular,  wonderful. 
singidarius  [late  for  singuiaris],  adj., 

single,  peculiar. 
singuli,   ae,   a,  adj.,   one  by  one,  one 

apiece  ;  single  ;  each. 
sinister,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  left. 
sinistrorsus  [sinister -f- verto] ,  adv.,  ^o 

the  left. 
sino,  ere,  sivi,  situs,  to  permit,  let. 

de  —  desino,  ere,  sivi  (ii),  situs,  to 

cease,  stop. 
sinus,  us,  m.,  a  cw^e,fold;  bay ;  bosom. 
sisto,  ere,  stiti,  status  [sto],  to  place, 

stop;  halt. 
ab  —  absisto,  ere,  stiti,  — ,  to  with- 
draw,  leave  off. 
ad  —  adsisto,  ere,  astiti,  — ,  to  stand 

by;  assist. 
circum  —  circumsisto,     ere,    stiti 

(steti),  — ,  to  take  one's  stand  around, 

surround. 
con  —  consists,    ere,    stiti,   stitus, 

to  stand,  remain,  be  posted;  consist, 

depend. 


290 


VOCABULARY. 


de  — desisto,  ere,  stiti,    stitus,  to 

stand  ojffrom  ;  desist,  stop ;  desistere 

sententia,  to  give  up  the  iiotion. 
ex  —  exsisto,  ere,  stiti,  — ,  to  make 

come  out ;  appear,  arise,  project,  exist. 
in  —  insisto,  ere,  stiti,  — ,  to  stand, 

stand  upon;  pursue;  insist. 
ob  — obsisto,   ere,  stiti,  stitus,  to 

resist,  withstand. 
re  —  resisto,  ere,  stiti,  — ,  to  resist, 

withstand ;  halt. 
sub  —  subsists,  ere,  stiti,  — ,  to  halt, 

hold  out ;  encounter ;  make  a  stand. 
Sipylus,  i,  m.,  a  mountain  in  Lydia. 
sitiens,    entis    [sitio,    to   thirst],   adj., 

thirsty. 
situs,  us  [sinoj,  m.,  a  situation,  site. 
sive,  see  seu. 

socer,  eri,  m.,  a  father-in-law . 
socialis,  e  [socius],  adj.,  social. 
societas,  atis  [socius],  f.,  alliance,  soci- 
ety, participation. 
socius,  i,  m.,  a  comrade,  ally,  confederate. 
Socrates,  is,  m.,  the  famous  Athenian 

philosopher,  the  teacher  of  Plato.    He 

was  put  to  death  by  his  countrymen 

B.C.  399,  at  the  age  of  seventy. 
sol,  solis,  m.,  the  sun. 
Sol,  Solis,  m.,  the  Sun  (as  a  god),  often 

identified  with  Apollo, 
solacium,  i,  n.,  comfort,  consolation. 
soleo,  ere,  itus   sum,  to  he   wont,  he 

accustomed. 
solidus,  adj.,  ivhole,firm,  compact. 
solitudo,   inis   [solus],  f.,  solitude;   a 

wilderness. 
sollemnis,    e,    adj.,    religiously   fixed, 

sacred,  solemn ;  as  n.  noun,  soUemne, 

a  ceremony,  rite,  solemnity. 
soUers,  ertis,  adj.,  skillful,  expert. 
soUicito,  are,  avi,  atus  [soUicitus],  to 

urge,  incite,  tempt,  solicit. 
sollicitus,  adj.,  agitated;  watchful. 
solstitiaiis,  e  [solstitium,  solstice],  adj., 

of  the  summer  solstice. 
solum  [solus],  adv.,  only. 


solus,  adj.,  only,  alone. 
solvo,  ere,  solvi,  solutus,  to  loose;  set 
sail;   annul;   pay;    unseal,   open   (a 
letter) . 

dis  —  dissolvo,  ere,  solvi,  solutus, 
to  loose ;  dissolve  ;  destroy ;  discharge, 
pay  off. 
somnium,    i    [somnus],    n.,    a   dream, 

vision. 
somnus,  i,  m.,  sleep. 
sopor,  oris,  m.,  a  deep  sleep. 
soror,  oris,  f.,  a  sister. 
sors,  sortis,  f.,  lot,  chance;  office. 
Sosius,  i,  ra.,  C,  a  friend  of  M.  Antony, 

consul  B.C.  32. 
sospito,   are,  ~,  —  [sospes,   safe],   to 

save. 
Sp.  =  Spurius. 

spargo,  ere,  sparsi,  sparsus,  to  strew. 
ad  —  aspergo,  ere,  spersi,  spersus, 
to  scatter,  spatter  over. 

dis  —  dispergo,  ere,  spersi,  spersus, 
to  scatter,  disperse. 
spatium,  i,  n.,  space,  interval. 
IpeciSsriei-pspecio],  f.,  sight,  appear- 
ance, pretense ;  kind,  sort. 
specimen,  inis  [*specio],  n.,  a  proof,  ex- 
ample. 
*speci6,  ere,  spexi  (obsolete),  to  look. 
ad  —  aspicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus,  to 
look  at,  look. 

circum  —  circumspicio,  ere,  spexi, 
spectus,  to  look  around. 

con  —  conspicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus, 
to  observe,  see,  perceive. 

de  —  despicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus, 
to  look  down  upon,  despise. 

per  —  perspicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus, 
to  see,  inspect;  perceive,  recognize, 
prove. 

pro  —  prospicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus, 
to  foresee,  look  out;  provide  for. 

re  — respicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus, 
to  look  hack  ;  b'i  mindful  of,  regard. 

sub  —  suspicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectus, 
to  look  up,  admire,  esteem. 


'TNIYERSIT-^ 


VOCABULARY. 


spectabilis,  e  [specto],  adj.,  visible; 
tcorth  seeing,  remarkable. 

spectaculum,  i  [specto],  n.,  a  shoWy  spec- 
tacle. 

specto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  *specio], 
to  look  at,  behold ;  tend  toioard,  aim  at. 
circum  —  circumspecto,    are,    avi, 
atus,  to  look  around. 

ex^exspecto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
look  out  for,  wait  for,  await. 

in  — inspecto,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  look 
on. 

pro  —  prospects,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
look  forth,  tcatch. 

specuiatorius  [speculor],  adj.,  scout- 
ing, spying ;  navigium  specuiatorium, 
a  spy  boat. 

spelunca,  ae  [Greek],  f.,  a  cave,  cavern. 

spero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  hope,  expect^ 
u'ish. 

de  — despero,  are,  avi,  atus  [de  + 
spero],  to  give  up  hope,  despair ;  de- 
speratus,  desperate. 

spes,  ei,  f.,  hope,  expectation. 

spiritus,  us  [spiro],  m.,  breath ;  a  breeze ; 
life. 

spiro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  breathe. 

con  — conspiro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
conspire. 

ex  — exspiro,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 
breathe  out,  expire. 

splendide  [splendidus],  adv.,  splendidly. 

splendidus  [splendeo,  to  shine"],  adj., 
bright,  splendid,  illustrious,  luxurious. 

splendor,  oris  [splendeo,  to  shine"],  m., 
brightness,  splendor,  elegance. 

spolium,  i,  n.,  spoil,  booty. 

spondeo,  ere,  spopondi,  sponsus,  to 
promise. 

re  —  respondeo,  ere,  spondi,  spon- 
sus, to  answer,  reply,  respond. 

sponte,  abl.,  and  spontis,  gen.  [obso- 
lete nom.  spons],  f.,  of  one^s  own  ac- 
cord, willingly. 

stabilitas,  atis  [stabilis,  steady],  t., 
firmness,  steadiness. 


stabulor,  ari,  atus  sum  [stabulum],  to 

have  an  abode,  be  stabled. 
stabulum,  i  [sto],  n.,  a  fold,  hut. 
stagnum,  i  [sto],  n.,  a  pool. 
statim  [sto],  adv.,  instantly,  at  once. 
statio,  onis  [sto],  f.,  a  picket,  guard. 
statua,  ae  [sto],  f.,  a  statue,  image. 
statuo,  ere,  ui,  utus  [sto],  to  set,  erect ; 
appoint;  resolve,  determine. 

con  —  constituo,  ere,  ui,  iitus,  to 
construct,  build;  establish ;  fix,  deter- 
mine, bring  to  a  stand;  draw  up^ 
moor;  agree,  accord. 

de  — destituo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  set 
doion,  deposit. 

in  —  instituo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  build ; 
arrange^  form ;  provide,  begin,  estab- 
lish. 

re- restituo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  re- 
place, restore,  rebuild. 
status,  us  [sto],  m.,  state,  position,  rank. 
Stella,  ae,  f.,  a  star. 

sterno,  ere,  stravi,  stratus,  to  lay  low, 
scatter ;  pave. 

pro  —  prosterno,  ere,  stravi,  stra- 
tus, to  destroy. 
stinguo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  extinguish. 

dis  —  distinguo,  ere,  nxi,  nctus,  to 
separate,  distinguish,  adorn. 

ex  —  exstinguo,  ere,  nxi,  nctus,  to 
quench,  kill,  blot  out. 

in  — instinguo,  ere,  — ,  to  instigate, 
incite. 
stipendiarius  [stipendium],  adj.,  tribu- 
tary, paying  tribute. 
stipendium,  i  [stips,  gift -^'pendo],  n., 

tribute,  pay ;  campaign. 
stirps,  is,  m.  and  f.,  a  stock,  stem ;  plant y 

shrub;  race, family. 
sto,  are,  steti,  status,  to  stand,  take  the 
part  of,  to  stand  fir  my  continue;  stat 
mihi,  /  am  resolved. 

ante  —  antisto,  are,  steti,  — ,  to  ex- 
cel, surpass. 

circum  —  circumsto,  are,  steti,  — , 
to  stand  about,  surround. 


292 


VOCABULARY. 


con  — consto,  9xe,  stiti,  stftturus, 
to  halt,  remain;  consist  of;  constat, 
it  is  evident. 

ex  — exsto,  5xe,  — ,  — ,  to  project, 
survive. 

in  —  insto,  are,  stiti,  stS,turus,  to 
draw  near,  be  present ;  press  on,  pur- 
sue. 

prae      praesto,   9xe,  stiti,  stitus, 
to  show;  bestow,  supply;  surpass;  be 
preferable;  do, perform. 
re  —  resto,  are,  stiti,  — ,  to  rernain. 

strangulo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  strangle, 
throttle.  Mil. 

strenue,  adv.,  vigorously. 

strepitus,  lis  [strepo,  to  make  a  noise], 
m.,  noise,  uproar. 

stringo,  ere,  strinxi,  strictus,  to  draw 
or  bind  tight,  press  together. 

struo,  ere,  struxi,  striictus,  to  erect, 
build;  contrive,  arrange,  draw  up. 

ex  —  exstruo,  ere,  striixi,  striictus, 
to  build. 

in  — instruo,  ere,  striixi,  striictus, 
to  build ;  put  in  order,  arrarige,  equip. 

studeo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  be  eager,  take  pains 
about;  loish ;  favor ;  try. 

studiose  [studiosus],  adv.,  eagerly,  dili- 
gently. 

studiosus   [studium],    adj.,  eager  for, 
fond  of. 

studium,  ii  [studeo],  n.,  zeal,  fondness 
for;  study. 

stulte  [stultus,/oo^is^],  slAy.,  foolishly. 

stupro,  are,  avi,  atus  [stuprum],  to  de- 
bauch, dishonor. 

stuprum,  i,  n.,  debauchery,  defilement, 
dishonor. 

suadeo,  ere,  suasi,  suasus  [cf.  sua(d)- 
vis,  sweef],  to  advise,  persuade. 

per  —  per  suadeo,  ere,  suasi,  sua- 
sus, to  persuade. 

suavitas,  atis  [suavis,  sweet],  f.,  sweet- 
ness, suavity. 

sub,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl.,  under;  at 
the  base  of;  near;  during,  about. 


subduco,  see  duco. 

subeo,  see  eo. 

subicio,  see  iacio. 

subigo,  see  ago. 

subito    s}xbit}xa],2idy.,  suddenly. 

subitus  [subeo],  adj.,  sudden,  unex- 
pected. 

sublevo,  are,  avi,  atus  [sub  +  levo,  to 
raise],  to  raise  up,  hold  up,  help,  re- 
lieve. 

sublicius  [sublica,  asiaAje],  adj.,  on  piles. 

sublime  [sublimis],  adv.,  on  high,  aloft. 

sublimis,  e,  adj.,  high,  lofty. 

subliistris,  e,  adj.,  glimmering. 

submergo,  see  mergo. 

subministro,  see  ministro. 

submitto,  see  mitto. 

submoveo,  see  moveo. 

subnixus  [sub  +  nitor],  adj.,  sustained, 
relying  on. 

subruo,  see  ruo. 

subscribe,  see  scribo. 

subsequor,  see  sequor. 

subsidium,  i  [sub  +  sedeo],  n.,  a  reserve, 
reinforcement,  resource. 

subsisto,  see  sisto. 

subsum,  see  sum. 

suburbanus  [urbs],  adj.,  near  the  city, 
suburban. 

succedo,  see  cedo. 

succendo,  see  candeo. 

successor,  oris  [succedo],  m.,  a  succes- 
sor. 

successus,  lis  [succedo],  m.,an  advance  ; 
success. 

succido,  see  caedo. 

succumbo,  see  *cumbo. 

sudis,  is,  f.,  a  stake,  pile. 

siidor,  oris  [siido,  to  sweat],  m.,  sweat; 
fatigue. 

Suebi,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Germans ;  the 
Swablans. 

suesco,  ere,  suevi,  suetus,  to  become 
accustomed. 

ad  — adsuesco,  ere,  suevi,  suetus, 
to  become  accustomed  to. 


VOCABULARY. 


293 


con^consuesco,  ere,  suevl,  suetus, 

to  acquire  a  habit,  become  accustomed. 
in  — insuesco,  ere,  suevi,  suetus,  to 
become  accustom,ed  or  inured. 
Suessa,  ae,  f.,  see  Pometia. 
sufficio,  see  facio. 
suffragium,  i,  n  ,  a  vote. 
sui,  sibi,  se  [sese],  reflex,  pron.,  him- 
self, herself  J  itself,  themselves. 
Sulla,  ae,  m.,  L.  Cornelius,  surnamed 
Felix,  born  B.C.  138.    He  was  elected 
consul  B.C.  88,  and  afterwards  com- 
pleted the  war   against   Mithridates. 
In  82  Sulla  had  made  himself  master 
of  Italy,  was  elected  perpetual  dicta- 
tor, and  carried  out  extensive  reforms 
in  the  constitution.    He  died  B.C.  78. 
Sulpicius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  gens  name. 
Quintus,  a  tribune  in  the  force  defend- 
ing the  capitol  B.C.  390.    See  Galba, 
Rufus,  Saverrio. 
sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus,  to  be,  exist ;  be- 
long to,  be  the  part  of;  with  dat.,  have, 
jwssess. 

ab  — absum,  esse,  fifui,  to  be  dis- 
tant, absent,  lacking. 

ad  —  adsum,  esse,  adfui,  to  be  near, 
be  present;  help. 

de  —  desum,  deesse,  defui,  to  fail,  be 
lacking. 

in  — insum,  esse,  fui,  to  be  in  or  on, 
belong  to. 

inter  —  intersum,  esse,  fui,  to  be 
between,  be  present;  differ;  interest, 
it  concerns,  is  important. 

prae  —  praesum,  esse,  fui,  to  pre- 
side over,  have  command  of;  supei^in- 
tend. 

pro  —  prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  to 
be  of  advantage  to,  profit. 

sub  —  subsum,  esse,  fui,  to  be  under- 
neath, be  hidden,  be  at  hand. 

super  —  super  sum,  esse,  fui,  to  sur- 
vive, remain  over,  abound. 
summa,  ae  [summus],  f .,  the  total ;  chief 
point;  control. 


Summanus,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  deity  to 
whom  nocturnal  lightnings  were 
ascribed. 

summum,  i  [summus],  n.,  the  top,  sum, 
mit. 

summus  [sup.  of  superus] ,  adj.,  highest, 
greatest,  chief;  utmost. 

sumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  siimptus  [sub  + 
emo],  to  take ;  spend. 

con  —  consumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  siimp- 
tus, to  spend,  consume. 

sumptuosus  [sumptus],  adj.,  extrava- 
gant ;  costly  ;  splendid. 

sumptus,  us  [siimo],  m.,  expense,  cost, 
cost  of  living. 

supellex,  lectilis,  f.,  furniture,  house- 
hold utensils. 

super,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl., 
above,  upon,  about,  concerning,  beyond, 
over. 

superbia,  ae  [superbus],  f.,  haughtiness^, 
pride. 

Superbus,  i,  m.,  see  Tarquinius. 

superbus,  2idi].,  haughty, proud ;  august. 

superincido,  see  cado. 

superior,  ius  [superus],  adj.,  upper, 
higher,  earlier,  superior;  victorious; 
elder. 

supero,  are,  avi,  atus  [super],  to  pass 
over  or  around,  overcome,  conquer; 
survive. 

super stes,  itis  [super -|-sto],  adj.,  re- 
maining, surviving. 

super  sum,  see  sum. 

superus  [super],  adj.,  above,  on  high. 
Comp.  superior;  sup.  summus  or 
supremus. 

supervenio,  see  venio. 

supplex,  icis  [sub  +  plico],  c,  a  suppli- 
ant. 

supplicatio,  onis  [supplied],  f.,a  thanks- 
giving. 

supplicium,  i  [supplex],  n.,  punishment, 
execution,  torture. 

supputatio,  onis  [sub  -h  puto] ,  f .,  a  reck- 
oning, computation  (rare). 


294 


VOCABULARY. 


suprft,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace,  above, 

over,  before,  on. 
surgo,  ere,  surrexi,  surrectus  [sub  -f 
rego],  to  rise. 

ad  —  adsurgo,  ere,  surrexi,  surrec- 
tus, to  rise. 

con  —  consurgo,  ere,  surrexi,  sur- 
rectus, to  rise  together,  arise. 
ex  — exsurgo,  ere,  surrexi,  to  rise 

re  — resurgo,  ere,  surrexi,  surrec- 
tus, to  rise  again,  be  restored. 

sursum  [sub  +  vorsum,  from  verto], 
adv.,  upwards,  high  up. 

sus,  suis,  m.  and  f.,  a  svnne,pig,  boar. 

suscipio,  see  capio. 

suspicio,  see  *specio. 

suspicio,  onis  [suspicio],  f.,  suspicion; 
appearance ;  indication. 

suspicor,  ari,  atus  sum  [suspicioj,  to 
look  askance,  suspect. 

sustineo,  see  teneo. 

suus,  adj.  pron.,  his,  her,  its, their, own; 
sui,  one's  friends,  soldiers,  party ; 
neut.  pi.,  sua,  one' s  property . 

symposiacus  [symposium],  adj.,  relat- 
ing to  a  banquet;  as  noun,  n.  pL,  Sym- 
posiaca,  the  writings  of  Plutarch 
entitled  Symposium. 

Syph§,x,  acis,  ra.,  a  king  of  Numidia, 
taken  prisoner  and  sent  to  Rome  by 
ScipioB.c.  203. 

Syracusae,  3,rum,  f.,  Syracuse,  a  large 
and  prosperous  Greek  city  in  Sicily. 

Syria,  ae,  f.,  Syria. 

T. 

T.  =  Titus. 

tabeliarius,  ii  [tabella],  m.,  a  letter  car- 
rier, courier. 

tabesco,  ere,  tabui,  — ,  to  waste  away. 
ex— extabesco,  ere,   tabui,  — ,  to 
pas  a  away,  disappear. 

tabula,  ae,  f.,  a  tablet,  slab,  record. 

taceo,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to  be  silent;  keep 
silent. 


j   taciturnus  [taceo] ,  adj.,  silent,  taciturn. 
!   tacitus  [taceo],  adj.,  silent. 
taiea,  ae,  f.,  a  rod,  bar. 
talentum,  i  [Greek],  u.,  a  talent,  equal 

to  about  $1200. 
talis,  e,  adj.,  such. 
talus,  i,  m.,the  ankle  bone;  heel;  a  die 

(often  made  of  bone), 
tam,  adv.,  so,  so  veinj,  as. 
tamen,  adv.,  yet,  still,  for  all  that,  how- 
ever, nevertheless. 
Tamesis,  is,  m.,  the   Thames  River  in 

England. 
tamquam,  adv.,  as,  as  if,  as  though. 
Tampbilianus,  adj.,pe?Vainm5'  to  Taui- 

philus,  a  Roman  surname. 
tango,  ere,  tetigi,  tactus,  to  touch ;  reach 

to. 
ad  — attingo,  ere,  ti^,  tactus,  to 

border  on,  touch,  attain. 
con  —  contingo,  ere,  tigi,  tactus,  to 

touch,  reach  ;  occur,  happen  to. 
ob  —  obtingo,  ere,  tigi,  — ,  to  fall  to 

one's  lot,  league ;  to  happen. 
tantulus  [dim.  of   tantus],  adj.,  vein/ 

small,  slight. 
tantum  [tantus],  adv.,  only,  so  much,  .so 

far,  merely. 
tantus,  adj.,  so  great,  so  large,  such; 

tanti,  of. 
tarde  [tardus],  adv.,  slowly. 
tardo,  are,  avi,  atus  [tardus] ,  to  check, 

hinder. 

re  —  retardo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  re- 
tard. 
tardus,  adj.,  sloiv,  cautious,  reluctant. 
Tarentini,    orum,    m.,    the    people   of 

Tarentum. 
Tarentum,  i,  n.,  a  flourishing  Greek  city 

on  the  southern  coast  of  Italy ;  modern 

Taranto. 
Tarquinius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  gens  in 

early  Rome,  said  to  have  come  from 

Etruria. 

(1)   Tarquinius    Priscus,    the    fifth 

king  of  Rome,  reigned  B.C.  616-578. 


VOCABULARY. 


295 


(2)  Tarquinins  Superbus,  son  of 
Priscus,  the  last  king  of  Rome,  reigned 
B.C.  534-510. 

(3)  Sex.  TarquiniuSf  sun  of  Super- 
bus,  who  offered  violence  to  Lucretia, 
was  killed  by  Brutus  B.C.  509. 

taurus,  i,  m.,  a  bull. 

Taximagulus,  i,  m.,  a  British  chieftain 

in  Cantiuni. 
Teciiosages,  um,   m.,  a  division  of  the 

Volcae. 
tectum,  i  [tego],  n.,  a  roof ;  building. 
tegumentum,  i  [tego],  n.,  a  covering. 
tego,  ere,  texi,  tectus,  to  cover ;  protect. 
de— detego,   ere,  texi,  tectus,    to 

uncover^  disclose,  betray. 
pro  —  protego,  ere,  texi,  tectus,  to 

cover,  shield,  protect. 
telum,  i,  n.,  a  dart,  spear. 
temerarius     [temere],    adj.,     heedless, 

reckless. 
temere,  adv.,  rashly,  blindly,  casually. 
temeritas,  atis  [temere],  f.,  rashness, 

temerity. 
temno,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  scorn. 

con  —  contemno,  ere,  tempsi,  temp- 

tus,  to  despise,  scorn. 
temo,  onis,  m.,  a  wagon  pole. 
temper atus  [tempero],  adj.,  temperate, 

mild. 
tempero,  are,  avi,  atus   [tempus],  to 

soften,  qualify ,  forbear ,  be  moderate. 
ob  —  obtempero,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

submit. 
tempestas,  atis  [tempus],  f.,  a  period  of 

time,  season ;  weather ;  storm. 
templum,  i,  n.,  a  sacred  spot,  temple. 
tempto,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  tendo] , 

to  attempt ;  attack  ;  try  to. 
tempus,  oris,  n.,  time,  opportunity,  emer- 
gency. 
tendo,  ere,  tetendi,  tensus  or  tentus 

[teneo],  to  stretch,  strive,  aim  at,  start 

for. 

con  —  contendo,ere,  tendi,  tentus,  to 

hasten,  press  towards ;  assert,  contend. 


ob  —  ostendo,  ere,  tendi,  tensus  or 
tentus,  to  display,  point  out,  explain. 
pro  —  portends,  ere,  tendi,  tentus, 
to  presage,  portend. 
teneo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to  hold,  keep ;  re- 
strain ;  seize,  gain. 

ab  — abstineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to 
holdback;  abstain;  spare. 

con  — contineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to 
contain,  hold,  confine ;  continere  se, 
to  restrain  one's  self. 

de  —  detineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to  de- 
tain, delay. 

dis  —  distineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to 
keep  apart. 

ob  —  obtineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to  ob- 
tain ;  occupy,  keep  ;  inhabit ;  prevail. 
per  —  pertineo,  ere,  ui,  to  extend; 
pertain  to,  belong  to. 

re— retineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to  re- 
tain, keep  back. 

sub  —  sustineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus,  to 
sustain,  check. 
tener,  era,  erum,  adj.,  tender,  young. 
tenesmus,  i  (ace.  on),  m.,  tenesmus,  a 

disease. 
tenuis,  e,  adj.,  thin,  shallow ;  fine,  deli- 
cate; poor. 
tenuiter  [tenuis],  adv.,  thinly. 
tenus,  n.,  a  stretched  cord  (old) ;  as  ace. 
absol.,  with  gen.  and  as  prep,  with  abl., 
as  far  as,  only. 
ter,  num.  adv.,  thi^ee  times,  thrice. 
terebro,  are,  — ,  atus,  to  bore. 

ex  —  exterebro,  are,  — ,  atus,  to  bore 
out. 

per  —  perterebro,  are,  avi,  — ,  to 
bore  through. 
Terentius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.    See  Varro. 
tergum,  i,  n..  Vie  back;  tergum  vertere, 

to  fiee. 
terni,  ae,  a  [tres],  num.  adj.,  three  by 

three,  by  threes,  three  each. 
terra,  ae,  f .,  the  earth ;  land ;  terHtory, 
country. 


296 


VOCABULARY. 


Terrasidius,  i,  m.,  T.,  an  officer  in 
Caesar's  army  in  Gaul. 

terrenus  [terra],  adj.,  earthy ^  pertain- 
ing to  the  earth. 

terreo,  ere,  iii,  itus,  to  terrify,  alarm; 
deter. 

de  —  deterred,  ere,  ui,  itus,  to 
frighten  away,  deter. 

per — perterreo,  ere,  ui,  territus, 
to  terrify,  dismay. 

terrester,  tris,  tre,  adj.  [terra],  of  the 
earth  or  la7id,  land  — . 

territorium,  i  [terra],  n.,  a  territory,  do- 
main. 

terror,  oris  [terreo],  m.,  fear,  terror. 

tertius  [tres],  num.  adj.,  third;  tertio, 
the  third  time. 

tesserula,  ae  [dim.  of  tessera,  cube],  f., 
a  small  tally  or  counter. 

testa,  ae,  f.,  a  potsherd;  shell. 

testamentum,  i  [testis],  n.,  a  loill,  testa- 
ment. 

testimonium,  i  [testis],  n.,  witness,  testi- 
mony. 

testis,  is,  m.  and  f.,  witness. 

tester,  ari,  atus  sum  [testis],  to  hear 
witness,  declare,  beseech. 

con  contestor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to 
call  as  witness,  supplicate,  appeal  to. 

ob  —  obtestor,  ari,  atus,  to  conjure, 
appeal  to. 

testudo,  inis,  f.,  tortoise;  testudo.  See 
cut,  p.  102. 

testula,  ae  [dim.  of  testa],  t,  a  potsherd, 
voting  tablet. 

texo,  ere,  ui,  tum,  to  weave. 

con  —  contexo,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to  weave, 
join. 

prae  —  praetexo,  ere,  ui,  tus,  to 
provide  with  a  border;  toga  prae- 
texta,  bordered  with  purple. 

'i:hemistocles,  is  (i),  m.,  the  celebrated 
Athenian  statesman,  born  about  b.c. 
514.  In  481  he  was  chief  archon.  .  He 
was  banished  in  471,  and  fled  to  Persia, 
where  he  died  in  449. 


Thermopylae,  arum,  f.,  a  narrow  pass 
on  the  east  coast  of  Greece  between 
Mt.  Oeta  and  the  Maliac  Gulf,  leading 
from  Thessaly  into  Locris. 

Thermus,  i,  m.,  Q.  Minucius,  consul  b.c. 
193. 

Thessalia,  ae,  f.,  Thessaly,  a  large  dis- 
trict in  northeastern  Greece. 

Thucydides,  is,  m.,  a  celebrated  Athenian 
historian  who  lived  b.c.  472-403. 

Ti.  =  Tiberius. 

Tiberinus,  i,  m.,  son  of  Capetus,  a  king 
of  Alba  Longa. 

Tiberis,  is,  m.,  the  river  Tiber,  anciently 
called  Albula. 

Tiberius,  i,  m.,  the  emperor  Tiberius, 
the  successor  of  Augustus.  His  name 
originally  was  Ti.  Claudius  Nero;  b.c. 
42-A.D.  37. 

Tigranes,  is,  m.,  king  of  Armenia, 
father-in-law  of  Mithridates;  died  b.c. 
56. 

timeo,  ere,  ui,  — ,  to  fear,  be  anxious. 

Timochares,  is,  m.,  a  friend  of  Pyrrhus, 
who,  according  to  some  historians,  of- 
fered to  poison  the  king.    See  Nicias. 

timer,  oris  [timeo],  m.,  fear,  cause  of 
fear. 

tiro,  onis,  m.,  a  recruit ;  beginner. 

Titurius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.    See  Sabinus. 

Titus,  i,  m.,  a  praenomen  of  Sabine  ori- 
gin. 

toga,  ae  [tego],  f.,  the  toga,  the  charac- 
teristic outer  robe  of  the  Romans. 

togatus  [toga],  adj.,  wearing  the  toga; 
civil  (not  military),  peaceable. 

toll5,  ere,  sustuli,  subiatus,  to  lift,  take 
on  board;  do  away  with,  bring  to  an 
end;  remove,  destroy. 

tonans,  antis  [tono,  to  thunder],  adj., 
thundering. 

tonitrus,  us  [tono],  m.,  thunder. 

tormentum,  i  [torqueo,  twist],  n.,  a 
rope;  engine  for  throwing  stones  or 
darts ;  instrument  of  torture ;  torment. 


VOCABULARY. 


297 


Torqu9,tus, !,  m. 

(1)  L.  ManliuSy  a  friend  of  Atticus 
and  Cicero ;  consul  b.c.  65. 

(2)  A.  Manlius,  praetor  B.C.  52,  a 
friend  of  Atticus. 

torqueo,  ere,  torsi,  tortus,  to  twist. 
ex  »  extorqueo,  ere,  torsi,  tortus, 

to  twist  out,  extort. 
torridus  [torreo,  parc/i],  adj.,  di^y,  hot. 
tot,  indecl.  adj.,  so  many. 
totidem  [tot],  indecl.,  adj., Jits^  as  many, 

so  many. 
totus,  adj.,  allf  whole. 
trabs,  trabis,  f.,  a  beam,  timber. 
tracto,  &re,  &vi,  £tus  [freq.  of  trabo], 

to  treat. 

ob—  obtrecto,  9xe,  &yi,  fttus,  to  un- 
derrate, injure. 
tractus,  us  [traho],  m.,  a  stretch,  tract y 

row. 
trSdo,  see  do. 
traho,  ere,  tr&xi,  tractus,  to  draw,  drag, 

derive ;  pass  along ,'  claim. 
ab  — abstrabo,  ere,  tr^Lxi,  tractus, 

to  drag  off;  abstract. 
con  —  contraho,  ere,  tr£xi,  tractus, 

to  draw  together,  collect ;  contract. 
de  — detraho,  ere,  tr&xl,  tractus, 

to  draw  away,  remove. 
ex  — extraho,  ere,  traxi,  tractus, 

to  extract,  protract,  waste. 
tr3icio,  see  iacio. 
trSiectus,  us  [trfiicio],  m.,  a  crossing, 

passage. 
tr£no,  see  no. 
tranquillitas,    atis    [tranquillus],    f., 

calmness,  stillness;    (as  title  of  em- 
peror). Serene  Highness. 
tranquillus,  adj.,  tranquil. 
trans,    prep,   with   ace,    across,   over, 

beyond. 
transcendo,  see  scando. 
transeo,  see  eo. 
tr3,nsfero,  see  fero. 
transflgo,  see  figo. 
trUnsgredior,  see  gradior. 


transigo,  see  ago. 

tr&nsilio,  see  salio. 

transitus,  us  [transeo],  m.,  a  passage, 
crossing. 

transmarinus  [trans  +  mare] ,  adj., 
beyond  the  sea. 

transmlssus,  us  [transmitto],  m.,  a 
passage. 

transpadanus  [trans  4-Padu8],  adj.,6e- 
yond  the  Po. 

transports,  see  porto. 

transtrum,  i  [trans],  n.,  a  thwart,  row- 
er's bench  ;  cross-beam. 

Trasumenus,  i,  m.,  a  lake  in  Etruria, 
famous  as  the  scene  of  Hannibal's 
victory  over  the  Romans  b.c.  217. 

Trebia,  ae,  f.,  a  small  tributary  of  the 
Po  River  near  Placentia. 

Trebius,  i,  m.,  M.  Trebius  Gallus,  a 
tribune  in  Caesar's  army. 

Trebonius,  i,  C,  a  lieutenant  in  Caesar's 
army. 

trecentesimus  [trecenti],  num.  adj., 
three  hundredth. 

trecenti,  ae,  a  [tres  + centum],  num. 
adj.,  three  hundred  (CCC.). 

tredecim  [tres  +  decem],  num.  adj., 
thirteen  (XIII.). 

trepido,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  be  disturbed, 
tremble. 

trepidus,  adj.,  terrified. 

tres,  tria,  num.  adj.,  three  (III.). 

Treveri,  orum,  m.,  an  important  tribe 
of  Gauls,  allies  of  the  Romans.  Their 
chief  town  was  on  the  site  of  modern 
Treves. 

tribunus,  i  [tribus,  a  tribe],  m.,  a  tHb- 
une,  the  commander  of  a  tribe;  tri- 
buni  militum,  military  tribunes,  the 
chief  officers  of  a  legion,  six  in  num- 
ber; tribuni  plebis,  tribunes  of  the 
people. 

tribuo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  allot,  give,  pay, 
render. 

ad  —  attribuo,  ere,  ui,  utus,  to  as- 
sign, appoint,  attribute. 


298 


VOCABULARY. 


dis  —  distribuo,    ere,   ui,   utus,   to 

distribute,  divide. 

tributum,  i  [tribuoj,  n.,  atar,  tribute. 

tricesimus  [triginta],  num.  adj.,  thir- 
tieth. 

tricies  [triginta],  num.  adv.,  thirty 
times. 

Tricipitinus,  i,  m.,  S}).  Lucretius^  the 
father  of  Lucretia,  consul  with  Brutus 
B.C.  509. 

triduum,  i  [tres-f  dies],  n.,  the  space  of 
three  days,  three  days. 

triennium,  i  [tres+ annus],  n.,  the  space 
of  three  years,  three  years. 

triginta,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  thi7'ty  (XXX.). 

Trinobantes,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Britons. 

tripartite  [tres  +  partes],  adv.,  in  three 
divisions. 

triplex,  plicis  [tres  -j-  plico] ,  adj.,  triple, 
threefold. 

triquetrus,  adj.,  three  cornered,  tnan- 
gular. 

triremis,  is  [tres +remus],  adj.,  having 
three  banks  of  oars ;  as  noun,  a  tri- 
reme. 

tristitia,  ae  [tristis,  sad],  f.,  son^ow. 

triumphaiis,  e  [triumphus],  adj.,  tri- 
umphal. 

triumpho,  axe,  avi,  atus,  to  triumph, 
celebrate  a  triumph. 

triumphus,  i,  m.,  a  triumph,  triumphal 
procession. 

Troezen,  enis  [ace.  ena],  f.,  an  ancient 
city  near  the  east  coast  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, across  the  Saronic  gulf  from 
Athens. 

Troia,  ae,  f.,  Troy,  a  city  in  the  north- 
western corner  of  Asia  Minor,  renowned 
for  its  ten  years'  siege  by  the  Greeks. 

tropaeum,  i,  n.,  a  sign  of  victory,  tro- 
phy ;  victory. 

trucido,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  cut  to  pieces, 
slaughter,  kill. 

trudo,  ere,  trusi,  trusus,  to  thrust. 
de  — detrudo,  ere,  trusi,  trusus,  to 
strip  off,  remove. 


ex  — extrudo,  ere,  trusi,  trusus,  ^o 

push  out,  shut  out. 

trux,  trucis,  adj.,  loild,  savage,  stern. 

tu,  tui,  pers.  pron.,  thou,  you. 

tuba,  ae,  f.,  a  trumpet. 

Tubero,  onis,  m.,  Q.  Aelius,  a  Roman 
lawyer  and  historian  of  the  first  cen- 
tury B.C. 

tueor,  eri,  tuitus  or  tutus  sum,  to  look 

at,  see  ;  guard,  defend. 
in  —  intueor,  eri,  tuitus  sum,  to  look 

upon ;  consider. 
TuUius,  i,   m.,   the  name  of  a  Roman 

gens.     See  Cicero.     Servius   TuUius^ 

the  sixth  king  of  Rome,  reigned  b.c. 

578->534. 
TuUus,  i,  m.,  see  Hostilius. 
tum,   adv.,   then;    moreover;  cum  .  .  . 

tum,  both  .  .  .  and,  not  only  .  .  .  but 

also. 
tumultuosus  [tumultus],  adj.,  tumultu- 
ous, turbulent. 
tumultus,  us  [tumeo,  to  swell],  m.,  a  tw- 

mult ;  uprising,  rebellion ;  peril,  crisis. 
tumulus,  i [tumeo,  to  swell],m., a  mound, 

hillock. 
tunc,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time,  now. 
turba,  ae,  f.,  a  crowd,  turmoil. 
turbidus  [turba],  adj.,  wild,  confused. 
turbo,  are,  avi,  atus  [turba],  to  disturb, 

confuse. 
de  —  deturbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  beat 

down. 
per  —  perturbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

throiv  into  confusion,  embarrass. 
pro  —  proturbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to 

drive  away,  repulse. 

ob  —  obturbo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  con- 
fuse, disturb,  distract. 
turma,  ae,  f.,  a  squadron  of  cavalry. 
turpis,  e,  adj.,  ugly  ;  base,  dishonorable. 
turpiter  [turpis],  adv.,  basely. 
turpitude,  inis  [turpis],  f.,  baseness. 
turris,  is,  f.,  a  tower. 
Tusci,    orum,  m.,   the  Etruscans.     See 

Etruria. 


VOCABULARY. 


299 


Tuscia,  ae,  f.,  Etruria. 

Tusculanus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Tuscu- 
luni. 

Tiisculum,  i,  n.,  an  old  town  in  Latium, 
about  ten  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 

tutela,  ae  [tueor],  f.,  keeping,  protec- 
tion. 

tuto  [tutus],  adv.,  safely. 

tutor,  ari,  fitus  sum  [tueor],  to  watch, 
defend. 

tutor,  oris  [tueor],  m.,  a  guardian,  tutor. 

tutus  [tueor],  adj.,  safe. 

Tyndarides,  ae,  m.,  son  of  Tyndareus, 
the  husband  of  Leda ;  a  name  given  to 
Castor  and  Pollux. 

tyrannicus  [tyrannus],  adj.,  tyrannical. 

tyrannus,  i  [Greek],  m.,  a  ruler,  tyrant. 


ubi,  adv.,  where,  when  ;  ubi  primum,  as 
soon  as. 

ubicumque,  adv.,  ivherever. 

ubique  [ubi  +  que],  adv.,  anywhere. 

ulciscor,  i,  ultus  sum,  to  avenge. 

uUus  [gen.  ullius],  adj.,  aiiy. 

ulterior,  ius  [iiltra],  Sid].,  farther. 

ultimus  [ulterior],  farthest,  last,  ex- 
treme;  oldest,  earliest,  Ji7^st. 

ultra,  prep,  with  ace,  beyond. 

ultro,  adv.,  besides,  moreover;  of  one's 
own  accord,  voluntarily. 

umbo,  onis,  m.,  the  boss  of  a  shield. 

umbra,  ae,  f.,  shade,  shadow, 

umor,  oris,  m.,  moisture. 

umquam,  adv.,  at  any  time,  ever,  usu- 
ally with  a  negative. 

una  [unus],  adv.,  in  company,  together ; 
una  cum,  along  with. 

undecimus,  [undecim],  num.  adj.,  elev- 
enth. 

undique  [unde  +  que],  adv.,  from  all 
sides,  on  all  sides,  everywhere. 

TJnelli  (Venelli),  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of 
Gauls  living  on  the  coast  of  the  Eng- 
lish Channel. 


unguis,  is,  m.,  a  nail,  hoof,  claw. 

universus  [unus  +  verto],  adj.,  all, 
entire. 

unus  [gen.  unlus],  num.  adj.,  one,  only, 
sole  (I.) ;  unus  quisque,  each  one. 

Urania,  ae,  f.,  one  of  the  Muses. 

urbanus  [urbs],  adj.,  of  the  city ;  refined, 
urbane. 

urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city ;  the  city  (Rome). 

urgeo,  ere,  ursi,  — ,  to  press,  oppress; 
drive,  urge. 

uro,  ere,  ussi,  ustus,  to  burn. 

con  —  comburo,  ere,  ussi,  ustus,  to 
burn  up,  consume. 

de  —  deuro,  ere,  ussi,  ustus,  to  burn 
up,  dry  up,  consume. 

ex  —  exiiro,  ere,  ussi,  ustus,  to  bum 
up,  consume. 

urus,  i,  m.  [Celtic],  the  bison,  wild  ox. 

iisitor,  ari,  atus  sum  [freq.  of  utor],  to 
be  in  the  habit  of  using. 

usquam,  adv.,  anywhere;  to  any  place. 

usque,  adv.,  even  to,  as  far  as ;  usque  ad, 
until ;  usque  eo,  to  such  an  extent. 

usus,  see  utor. 

usus,  us  [utor],  m.,  use,  pi^actice  ;*  ex- 
perience,   skill;    p7'ofit;    need;    inti- 

'    macy ,  familiarity . 

ut  (uti) ,  conj.,  as,  as  though  ;  how  ;  that, 
in  order  that,  so  that;  although;  when. 

uter,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  which  (of  two). 

uterque,  traque,  trumque  [uter  +  que] , 
adj.,  both,  each. 

uti,  see  ut. 

irtica,  ae,  f.,  an  important  city  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  northwest  of  Carthage. 

utilis,  e  [utor],  adj.,  useful,  fit,  profita- 
ble. 

utilitas,  atis  [utilis],  f.,  usefulness; 
profit. 

utinam  [uti  +  nam],  adv.,  oh  that! 
loould  that ! 

litor,  liti,  usus  sum,  to  use;  enjoy; 
have,  possess  ;  to  associate  loith,  be  in- 
timate with. 

utpote,  adv.,  namely,  as  being,  since. 


500 


VOCABULARY. 


utrimque  [uterque],  adv.,  from  or  on 

both  sides. 
utrobique  [uter  +  ubi  +  que] ,  adv.,  on 

both  sides,  in  both  points. 
utrum  [uter],  conj.,  whether;    utrum 

.  .  .  SLU.,  whether  .  .  .  or;  utrum  .  .  . 

necne,  whether  .  .  .  or  not. 
uxor,  oris,  f.,  a  loife. 

V. 

V=5. 

vacatio,  onis  [vaco,  to  be  empty],  t.,  free- 
dom, immunity. 

vacuus  [vaco],  adj.,  empty,  free,  desti- 
tute, idle. 

vado,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  go,  rush. 

ex  —  ev&do,    ere,    vasi,  vasus,    to 
escape. 

in  — invado,  ere.,  vasi,  vasus,  at- 
tack, invade. 

vadum,  i,  n.,  a  shoal,  ford. 

vae,  inter j.,  woe! 

vagina,  ae,  f.,  a  scabbard,  sheath. 

vagitus,  lis  [vagio,  to  cry],  m.,  a  crying. 

vagor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  wander. 

vagMs  [vagor],  adj.,  wandering. 

valens,  entis  [valeo],  adj.,  strong,  well. 

valeo,  ere,  ui,  itiirus,  to  be  loell;  bs 
poiverful ;  be  able ;  be  worth,  mean. 

Valerius,  i,  m.,  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.  See  Corvus,  Flaccus,  Laevinus, 
Publicola. 

(1)  Q.  Valerius  of  Antium,  a  Roman 
historian  of  the  first  century  B.C. 

(2)  L.   Valerius,  magister  equitum 
with  Camillus  b.c.  390. 

valetudo,  inis  [valeo],  f.,  health,  sick- 
ness, weakness. 

validus  [valeo],  adj.,  strong,  healthy, 
effective. 

vallum,  i  [vailus,  a  stake],  n.,  a  rampart, 
set  with  stakes,  wall. 

vanus,  adj.,  empty,  vain. 

vapor,  oris,  m.,  an  exhalation,  vapor. 

varietas,  atis  [varius],  f.,  variety,  mot- 
tled appearance. 


varius,  adj.,  diverse,  various. 

Varro,  onis,  m.,  a  Roman  family  name. 

(1)  C.  Terentius  Varro,  consul  B.C. 
216 ;  defeated  with  his  colleague  Paulus 
in  the  battle  of  Cannae. 

(2)  M.  Terentius  Varro,  a  learned 
and  voluminous  writer,  served  as  a 
legate  of  Pompey  in  Spain.  The 
greater  part  of  his  long  life,  b.c.  116- 
28,  was  devoted  to  scholarly  pursuits. 

Varus,  i,  m.,  Q.,  is  named  as  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Pompeian  party  at  the 
battle  of  Thapsus. 

vas,  vasis  (pi.  vasa,  orum),  n.,  a  vessel, 
jar. 

vastitas,  atis  [vasto],  f.,  devastation. 

vasto,  are,  avi,  atus  [vastus],  to  devas- 
tate, ruin. 

vastus,  adj.,  vast,  wide-spreading. 

vaticinatio,  onis  [vaticinor] ,  t,  prophecy. 

vaticiiior,  ari,  atus  sum  [vates,  seer  + 
cano,  sing],  to  foretell,  prophesy. 

Vatinius,  i,  m..  P.,  a  man  to  whom  the 
gods  Castor  and  Pollux  appeared. 

ve,  conj.  enclitic,  or;  ve  .  .  .  ve,  either 
.  .  .  or. 

vecors,  cordis  [ve,  ivithout-{-coT],3id]., 
senseless,  foolish. 

vectigal,  aiis  [veho],  n.,  a  tax,  toll; 
revenue. 

vectigaiis,  e  [vectigal],  adj.,  tributary. 

vectorius  [veho],  2id].,  fitted  for  carry- 
ing; navigium  vectorium,  a  trans- 
port ship.  ' 

vebiculum,  i  [veho],  n.,  a  vehicle,  car- 
riage. 

veho,  ere,  vexi,  vectus,  to  bear,  carry, 
convey ;  ^Siss.,  to  ride,  sail  (navi, 
equo,  etc.) ;  act.,  to  ride  (rare). 

ad  — adveho,  ere,  vexi,  vectus,  to 
carry  or  bring  to. 

ex^-eveho,  ere,  vexi,  vectus,  to 
lead  out ;  elevate. 

pro  — proveho,  ere,  vexi,  vectus, 
to  carry  forward ;  pass.,  go,  drive,  sail. 

Veientanus,  adj.,  pertaining  to  Veii. 


VOCABULARY. 


301 


Veientes,  um,  m.,  the   inhabitants    of 

Veil. 
Veil,  orum,  m.,  a  powerful  city  of  Etru- 

ria,  about  twelve   miles  from  Rome. 

After  more  than  three    centuries   of 

warfare  it  was  destroyed  by  Camillus 

B.C.  396. 
vel    [volo],  conj.,  or;    even;   vel  .  .  . 

vel,  either  .  .  .  or. 
Yelanius,  i,  m.,  Q.,  a  tribune  in  Caesar's 

army  in  Gaul, 
velocitas,  atis  [velox,  swift],f.,  swiftness. 
velum,  i,  n.,  mil. 
velut  [vel  +  ut] ,  adv. ,  just  as. 
vena,  ae,  f.,  a  vein  ;  mine. 
venatio,  onis  [venor],  f.,  hunting. 
venator,  oris  [venor],  m.,  a  hunter. 
venatus,  us  [venor],  n.,  hunting  (only 

dat.  and  abl.). 
vendo,  dere,  didi,    ditus  [contr.  from 

venumdo],  to  sell,  offer  for  sale. 
venenatus    [veneno,    to   poison] ,   adj., 

poisoned. 
venenum,  i,  n.,poiso7i. 
venerabilis,  e  [veneror],  adj.,  venerable, 

reverend. 
venerabundus  [veneror],  adj.,  reveren- 
tial. 
venerandus  [veneror],  adj.,   reverend, 

venerable. 
Venerius   [Venus],  adj.,  pertaining  to 

Venus;  as  noun,  the   Venus-throw  at 

dice. 
veneror,    axi,   atus  sum,    to   worship, 

revere,  honor. 
Veneti,  orum,  m.,  a  people  living  on  the 

northwestern  coast  of  Gaul,  north  of 

the  Liger  (Loire). 
Venetia,    ae,    f.,    the    country   of    the 

Veneti. 
Veneticus,adj.,perfai7izn5r  to  the  Veneti. 
venia,  ae,  i.,  favor,  grace,  kindness. 
venio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  to  come,  occur. 
circum  —  circum venio,  ire,  veni, 

ventus,  to  sui^ound,  ensnare ^  circum- 
vent. 


con  — convenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus, 

to  come  together,  assemble ;  be  agreed 
upon,  be  suitable. 

de  —  devenio,  ire,  veni,  venturus,  to 
come  from  ;  arrive  at. 

ex  —  evenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  to 
turn  out,  come  to  pass. 

in  — invenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  to 
come  upon,  find,  invent. 

inter  —  intervenio,  ire,  veni,  ven- 
tus, to  come  upon,  appear,  inter- 
vene. 

ob  —  obvenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus,  to 
fall  in  with,  meet,  befall. 

per  —  pervenio,  ire,  veni,  ventus, 
to  come,  arrive,  reach. 

super  —  supervenio,  ire,  veni,  ven- 
tus, to  come  upon,  surprise;  go  be- 
yond, surpass. 

venor,  ari,  atus  sum,  to  hunt,  chase. 

venter,  tris,  m.,  the  belly,  stomach ;  appe- 
tite. 

ventito,  are,  avi,  —  [freq.  of  venio],  to 
come  often,  frequent. 

ventus,  i,  m.,  wind. 

venumdo,  dare,  dedi,  datus  [venum,  sa^e 
+  do],  to  put  up  for  sale. 

Venus,  eris,  f.,  the  Roman  goddess  of 
love. 

Venusia,  ae,  f.,  a  town  in  Apulia. 

venustas,  atis  [venus,  beauty],  i.,  love- 
liness, grace,  taste. 

verbero,  are,  avi,  atus  [verber,  a  lash] , 
to  whip,  scourge,  beat. 

ex  —  everbero,  are,  — ,  — ,  to  nag  at 
(rare  and  poetical) . 

verbum,  i,  n.,  a  word;  verba  dare,  to 
deceive. 

verecundia,  ae  [vereor],  f.,  reverence. 

vereor,  eri,  itus  sum,  to  fear,  dread. 

vergo,  ere,  — ,  — ,  to  lie,  stretch  or  slope 
towards. 

Veritas,  atis  [verus],  f.,  truth,  truthful- 
ness. 

vero  [verus,  true],  adv.,  in  truth,  truly ; 
but,  however. 


302 


VOCABULARY. 


verso,  are,  avi,  atus  [freq.  of  verto],  to 
turn;  change. 

versor,  ari,  atus  sum  [verso],  to  he, 
live ;  he  busy  with. 

versus,  us  [verto],  m.,  a  ?me,  vei^se. 

verto,  ere,  i,  versus,  to  turn ;  change. 
ab  —  averts,  ere,  i,  versus,  to  turn 
away  or  aside  (rarely  iiltrans.). 

ad  —  adverts,  ere,  i,  versus,  to  turn 
to ;  animum  advertere,  to  ohserve ; 
punish. 

con  —  converts,  ere,  i,  versus,  to 
turn,  loheel  around;  change;  signa 
conversa  inferre,  to  face  ahout  and 
advance. 

ob  —  ob verto,  ere,  i,  versus,  to  turn 
towards. 

per  —  perverts,  ere,  i,  versus,  to 
overthrow,  corrupt,  pervert. 

re  —  reverter,  i,  versus  sum,  to  re- 
turn. The  act.  is  old  and  rare,  except 
in  the  perf .  stem. 

verum  [verus],  adv.,  truly,  hut. 

verus,  adj.,  true. 

verutum,  i,  n.,  a  dart,  javelin. 

vescor,  i,  — ,  — ,  to  feed  on,  eat. 

Vesta,  ae,  f.,  the  goddess  of  the  hearth. 
A  fire  was  continually  burning  in  her 
temple  near  the  Forum,  and  her  priest- 
esses, the  Vestal  virgins,  were  among 
the  most  important  dignitaries  in  the 
state. 

Vestaiis,  e,  did]., pertaining  to  the  god- 
dess Vesta. 

vester,  tra,  trum  [vSs],  possess,  pron., 
your,  yours. 

vestigium,  i,  n.,  the  sole;  foot;  foot- 
print; spot;  instant. 

vestiS,  ire,  ivi,  itus  [vestis],  to  cover, 
clothe. 

vestis,  is,  f.,  garment,  clothing. 

vestitus,  us  [vestiS],  m.,  clothing,  dress. 

vets,  are,  ui,  itus,  to  forhid,  not  alloiv ; 
oppose,  prevent. 

VettSnes,  um,  m.,  a  tribe  living  on  the 
boundaries  of  Spain  and  Portugal. 


Veturia,  ae,  f.,  the  mother  of  Q.  Marcius 

Coriolanus. 
Veturius,  i,  m.,  a  Roman  gens  name. 

See  Calvinus. 
vetus,  eris,  adj.,  old,  aged;  former. 
vetustas,    atis    [vetus],   f.,  antiquity, 

length  of  tune. 
vetustus  [vetus],  adj.,  old,  ancient,  of 

long  stayiding. 
vexillum  [dim.  of  velum],  i,  n.,  stand- 
ard, flag.    See  cut,  p.  79. 
vexo,  are,  avi,  atus  [vehS],  to  annoy. 
con  — convexS,   are,   avi,  atus,  to 

croivd,  press  together  (late  and  rare). 
via,  ae,  f.,  a  loay,  road,  journey ;  pas- 
sage. 
viator,  Sris  [via],  m.,  a  traveler. 
Vibuianus,  i,  m.,  C.  Fahius,  consul  for 

the  third  time  B.C.  479. 
vicesimus  [viginti],  num.  adj.,  twentieth. 
vicies  [viginti],  num.  adv.,  twenty  times. 
vicinus  [vicus],  adj.,  near,  neighboring. 
vicis,  is  [nom.  wanting],  f.,  alternation, 

succession;  in  vicem,  in  turn. 
vicissim  [vicis],  adv.,  in  turn. 
victima,  ae,  f.,  a  victim,  sacrifice. 
victitS,  are,  — ,  —  [freq.  of  vivS],  to  live, 

subsist. 
victor,  Sris  [vincSJ,  m.,  a  conqueror;  as 

adj.,  victoinous. 
victSria,  ae  [victor],  f.,  victory. 
victus,  see  vincS. 
victus,  us  [vivS],  m.,  mode  of  living^; 

food. 
vicus,  i,  m.,  a  town,  village. 
videS,  ere,  vidi,  visus,  to  see,  look  at; 

understand;  pass.,  seem;  seem  good. 
prS  —  prSvideS,    ere,   vidi,    visus, 

to  foresee,  provide. 
vigil,  ilis,  m.,  a  sentinel. 
vigilia,ae [vigil],  f.,  wakefulness;  watch. 
viginti,  indecl.  num.  adj.,  twenty  (XX.). 
vigor,  Sris  [vigeS,  to  thrive],  m.,  vigor, 

activity. 
villa,  ae,   f.,   a   country  house,  farm, 

villa. 


VOCABULARY. 


303 


vimen,  inis  [vieo,  to  weave,  hind'\yU.,  a 
twig,  osier. 

viminalis,  is  [vimen],  adj.,  of  osiers; 
as  noun,  Viminalis  (sc.  collis),  the 
Viminal,  one  of  the  seven  hills  of 
Rome. 

vincio,  ire,  vinxi,  vinctus,  to  bind^  tie, 
fasten. 

de  —  de vincio,  ire,  vinxi,  vinctus, 
to  bind,  oblige;  gain,  win. 

re—  revincio,  ire,  vinxi,  vinctus, 
to  bind  together,  fasten. 

vinco,  ere,  vici,  victus,  to  conquer,  pre- 
vail, surpass. 

de  — devinco,  ere,  vici,  victus,  to 
overcome. 

vinculum,  i  [vincio],  \\.,a  chain,  bond. 

vindico,  are,  avi,  atus  [vis  +  dico], 
to  claim;  liberate;  avenge,  take  ven- 
geance on, 

vinum,  i,  n.,  loine. 

violenter  [violens  from  violo],  adv.,  vio- 
lently. 

violo,  are,  avi,  atus  [vis],  to  do  violence 
to ;  invade,  ravage. 

vir,  viri,  m.,  a  man  ;  hero  ;  husband. 

vires,  see  vis. 

Virginia,  ae,  f.,  the  maiden  whose  at- 
tempted enslavement  by  Appius  Clau- 
dius led  to  the  downfall  of  the  dccem- 
vii-s  B.C.  449. 

virginitas,  atis  [virgo],  f.,  virginity. 

Virginius,  i.  m. 

(1)  L.  (T.)  was  consul  b.c.  479. 

(2)  L.,  the  father  of  Virginia,  was 
made  consul  b.c.  449. 

virgo,  inis,  f.,  a  maiden,  virgin. 
virgulta,  orum  [virg^la,  a  twig],  n.,  a 

thirk-t. 
viridi,  e,  adj.,  green,  fresh,  blooming. 
virilis,   e   [vir],  adj.,  masculine,  male, 

manly. 
Viromandui,  orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  the 

Bel-ae. 
virtiis,  utis  [vir].  f.,  manliness,  valor; 

goodnf'ss ;  rirtuf. 

A.  &  ^y.  LAT.  R.  — 20 


vis  [pi.  vires],  f.,  power,  violence ;  attack, 

outbreak;  amount,  number. 
Viscellinus,  i,  m.,  Sp.  Cassius,  appointed 

the  first  magister  equitum  by  T.  Lar- 

cius  B.C.  501. 
visus,  us  [video],  m.,  a  sight,  appearance. 
vita,  ae  [vivo],  f.,  life,  conduct. 
vitium,  i,  n  ,  a  fault,  vice. 
vito,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  shun,  try  to  escape. 
vitrum,  i,  u.,  woad  (a  dye  plant), 
vivax,    acis   [vivo],    adj.,  long   lived; 

lively,  vigorous. 
vivo,  ere,  vixi,  — ,  to  live,  dwell ;  live  on. 
vivus  [vivo],  adj.,  living,  alive. 
vix,  adv.,  ivith  difficulty,  hardly,  scarcely. 
vociferor,  ari,  atus  sum  [vox  +  fero], 

to  cry  out,  exclaim. 
voco,  are,  avi,  atus  [vox],  to  call,  sum- 
mon; rouse ;  name. 
ab  — avoco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  call 

away. 
ad  —  advoco.  are.  avi,  atus,  to  call 

to  or  together. 
con  —  convoco,  are,    avi,   atus,  to 

call  together,  summon. 
ex  —  evoco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  call 

out,  summon. 
in  — invoco.  are,  avi,  atus,  to  call 

on,  invoke. 
pro  —  provoco,    are,   avi,  atus,  to 

challenge. 
re  —  revoco,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  recall, 

recover. 
voians,  antis  [volo],  ad].,  flying. 
Volcae,  arum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Gauls  in 

Gallia  Transalpina. 

1.  volo,  are,  avi.  aturus,  to  fly. 

ad  — advolo,  are,  avi,  atus,  to  fly 
to,  hurry  on,  rush  upon. 

pro  —  provolo,  are,  avi,  to  dash 
forth. 

re  — revolo,  are,  — ,  — ,  to  fly  back. 

2.  volo,  velle.  volui,  — ,  to  be  willing ^ 
wish . 

magis  —  maio,  maile,  maiui.  fo  pre- 
fer. 


304 


VOCABULARY. 


ne  —  nolo,  nolle,  nolui  [ne  +  volo], 

to  b2  unwilling,  not  wish,  not  want. 

Volsci,  orum,  m.,  an  ancient  tribe  living 
in  the  south  of  Latium,  finally  sub- 
dued by  the  Romans  B.C.  338. 

Volso  (Vulso),  onis,  L.  Manlius,  consul 
B.C.  25(3. 

volucer,  oris,  ere  [voloj,  adj.,  loinged, 
flying. 

volumen,  inis  [volvo,  to  roll],  n.,  a  roll, 
book,  volume. 

Volumnia,  ae,  f.,  the  wife  of  Coriolanus. 

voluntas,  atis  [volo],  f.,  loill,  desire; 
consent,  affection. 

voluptas,  atis  [volo],  f.,  pleasure,  de- 
light. 

Volusenus,  i,  m.,  C.  Volusenus  Quadra- 
tus,  a  tribune  in  Caesar's  army. 

volvo,  ere,  volvi,  volutus,  to  roll ;  re- 
volve. 

Vorenus,  i,  m.,  X.,  a  centurion  in  Caesar's 
army. 

voveo,  ere,  vovi,  votus,  to  vow ;  conse- 
crate. 

de  — devoveo,  ere,  vovi,  votus,  to 
vow,  devote. 

yox,Ydcis,t.,avoice,  sound;  ivord;  lan- 
guage, statements. 


Vulcanus,  i,  m.,  the  Latin  god  of  fire 
and  of  metal  work. 

vulgatus  [vulgo,  to  publish],  adj.,  com- 
mon, notorious. 

vulgo  [vulgus],  adv.,  commonly,  pub- 
licly, usually. 

vulgus,  i,  n.,  the  common  people,  the 
populace,  the  common  soldiers. 

vulnero,  are,  avi,  atus  [vulnus],  to 
wound,  hurt,  injure,  offend. 

vulnus,  eris,  n.,  a  loound,  blow,  misfor- 
tune. 

vultur,  uris,  m.,  a  vulture. 

vultus,  lis,  m.,  the  countenance,  face, 
look. 


Xanthippe,  es,  f.,  the  wife  of  Socrates. 

Xanthippus,  i,  m.,  a  Spartan  commander 
by  whose  aid  the  Carthaginians  de- 
feated Regulus  B.C.  255. 

Xerxes,  is,  m.,  the  king  of  Persia,  son 
of  Darius ;  defeated  by  the  Greeks  at 
Salamis  b.c.  480. 


Zama,  ae,  f .,  a  city  in  Numidia,  near  the 
borders  of  Carthage. 


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